Prostate cancer
Supplements studied for prostate cancer.
Overview
Lycopene (25 studies) has the most research but shows mixed results—some observational data link higher intake to slightly lower prostate cancer risk, while trial evidence is inconsistent. Sulforaphane (3 studies) may slow PSA doubling time after surgery or in recurrent disease, suggesting possible delay in progression.
Vitamin E (14 studies) does not appear to prevent prostate cancer and may carry harm in some populations. Green Tea (12 studies) shows mixed preventive signals, with most research finding no clear risk reduction. See the heatmap and evidence reviews below for supplement-specific summaries.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Flaxseed Oil | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Olive Oil | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Milk Thistle | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Zeaxanthin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin E | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Melatonin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Flaxseed | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin K | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Sulforaphane | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Vitamin A | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Calcium | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Saw Palmetto | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Curcumin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Black Tea | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
20 supplements for and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
NattokinaseView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough evidence to determine if nattokinase has any benefit for prostate cancer.
Browse 12 studies·1 meta-analysis
ObservationalSoy and isoflavone consumption and subsequent risk of prostate cancer mortality: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study2020n=43,580
In 43,580 Japanese men followed 16.9 years, higher isoflavone intake was associated with increased prostate cancer mortality (HR 1.39 highest vs lowest quintile).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 43,580
- Ages
- 45–74
MetaSoy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2018
A meta-analysis found higher total soy food and unfermented soy intake associated with lower prostate cancer risk; fermented soy and circulating isoflavones showed no association.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
RCTEffect of soy protein isolate supplementation on biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: a randomized trial2013n=90
In 177 men after radical prostatectomy, 20 g/day soy protein isolate for 2 years did not reduce biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer vs calcium caseinate placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 20 g/day
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 90
RCTEffects of soy protein isolate consumption on prostate cancer biomarkers in men with HGPIN, ASAP, and low-grade prostate cancer2008
In 58 high-risk men, 6 months of soy protein with or without isoflavones did not change prostate tissue biomarkers, though fewer prostate cancers were detected in soy groups vs milk (P = 0.01).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 40 g/day soy protein + 107 mg/day isoflavones
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
Clinical trialPhase II trial of isoflavone in prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after previous local therapy2008n=20
In 20 men with PSA-recurrent prostate cancer, soy milk providing 141 mg/day isoflavones for 12 months slowed PSA rise from 56%/year pretreatment to 20%/year (P = 0.05).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 141 mg/day
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 20
ObservationalA case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet2004n=140
In 140 Japanese prostate cancer cases vs controls, higher fish, soy, tofu, and natto intake was associated with lower prostate cancer odds.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 140
ObservationalCohort study of tofu intake and prostate cancer: no apparent association2004
A cohort study of tofu intake and prostate cancer in Japan found no apparent association between tofu consumption and prostate cancer risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
RCTEffects of a diet rich in phytoestrogens on prostate-specific antigen and sex hormones in men diagnosed with prostate cancer2004n=29
In 29 men with prostate cancer pre-prostatectomy, 50 g/day heat-treated soy grits for 6 weeks reduced total PSA by 12.7% and improved free/total PSA ratio vs wheat control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 29
RCTSoy isoflavones do not modulate prostate-specific antigen concentrations in older men in a randomized controlled trial2004n=128
In 81 older men from a parent soy trial, 83 mg/day isoflavones for 12 months did not change serum PSA vs isoflavone-depleted soy (0.5% greater increase in +ISO group, not significant).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 83 mg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 128
- Ages
- 50–80
RCTThe specific role of isoflavones in reducing prostate cancer risk2004n=59
In 59 early-stage prostate cancer patients, 60 mg/day soy isoflavones for 12 weeks reduced free testosterone in 61% and lowered PSA in 69%, with 19% dropping PSA by ≥2 points.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 60 mg/day
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 59
- Ages
- 50–80
ObservationalDoes high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study (United States)1998n=12,395
In 12,395 Adventist men, frequent soy milk consumption (>daily) was associated with 70% lower prostate cancer risk (RR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–1.0) vs nonconsumers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 12,395
Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study1998
Cross-national analysis found inverse associations of cereal, nut, and fish intake with prostate cancer mortality; soy-related variables were examined among multiple dietary factors.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Ages
- 45–74
Flaxseed OilView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a nutrient found in flaxseed oil, shows mixed results about its link to prostate cancer.
