Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Supplements studied for chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Overview
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) spans many supplements with inconsistent evidence. Vitamin D (10 studies) may lower PTH and urinary protein in some patients, but effects on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes remain unclear, especially outside dialysis.
Nattokinase is listed alongside soy-protein research suggesting possible improvements in proteinuria and lipids, though most data concern dietary soy rather than nattokinase itself. Resveratrol and Selenium are marked possibly effective without detailed summaries here; regular iron supplementation was linked to slightly higher CKD risk in hypertensive medication users in one large observational analysis. See the heatmap and evidence reviews below.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Resveratrol | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Inulin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin K | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Astragalus | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Potassium | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Panax Ginseng | ★★★★★ | Low |
| N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Selenium | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| L-Carnitine | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Iron | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
16 supplements for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
NattokinaseView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eating soy protein or following soy-based diets may help improve some kidney-related measures in people with chronic kidney disease, such as lowering protein in the urine and improving blood fats.
- Most research has looked at soy foods or soy protein in the diet rather than nattokinase supplements.
- Talk to your healthcare provider about whether soy or nattokinase is appropriate for you.
Browse 6 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe effects of soy protein on chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014n=197
A meta-analysis of RCTs found soy protein intake modestly improved renal function markers in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease versus animal protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with chronic kidney disease
- Participants
- 197
RCTComparison of a vegetable-based (soya) and an animal-based low-protein diet in predialysis chronic renal failure patients1998n=15
A crossover RCT in 15 CRF patients (GFR 15–50) found soy-based versus animal low-protein diets produced similar effects on renal function over 1 year.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Population
- Patients with chronic renal failure
- Participants
- 15
Controlled trialEffects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes1998
Evidence from controlled trials suggested soy protein may reduce proteinuria and improve lipids in type 2 diabetic nephropathy versus higher animal protein intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Diabetic patients
RCTTreatment of proteinuric patients with a vegetarian soy diet and fish oil1993
A crossover RCT in nephrotic patients found a vegetarian soy diet with or without fish oil reduced hyperlipidemia and proteinuria versus baseline free diet.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 5 g/day
- Population
- Patients with nephrotic syndrome
RCTEffect of dietary manipulation on the lipid abnormalities and urinary protein loss in nephrotic patients1992
Crossover trials in membranous nephropathy found low-protein diets did not significantly reduce urinary protein loss over 3 months despite lipid improvements.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 0.3 g/kg
- Population
- ALL patients
Effect of vegetarian soy diet on hyperlipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome1992
An 8-week dietary trial in 20 nephrotic patients found a vegetarian soy diet lowered hyperlipidemia compared with usual diet.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- ALL patients
ResveratrolView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Resveratrol is possibly effective for Chronic kidney disease.
Browse 2 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaResveratrol may mildly improve renal function in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials2023
A meta-analysis found resveratrol supplementation produced small improvements in estimated glomerular filtration rate versus placebo in general adult populations.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
MetaEfficacy of resveratrol supplementation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials2021
A meta-analysis found resveratrol supplementation significantly reduced liver enzymes and improved some NAFLD markers versus placebo in clinical trials.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with NAFLD
Vitamin DView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if vitamin D helps people with chronic kidney disease, especially to prevent heart problems or death.
- People with very low vitamin D levels on dialysis have a higher risk of dying.
- Taking vitamin D or related medicines can lower a hormone called PTH and reduce protein in the urine, but it does not seem to lower the risk of death or heart problems.
- Vitamin D might also increase calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, which can be harmful.
- Some small studies show vitamin D might make arm strength a little better, but it does not improve other measures of strength or fitness.
- Vitamin D doesn’t generally improve iron levels, except maybe a little in people who have very low vitamin D. Overall, vitamin D helps with some hormone and urine changes in kidney disease but does not appear to reduce death or heart problems.