- Some studies suggest a small increase in risk, while others find no connection.
- When looking only at ALA from plant sources like flaxseed oil, there seems to be no increased risk of prostate cancer.
- Overall, more research is needed to be certain.
Browse 9 studies·1 meta-analysis
RCTA prospective study of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood and prostate cancer risk2007n=476
In a nested case-control of 476 men followed 13 years, higher blood long-chain n-3 fatty acids were inversely associated with overall prostate cancer risk (RR Q5 vs Q1 0.59, P trend=0.01).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 476
MetaDietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis2004
A meta-analysis found high dietary alpha-linolenic acid associated with lower fatal CHD risk (RR 0.79) but higher prostate cancer risk (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.12–2.58) in observational studies.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CAD patients
ObservationalDietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer2004
In 47,866 US men followed 14 years, higher ALA from nonanimal sources was linked to advanced prostate cancer (RR 2.02 top vs bottom quintile), while EPA+DHA intakes were associated with lower total and advanced prostate cancer risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Ages
- 40–75
ObservationalAlpha-linolenic acid and risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay2000
In a Uruguayan case-control study of 217 advanced prostate cancer cases and 431 matched controls, highest-quartile alpha-linolenic acid intake was associated with nearly 4-fold higher prostate cancer odds after adjustment for calories and other fats.
- Effect
- No Benefit
ObservationalDietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Spain2000
In a Spanish case-control study of 217 prostate cancer cases and 434 controls, higher alpha-linolenic acid intake increased prostate cancer risk in upper quartiles after adjusting for energy and covariates.
- Effect
- No Benefit
ObservationalSerum linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to prostate and other cancers: a population-based cohort study2000n=46
In a Finnish cohort of 2,002 middle-aged men followed 12.6 years, upper-third serum linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with about 70% lower prostate cancer risk than the lowest third.
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 46
Dietary fat and prostate cancer: current status1999
A narrative review concluded that dietary fat may relate to prostate cancer risk, but the specific fatty acid components responsible remain unclear despite decades of epidemiologic and animal research.
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
ObservationalPrediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer1997
In 141 matched Norwegian blood-donor pairs, higher prediagnostic alpha-linolenic acid in serum phospholipids was associated with increased prostate cancer risk, while higher linoleic-to-ALA ratios were inversely associated.
- Effect
- No Benefit
ObservationalA prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer1993n=47,855
In the Health Professionals Follow-up Study of 51,529 U.S. men (ages 40–75), total and animal fat—especially from red meat—were associated with higher advanced prostate cancer risk; alpha-linolenic acid remained significant in multivariate models.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Advanced cancer patients
- Participants
- 47,855
- Ages
- 40–75
Alpha-Linolenic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research about alpha-linolenic acid and prostate cancer risk is mixed.
- Some studies suggest eating more ALA might raise the chance of prostate cancer, especially advanced cancer, while others find no connection.
- Overall, small differences in risk may depend on whether ALA comes from meat and dairy (possibly higher risk) or plant sources like flaxseed (probably no added risk).
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaSystematic Review & Meta-Analysis: Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies2015
Meta-analysis found dietary ALA inversely associated with prostate cancer risk, while blood DHA showed marginal positive association; n-3 effects differ by fatty acid.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0.5 g/day
Clinical trialEffect of alpha linolenic acid supplementation on serum prostate specific antigen (PSA): results from the alpha omega trial2013n=815
Alpha Omega Trial substudy in 1622 post-MI men given 2 g/day ALA for 40 months found ALA did not significantly change PSA versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 815
- Ages
- 60–80
Milk ThistleView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not yet clear if milk thistle by itself helps men with prostate cancer.