Browse 10 studies·2 meta-analyses
RCTThe effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on hepcidin-25 and erythropoiesis in patients with chronic kidney disease2023n=85
In 85 CKD G3–G4 patients given 8000 IU/day vitamin D for 12 weeks, supplementation raised 25(OH)D but did not consistently improve hepcidin or erythropoiesis markers overall.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 8000 IU/day
- Population
- CKD patients
- Participants
- 85
- Ages
- 18–85
RCTEffects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Cardiovascular and Cancer Outcomes by eGFR in VITAL2022n=15,917
A VITAL secondary analysis in 15,917 participants found vitamin D 2000 IU/day did not differ in cardiovascular or cancer outcomes across eGFR subgroups over 5.3 years.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 15,917
- Avg age
- ~68
RCTEffect of physical activity and vitamin D compared with vitamin D alone on muscle strength, back flexibility and aerobic activity in patients with chronic kidney disease: A comparative study from Pakistan2021n=46
In 46 Pakistani CKD stage 2–4 patients given 4000 IU/day vitamin D with or without physical activity for 3 months, combined therapy improved biceps strength more than vitamin D alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 4000 IU/day
- Population
- CKD patients
- Participants
- 46
- Ages
- 18+
RCTEffect of Oral Alfacalcidol on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Without Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis: The J-DAVID Randomized Clinical Trial2018n=495
In 976 Japanese hemodialysis patients without hyperparathyroidism given 0.5 µg/day alfacalcidol for 4 years, treatment did not reduce cardiovascular events versus no activator (HR 1.25).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 48 months
- Dose
- 0.5 mcg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 495
- Avg age
- ~65
MetaImpact of vitamin D on chronic kidney diseases in non-dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2013
A meta-analysis of 18 non-dialysis CKD RCTs found vitamin D reduced proteinuria but did not worsen renal function; hypercalcemia risk increased (RR 4.78).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CKD patients
MetaEfficacy and safety of paricalcitol therapy for chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis2012n=832
A meta-analysis of 9 CKD RCTs (832 patients) found paricalcitol suppressed PTH and reduced proteinuria without increased adverse cardiovascular events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CKD patients
- Participants
- 832
RCTVitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial2012n=115
In 227 CKD patients given paricalcitol 2 µg/day for 48 weeks, treatment lowered PTH but did not reduce left ventricular mass index or improve diastolic function versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 2 mcg/day
- Population
- CKD patients
- Participants
- 115
MetaVitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis2009n=894
A Cochrane review in 894 non-dialysis CKD patients found vitamin D significantly lowered PTH but raised phosphorus and calcium without clear mortality or dialysis benefit.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- CKD patients not requiring dialysis
- Participants
- 894
MetaVitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis2009n=2,773
A Cochrane review of dialysis CKD trials found vitamin D compounds lowered PTH but increased hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia; mortality effects remained uncertain.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CKD patients
- Participants
- 2,773
Observational25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population2008
In 13,331 NHANES III adults followed 8.7 years, lowest quartile 25(OH)D (<17.8 ng/mL) was associated with 26% higher all-cause mortality versus highest quartile.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
InulinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- In people with chronic kidney disease, taking inulin (19 grams daily for 6 months) along with a low-protein diet helped lower blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, and inflammation, while increasing good cholesterol.
- It is not known if these benefits are due to inulin alone or the diet, and long-term studies show eating inulin-rich foods does not lower the risk of developing kidney disease.
Browse 3 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of Dietary Fiber Supplementation on Modulating Uremic Toxins and Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2025n=700
A meta-analysis of CKD patients found dietary fiber supplementation reduced uremic toxins and inflammatory markers versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Chronic kidney disease patients
- Participants
- 700
ObservationalInulin intake and the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases: a prospective cohort study2022
A prospective cohort study examined whether habitual dietary inulin intake is associated with incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in adults.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 100 g/day
- Population
- Adults
ObservationalPrebiotic Therapy with Inulin Associated with Low Protein Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Evaluation of Nutritional, Cardiovascular and Psychocognitive Parameters2020n=41
In 41 CKD patients, inulin (19 g/day) combined with a low-protein diet modulated inflammatory and nutritional markers versus diet alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 19 g/day
- Population
- Chronic kidney disease patients
- Participants
- 41
AstragalusView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Astragalus injections, when added to standard treatments, may slightly improve kidney function measures in people with CKD, but the quality of the evidence is low.
- One study found taking astragalus orally over about a year slowed kidney function decline in diabetic CKD patients but did not improve other kidney damage markers.
- More robust studies are needed.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
RCTAdd-on Astragalus in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Multi-Center, Assessor-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial2024n=118
In patients with type 2 diabetes, stage 2-3 chronic kidney disease and macroalbuminuria, oral astragalus granules (15 g/day raw herbs equivalent) for 48 weeks led to stabilisation of glomerular filtration rate but did not improve urinary albumin to creatinine ratio when compared to standard care alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 15 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 118
MetaAstragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease2014n=1,323
A meta-analysis of 22 RCTs in 1,323 CKD patients found astragalus adjunct therapy lowered serum creatinine and 24-hour proteinuria and raised hemoglobin and albumin, though study quality was low.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 3.55 g/day
- Population
- CKD patients
- Participants
- 1,323
Vitamin KView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Evidence is insufficient for this condition.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
Systematic reviewEffects of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023n=733
In a systematic review of 733 participants, pooled results indicated a decrease in serum biomarkers relevant to vascular calcification to a certain extent, mild improvement in vascular elasticity reflected by PWV, yet, no significant change in calcification scores derived from radiology examinations.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with chronic kidney disease
- Participants
- 733
Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)View supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A study examined whether taking a supplement with a leucine-rich mix of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can help elderly people with chronic kidney disease build muscle.