- Early research showed that taking a supplement with milk thistle extract plus soy, lycopene, vitamins, and minerals for 10 weeks helped slow the rise of a prostate cancer marker in men who had radiation or surgery.
- More studies are needed to know if milk thistle alone is effective.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of natural extract interventions in prostate cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 28 RCTs (1,566 prostate cancer patients) ranked silybin with or without selenium highest for reducing PSA and IGF-1; lycopene-based extracts did not rank among top interventions.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
RCTRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in men with prostate cancer and rising PSA: effectiveness of a dietary supplement2005n=34
A double-blind crossover trial in 34 men with rising PSA after prostate cancer treatment found a dietary supplement slowed PSA velocity versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 weeks
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 34
Olive OilView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not certain if eating olive oil lowers the chance of getting prostate cancer.
- Some studies show that people who consume more olive oil have about a 39% lower risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those who consume less.
- More research is needed to confirm this.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaOlive oil intake and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022n=929,771
A meta-analysis of 929,771 subjects found highest vs lowest olive oil consumption associated with 31% lower overall cancer likelihood, including breast and gastrointestinal cancers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 929,771
FlaxseedView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A small study in men with a precancerous prostate condition called prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) found that adding 30 grams of ground flaxseed per day along with a low-fat diet for six months lowered PSA levels and slowed prostate cell growth.
- However, the study did not include a placebo group, so the results should be interpreted with caution.
- In another study of men with prostate cancer preparing for surgery, taking the same amount of ground flaxseed for about one month, with or without a low-fat diet, reduced prostate tissue growth but did not lower PSA levels compared with the control group.
Browse 2 studies
RCTFlaxseed supplementation (not dietary fat restriction) reduces prostate cancer proliferation rates in men presurgery2008n=161
In a pre-surgery RCT of 161 prostate cancer patients, 30 g/day flaxseed for ≥21 days before prostatectomy reduced tumor proliferation rates; low-fat diet alone did not.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 30 days
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 161
RCTPilot study to explore effects of low-fat, flaxseed-supplemented diet on proliferation of benign prostatic epithelium and prostate-specific antigen2004n=13
In a 6-month pilot of 15 men awaiting repeat prostate biopsy, a low-fat (<20% kcal) diet with 30 g/day flaxseed was associated with reduced benign prostatic epithelial proliferation and PSA trends.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 13
Green TeaView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Some studies show green tea catechins might lower prostate cancer risk in high-risk men, but others do not.
- Most research finds no link between regular green tea drinking and prostate cancer risk, though very high green tea intake might lower risk.
- Green tea does not seem to slow prostate cancer progression or lower PSA levels, but some studies show some geographical variation in effectiveness.
Browse 12 studies·5 meta-analyses
MetaThe effect of green tea on prostate specific antigen (PSA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of RCTs found green tea did not significantly change prostate-specific antigen levels in prostate cancer patients versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
MetaGreen tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer2020n=1,795
A Cochrane review found very low-certainty evidence that green tea may reduce some cancer risks, with no clear effect on overall cancer incidence.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,795
MetaGreen tea and the risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis2017
A meta-analysis found higher green tea intake associated with lower prostate cancer risk, though results varied by study design and population.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaTea consumption and prostate cancer: an updated meta-analysis2014
An updated meta-analysis of tea and prostate cancer studies suggested a potential protective association, with pooled estimates favoring higher tea intake.