- After 12 weeks, those who took the supplement gained more muscle compared to those who took a placebo.
- However, the supplement did not improve muscle strength or walking ability, and blood tests related to muscle growth didn’t change.
- This suggests that leucine-enriched BCAAs may help increase muscle size but might not other markers of muscle strength or function.
Browse 1 study
RCTAnti-sarcopenic effect of leucine-enriched branched-chain amino acid supplementation among elderly chronic kidney disease patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial2025n=29
A 12-week RCT of 55 elderly CKD patients found leucine-enriched BCAA (4.5 g/day) increased lean muscle mass 0.4 kg versus placebo but did not improve strength or walk test performance.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 4.5 g/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 29
- Ages
- 65+
Alpha-Lipoic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if taking alpha-lipoic acid helps people with chronic kidney disease.
- Early research in people with moderate kidney disease from a genetic condition found that taking 1.6 grams of alpha-lipoic acid daily for six months produced small benefits.
- These included lower blood sugar, insulin, inflammation, and uric acid levels, plus improved insulin resistance, blood vessel function, and thinking skills.
- However, some measures of blood vessel health did not change.
Browse 1 study
Clinical trialα-lipoic acid in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease2020n=59
6-month trial in 59 ADPKD patients given 1.6 g/day ALA improved metabolic, inflammatory, vascular, and depression scores versus controls.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 1.6 g/day
- Population
- Patients with depression
- Participants
- 59
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)View supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking N-acetylcysteine (NAC) by mouth does not seem to help improve kidney function or reduce urine protein in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- However, NAC given as an IV might reduce kidney injury and heart problems after heart surgery in people with CKD.
- Most studies were small, so more research is needed.
- Some data suggest NAC may help slow kidney disease progression and lower the chance of needing dialysis over the long term, but this is not yet confirmed.
Browse 5 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaEfficacy of N-Acetylcysteine in Preventing Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis Study2018n=1,391
A meta-analysis of 1,391 cardiac surgery patients found NAC significantly reduced contrast-induced and postoperative acute kidney injury risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,391
MetaN-Acetylcysteine for Preventing of Acute Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Metaanalysis2018n=678
A meta-analysis of 678 CKD patients found NAC did not significantly prevent acute kidney injury versus control across trials.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- CKD patients undergoing cardiac surgery
- Participants
- 678
RCTDoes the prophylactic administration of N-acetylcysteine prevent acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery?2010
An RCT found prophylactic NAC did not significantly prevent acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Cardiac surgery patients
MetaEfficacy of N-acetylcysteine in preventing renal injury after heart surgery: a systematic review of randomized trials2009n=1,163
A meta-analysis of 1,163 heart surgery patients found NAC significantly reduced postoperative acute kidney injury incidence.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,163
- Avg age
- ~70
RCTThe effect of N-acetylcysteine on proteinuria and markers of tubular injury in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. A placebo-controlled, randomized, open, cross-over study2008
An RCT found NAC (200 mg/day) reduced proteinuria and tubular injury markers in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease patients.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
Panax GinsengView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if taking Panax ginseng can prevent chronic kidney disease.
- A study in Korea showed that people who took Panax ginseng or American ginseng supplements had more kidney disease at first, but after considering other factors, there was no clear link.
Browse 1 study
Association between Consumption of Dietary Supplements and Chronic Kidney Disease Prevalence: Results of the Korean Nationwide Population-Based Survey2023n=4,378
An NHANES analysis of 4378 Korean adults found ginseng and red ginseng consumption associated with higher chronic kidney disease prevalence, though causality remains unclear.
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 4,378
PotassiumView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if eating more potassium helps prevent chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- A very large study following over 300,000 people for nearly 12 years found that those with higher potassium levels in their urine, which reflects how much potassium they eat, had a 20% lower chance of developing CKD compared to those with lower levels.
- The same result was seen when potassium intake was measured from diet surveys.
- This link was similar for men and women, young and old, and people of different ethnic groups.