- Effect
- No Benefit
MetaTea consumption and the risk of five major cancers: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies2014n=702
A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies found higher tea consumption associated with lower breast, colorectal, and liver cancer risk, but not prostate or stomach cancer.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Participants
- 702
MetaGreen tea and black tea consumption and prostate cancer risk: an exploratory meta-analysis of observational studies2011
An exploratory meta-analysis suggested green tea may be associated with lower prostate cancer risk, while black tea showed less consistent effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: a prospective study2008n=49,920
In 49,920 Japanese men (ages 40–69) in the JPHC Study, high green tea intake was associated with lower prostate cancer risk in prospective follow-up.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 49,920
- Ages
- 40–69
RCTChemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study2006n=60
In 60 men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, 600 mg/day green tea catechins for 1 year reduced progression to prostate cancer versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 600 mg/day
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 60
ObservationalNo association between green tea and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: the Ohsaki Cohort Study2006n=561
In 19,561 Japanese men in the Ohsaki cohort, green tea intake was not associated with lower prostate cancer risk (110 cases; HR 0.85 for ≥5 vs <1 cup/day, NS).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 561
- Ages
- 40–79
Clinical trialA prospective clinical trial of green tea for hormone refractory prostate cancer: an evaluation of the complementary/alternative therapy approach2005n=15
In 19 patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer, green tea extract (250 mg twice daily) showed minimal clinical benefit; most patients progressed within 2 months.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 1–4 months
- Dose
- 250 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 15
ObservationalProtective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China2004
In a Shanghai case-control study, regular green tea consumption was associated with lower prostate cancer risk, especially with longer duration and higher intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Children/adolescents
- Ages
- 40+
Clinical trialA phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma2003n=42
In a phase II trial of 42 androgen-independent prostate cancer patients, green tea did not produce meaningful PSA declines or disease stabilization.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 46 mg/day
- Population
- Prostate cancer patients
- Participants
- 42
LycopeneView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on lycopene and prostate cancer shows mixed results. Some studies suggest that eating more lycopene, found in foods like tomatoes, may slightly lower the risk of prostate cancer, while others show no clear benefit. A recent review suggests the risk may go down by about 1% for every extra 2 mg of lycopene eaten each day, and by 3.5% for each rise in blood lycopene levels, though benefits may be limited to certain groups.
- In men at high risk, one small study showed that taking lycopene supplements for a year might slow the progression to prostate cancer.
- Studies on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, a common marker of prostate cancer activity, also give mixed results. Some show no effect, while others suggest lycopene may lower PSA levels, especially in men with higher baseline PSA or those recovering from surgery. However, in men with advanced or treatment-resistant prostate cancer, lycopene does not appear to make a difference.
- Overall, lycopene may help reduce prostate cancer risk or slow its progression in some cases, but the evidence is inconsistent and comes mostly from small studies.
Browse 25 studies·4 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of natural extract interventions in prostate cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 28 RCTs (1,566 prostate cancer patients) ranked silybin with or without selenium highest for reducing PSA and IGF-1; lycopene-based extracts did not rank among top interventions.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
MetaThe effect of lycopene supplement from different sources on prostate specific antigen (PSA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 6 RCTs found lycopene or tomato extract supplementation did not significantly change PSA levels vs control (WMD −0.12 ng/mL, 95% CI −0.62 to 0.38, p=0.64).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
MetaIncreased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis2017n=12
A meta-analysis of 42 studies (43,851 prostate cancer cases) found higher dietary and circulating lycopene associated with 12% lower prostate cancer risk (RR 0.88), with each additional 2 mg/day dietary lycopene linked to 1% lower risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 mg/day
- Participants
- 12
RCTEffect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial2015n=3,501
The AREDS2 RCT found omega-3 or lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation for ~5 years did not slow cognitive decline in older adults at risk of AMD.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 5 years
- Dose
- 1 g
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 3,501
- Avg age
- ~72.7
RCTSerum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial2011
A nested case-control analysis of 1,683 prostate cancer cases in the PCPT trial found no overall association between serum lycopene and prostate cancer risk across Gleason score subgroups.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
RCTDiet, supplement use, and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial2010n=9,559
An analysis of 9,559 men in the PCPT trial found neither dietary nor supplemental lycopene significantly associated with prostate cancer risk, including high-grade disease.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 9,559
Clinical trialSerum levels of folate, lycopene, β-carotene, retinol and vitamin E and prostate cancer risk2010
A prospective nested case-control study found null associations between serum folate, lycopene, beta-carotene, retinol, vitamin E, and subsequent prostate cancer development.
- Effect
- No Benefit
Clinical trialLycopene for advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer: a prospective, open phase II pilot study2009n=18
A 6-month open-label phase II study of 18 men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer given 15 mg/day lycopene found 29% had stable PSA and no patient achieved >50% PSA reduction; 5 of 17 discontinued for progression.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 20 months
- Dose
- 15 mg
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 18
- Ages
- 64–85
RCTA combination of tomato and soy products for men with recurring prostate cancer and rising prostate specific antigen2008n=41
An 8-week RCT of 41 men with recurrent prostate cancer found tomato and soy supplementation (≥25 mg/day lycopene) reduced VEGF and produced PSA declines in 34%, though not designed for clinical endpoints.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 25 mg/day
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 41
Clinical trialA tomato-based, lycopene-containing intervention for androgen-independent prostate cancer: results of a Phase II study from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group2007n=46
A phase II study of 46 androgen-independent prostate cancer patients given 15 mg lycopene twice daily found only 1 partial PSA response (2%) and concluded lycopene was not effective for this population.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 35 mg/day
- Population
- Dyspepsia patients
- Participants
- 46
Open-labelPhase I–II prospective dose-escalating trial of lycopene in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer after definitive local therapy2006n=36
A dose-escalation trial of 36 men with biochemical prostate cancer recurrence given 15–120 mg/day lycopene for 1 year found no PSA responses and 37% had PSA progression, though treatment was well tolerated.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 120 mg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 36
- Avg age
- ~74
RCTLycopene as a chemopreventive agent in the treatment of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia2005n=40
A 2-year RCT of 40 men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia found 4 mg lycopene twice daily reduced progression to prostate cancer vs periodic follow-up alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 4 mg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 40
Open-labelLycopene: a novel drug therapy in hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer2004n=20
An open-label study of 20 men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer given 10 mg/day lycopene for 3 months found 1 complete and 6 partial PSA responses (35%), with 62% reporting reduced analgesic use.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12–72 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 20
- Ages
- 18+
MetaThe role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies2004
A meta-analysis of 21 observational studies found high cooked tomato product intake associated with 19% lower prostate cancer risk (RR 0.81), with modest effects requiring high consumption levels.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTA comparison of lycopene and orchidectomy vs orchidectomy alone in the management of advanced prostate cancer2003n=54
An RCT of 54 men with metastatic prostate cancer found lycopene (2 mg twice daily) plus orchidectomy produced higher complete PSA response (78% vs 40%) and lower mortality (13% vs 22%) vs orchidectomy alone over 2 years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 2 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 54
ObservationalProspective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer2003n=182
A nested case-control study of 182 prostate cancer cases across two cohorts did not replicate prior lycopene-protective findings, though gamma-tocopherol showed a possible inverse association in one cohort.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Children under 5
- Participants
- 182
ObservationalInverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer2001n=65
A case-control study of 65 prostate cancer patients found highest-quartile plasma lycopene associated with 83% lower prostate cancer odds (OR 0.17) vs lowest quartile after multivariate adjustment.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Alcohol-dependent patients
- Participants
- 65
Clinical trialOxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce-based entrees as a whole-food intervention2001
A 3-week dietary intervention of 32 prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce (30 mg/day lycopene) before prostatectomy reduced leukocyte and prostate tissue oxidative DNA damage and lowered PSA.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 weeks
- Dose
- 30 mg/day
- Population
- Cancer patients
RCTPhase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy2001n=15
A 3-week pre-prostatectomy RCT of 26 men found 15 mg lycopene twice daily associated with cancer-free surgical margins in 73% vs 18% on placebo and reduced diffuse high-grade PIN involvement.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 weeks
- Dose
- 30 mg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 15
ObservationalProstate cancer and dietary carotenoids2000
A New Zealand case-control study of 317 prostate cancer cases found lycopene-rich foods weakly associated with reduced prostate cancer risk, while beta-carotene-rich vegetables were not protective.