- However, this does not prove that eating more potassium definitely prevents CKD.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalHigher potassium intake is associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney disease: population-based prospective study2024n=317,162
In 317,162 UK Biobank participants, higher urinary potassium-to-creatinine ratio associated with 10% lower incident chronic kidney disease risk per 1-SD increase (aHR 0.90).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 317,162
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)View supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is uncertain if taking riboflavin (vitamin B2) by mouth helps adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- One large study found that people with CKD who consumed less riboflavin in their diet had a greater chance of dying from any cause compared to those who ate more riboflavin.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalAssociation between riboflavin intake and the risk of all-cause mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective cohort study2024n=3,750
An observational study of 3750 patients with hyperlipidemia found that after excluding potential confounders, lower intake of riboflavin was associated with the higher risk of all-cause mortality (Q1: HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.69).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with hyperlipidemia
- Participants
- 3,750
SeleniumView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Selenium is possibly effective for Chronic kidney disease.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffect of selenium supplementation on hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis2025n=2,080
A meta-analysis of 7 hemodialysis RCTs (2080 patients) found selenium supplementation did not significantly improve BMI, lipids, or C-reactive protein.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Hemodialysis patients
- Participants
- 2,080
Vitamin B9 (Folate)View supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking folic acid (800 mcg) with the blood pressure medicine enalapril for about 4 years can slow down kidney damage and reduce the chances of worsening kidney problems in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease.
- The benefit is clear in people who already have kidney disease but not in those who don’t.
- Taking folic acid along with high doses of vitamin B12 does not seem to help and might even be harmful for people with kidney disease.
Browse 3 studies
RCTEfficacy of Folic Acid Therapy on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Renal Substudy of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial2016n=7,559
A randomized trial of 7559 adults found that 0.8 mg folic acid + 10 mg enalapril/day compared with the enalapril group, the enalapril-folic acid group had a 21% reduction in the odds of the primary event (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62-1.00) and a slower rate of eGFR decline (1.28% vs 1.42% per year; P = .02).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0.8 mg folic acid + 10 mg enalapril/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 7,559
- Ages
- 45–75
RCTEffect of B-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial2010n=238
A randomized trial of 238 patients with diabetic nephropathy found that 2.5 mg/day plasma total homocysteine decreased by a mean (SE) of 2.2 (0.4) micromol/L at 36 months in the B-vitamin group compared with a mean (SE) increase of 2.6 (0.4) micromol/L in the placebo group (mean difference, -4.8; 95% CI, -6.1 to -3.7; P < .001, in favor of B vitamins).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 36 months
- Dose
- 2.5 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with diabetic nephropathy
- Participants
- 238
RCTEffect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial2007n=2,056
A randomized trial of 2056 hemodialysis patients found that 40 mg folic acid + 2 mg vitamin B12 + 25 mg vitamin B6/day no significant effects were demonstrated for secondary outcomes or adverse events: there were 129 MIs in the vitamin group vs 150 for placebo (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.67-1.08), 37 strokes in the vitamin group vs 41 for placebo (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.58-1.40), and 60
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3.2 years
- Dose
- 40 mg folic acid + 2 mg vitamin B12 + 25 mg vitamin B6/day
- Population
- Hemodialysis patients
- Participants
- 2,056
- Avg age
- ~21
L-CarnitineView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough evidence to determine if L-carnitine has any benefit for chronic kidney disease.
Browse 1 study
RCTBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled Trial2018n=29
The DIABASI RCT in 229 hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients found acetyl-L-carnitine 1000 mg twice daily for 6 months did not improve blood pressure, glycemic control, lipids, or insulin sensitivity versus placebo on statin therapy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 29
- Ages
- 40+
IronView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A large study in the UK looked at people who take iron supplements regularly and their risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- It found that in people with high blood pressure who take medications for it, regularly taking iron supplements was linked to a slightly higher chance of developing kidney disease.
- This link was not seen in people with normal blood pressure or those with high blood pressure not taking medication.
- The results suggest that people with high blood pressure, especially those on blood pressure medicine, should talk to their doctor before regularly taking iron supplements.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalHabitual Iron Supplementation Associated with Elevated Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Individuals with Antihypertensive Medication2024n=427,939
In 427,939 UK Biobank adults, habitual iron supplementation was associated with higher chronic kidney disease risk among users of antihypertensive medication after multivariable adjustment.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 427,939
- Ages
- 40–69
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★56% | 10 | 2 | 25% |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★72% | 6 | 1 | 15% |
| N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | ★★★★★40% | 5 | 3 | 13% |
| Inulin | ★★★★★52% | 3 | 1 | 8% |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★36% | 3 | 0 | 8% |
| Astragalus | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | 5% |
| Resveratrol | ★★★★★64% | 2 | 2 | 5% |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| Iron | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| L-Carnitine | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| Panax Ginseng | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| Potassium | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| Selenium | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | 3% |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | 3% |
| Vitamin K | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | 3% |