- Effect
- Benefit
ObservationalDiet and cancer of the prostate: a case-control study in Greece1999n=320
A Greek case-control study of 320 prostate cancer cases found cooked tomatoes inversely associated with prostate cancer risk, alongside marginally higher dairy and lipid intake as positive associations.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 320
ObservationalSerum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study1999
A case-control study of 12 prostate cancer patients found 44% lower serum and 78% lower tissue lycopene vs controls, with no significant differences in other carotenoids.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
ObservationalSerum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii1997
A nested case-control study of 142 Japanese-American men followed >20 years found no micronutrient, including lycopene, strongly associated with prostate cancer risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Children under 5
ObservationalIntake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer1995n=47,894
A prospective cohort of 47,894 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study found only lycopene intake among carotenoids associated with lower non-stage-A1 prostate cancer risk (RR 0.79, highest vs lowest quintile).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 47,894
ObservationalSerologic precursors of cancer. Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherol and risk of prostate cancer1990n=103
A nested case-control study of 103 prostate cancer cases over 13 years found an inverse trend between serum retinol and prostate cancer risk (OR 0.40, highest vs lowest quartile), but no significant associations for lycopene or tocopherol.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 103
MelatoninView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Melatonin has not been studied much on its own for prostate cancer.
- In one small study, men with advanced prostate cancer that was no longer responding to standard hormone treatment (triptorelin) took melatonin 20 mg daily along with their regular injections.
- Their PSA and certain cancer growth markers went down compared to before treatment.
- However, because the study was very small and had no comparison group, the results are not reliable.
- It is not known if melatonin works by itself for prostate cancer, and current research is too limited to recommend its use.
Browse 2 studies
RCTMelatonin in the Management of Mood and Sleep Problems Induced by Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer Patients: A Randomized Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial2022n=22
In prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy, melatonin improved sleep and mood symptoms versus placebo over the treatment period.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 6 mg
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 22
- Ages
- 18+
Clinical trialReversal of clinical resistance to LHRH analogue in metastatic prostate cancer by the pineal hormone melatonin: efficacy of LHRH analogue plus melatonin in patients progressing on LHRH analogue alone1997
In metastatic prostate cancer, melatonin added to LHRH analogue therapy increased hormone receptor expression and improved clinical response versus LHRH alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 20 mg/day
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Avg age
- ~70.5
Vitamin EView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin E by mouth does not lower the chance of getting prostate cancer.
- A review of many studies found no overall benefit of vitamin E from diet or supplements to prevent prostate cancer.
- Some studies in smokers showed a possible reduction in risk with low-dose synthetic vitamin E, but most large, well-designed studies with vitamin E supplements at doses between 45 and 400 IU daily for several years did not lower prostate cancer risk.
- In one large study, taking vitamin E alone was linked to a 17% higher chance of getting prostate cancer.
Browse 14 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaVitamin E Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis2022
In a meta-analysis, a random-effects model was used to perform a meta-analysis and estimate relative risks (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of prostate cancer risk according to vitamin E intake.
- Effect
- No Benefit
ObservationalBaseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on prostate cancer risk2014n=35,533
In an observational study of 35,533 participants, proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for effects of supplementation within quintiles of baseline toenail selenium.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 35,533
RCTVitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial2014
Post-trial follow-up of Physicians' Health Study II found neither 500 mg/day vitamin C nor 400 IU vitamin E every other day affected cancer mortality.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Men
- Ages
- ≥50
RCTVitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)2011n=35,533
A major RCT (SELECT) evaluating vitamin E (400 IU/day), selenium, or their combination. Vitamin E alone was associated with a **significant increase in prostate cancer risk** during follow-up. This trial strongly influenced clinical recommendations against high-dose vitamin E supplementation.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 35,533
- Ages
- 50+
RCTEffect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)2009n=416
In an RCT of 416 participants, 400 IU/day, there were no significant differences (all P>.15) in any other prespecified cancer end points.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 416
- Ages
- 50+
RCTVitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial2009n=1,307
In Physicians' Health Study II (14,641 men, 8 years), 400 IU vitamin E every other day did not reduce prostate cancer (HR 0.97) or total cancer versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 1,307
- Avg age
- ~50
ObservationalMultivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study2007n=10,241
In an observational study of 10,241 participants, these results suggest that regular multivitamin use is not associated with the risk of early or localized prostate cancer.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 10,241
Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk2006n=361
In a study of 361 participants, 400 IU/day, cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 361
RCTAntioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the SU.VI.MAX trial2005n=5,141
In an RCT of 5,141 participants, for 8 years, in men with elevated PSA at baseline, the supplementation was associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer of borderline statistical significance (hazard ratio = 1.54; 95% CI = 0.87-2.72).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 years
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 5,141
RCTEffects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial2005n=9,541
In HOPE-TOO (9,541 patients, ~7 years), 400 IU/day vitamin E did not prevent cancer or major cardiovascular events and increased heart failure risk (RR 1.13).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Heart failure patients
- Participants
- 9,541
- Ages
- 55+
MetaDiet, anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk: a review of prospective cohort and intervention studies2004
A meta-analysis found that 2000 mg/day prospective studies are consistent with a protective role for selenium, and possibly vitamin E, pulses and tomatoes/lycopene, in the aetiology of prostate cancer.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 mg/day
- Population
- Men
ObservationalVitamin E supplements and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men2004n=72,704
In an observational study of 72,704 participants, regular vitamin E supplement use (>/=4 times per week) was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced prostate cancer at diagnosis.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 72,704
Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up2003n=1,037
In a study of 1,037 participants, 50 mg, overall posttrial relative risk (RR) for lung cancer incidence (n = 1037) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-1.20) among recipients of beta-carotene compared with nonrecipients.
- Dose
- 50 mg
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,037
- Ages
- 50–69
RCTProstate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial1998n=14,573
In an RCT of 14,573 participants, 50 mg, other controlled trials are required to confirm the findings.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 50 mg
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 14,573
- Ages
- 50–69
ZeaxanthinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if taking zeaxanthin helps prevent prostate cancer.
- Studies show that low blood levels of zeaxanthin and other carotenoids are not linked to higher prostate cancer risk.
- The effects of zeaxanthin supplements are unknown.
Browse 1 study
RCTThe association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients: results and lessons learned from beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial2003n=18,314
In CARET nested case-control data, higher serum lutein and zeaxanthin were inversely associated with lung cancer risk in women (OR 0.31 for top vs bottom quartile lutein).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Children under 5
- Participants
- 18,314
MultivitaminView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking multivitamins does not seem to lower the risk of getting prostate cancer.
- Research shows that people who take multivitamins daily for many years do not have a lower chance of developing prostate cancer than those who don’t.
- Taking multivitamins after being diagnosed with prostate cancer does not help prevent the cancer from getting worse or reduce the chance of dying from prostate cancer.
- Taking a high dose of multivitamins after diagnosis might increase the risk of death, and stopping them after diagnosis might also raise this risk.
- Experts say there isn’t enough evidence to recommend multivitamins for preventing cancer.
Browse 4 studies·1 meta-analysis
ObservationalMultivitamin use after diagnosis and prostate cancer survival among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer2024n=4,756
A prospective study of 4,756 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer found post-diagnosis multivitamin use was not associated with improved cancer-specific or overall survival.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
- Participants
- 4,756
ObservationalRegular, Long-Duration Multivitamin Use and Risk of Overall and Aggressive Prostate Cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study2022n=48,137
A prospective study of 48,137 men found regular long-duration multivitamin use was not associated with reduced overall or aggressive prostate cancer risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 48,137
GuideVitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2022
A USPSTF evidence review found insufficient evidence that multivitamin or mineral supplementation prevents cardiovascular disease or cancer in healthy adults.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaThe effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis2011
A meta-analysis found supplemental vitamins and minerals did not significantly reduce prostate cancer incidence in pooled trial data.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men with prostate cancer
SulforaphaneView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking sulforaphane supplements may help slow the rise of PSA levels in men with prostate cancer.
- Studies show that people who took sulforaphane after prostate surgery or with recurrent cancer had a longer time before their PSA levels doubled compared to those who did not take sulforaphane.
- This suggests sulforaphane might help delay prostate cancer progression.
Browse 3 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of natural extract interventions in prostate cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 28 RCTs (1,566 prostate cancer patients) ranked silybin with or without selenium highest for reducing PSA and IGF-1; lycopene-based extracts did not rank among top interventions.
- Population
- Cancer patients
Open-labelA phase II study of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extracts in men with recurrent prostate cancer2015n=20
In men with recurrent prostate cancer, broccoli sprout extract rich in sulforaphane was safe but did not significantly lower PSA progression versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 20 weeks
- Population
- Men with recurrent prostate cancer
- Participants
- 20
RCTEffect of Sulforaphane in Men with Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy2015n=78
In men with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy, sulforaphane did not significantly reduce PSA doubling time versus placebo in this double-blind trial.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 60 mg/day lycopene
- Population
- Men with biochemical recurrence
- Participants
- 78
- Avg age
- 69±6
Vitamin KView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Studies show that eating more foods rich in vitamin K2, but not vitamin K1, may help lower the risk of prostate cancer, especially more serious forms.
Browse 2 studies
ObservationalDietary vitamin K intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: results from the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg)2010n=24,340
In an observational study of 24,340 participants, multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 24,340
- Ages
- 35–64
ObservationalDietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg)2008n=319
In an observational study of 319 participants, we observed a nonsignificant inverse association between total prostate cancer and total menaquinone intake [multivariate relative risk (highest compared with lowest quartile): 0.65; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.06].
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 319
CalciumView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It isn’t fully clear whether taking calcium helps prevent prostate cancer.
- Some research shows that about 1200 mg per day might reduce risk.
- However, very high amounts of calcium, especially over 2000 mg a day, may actually increase the risk.
- Amounts above 1500 mg daily might also be linked with more aggressive and serious forms of prostate cancer.
- Eating a lot of dairy foods has been weakly linked to a small increase in risk, but other studies have found no connection.
- More evidence is needed.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaCalcium intake and risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies2025
A meta-analysis of 21 cohorts found high total, dietary, and dairy calcium intake associated with modestly higher prostate cancer risk; supplemental calcium was not significant.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 300 mg/day
Vitamin AView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Greater dietary vitamin A consumption does not seem to lower the risk of prostate cancer based on available studies.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaDiet, anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk: a review of prospective cohort and intervention studies2004
A meta-analysis found that 2000 mg/day prospective studies are consistent with a protective role for selenium, and possibly vitamin E, pulses and tomatoes/lycopene, in the aetiology of prostate cancer.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 mg/day
- Population
- Men
Vitamin DView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin D by mouth does not seem to change how prostate cancer progresses or affect death rates from prostate cancer.
- Studies show vitamin D does not impact PSA levels or survival in men with prostate cancer.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials2019
A meta-analysis of 22 studies found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce PSA or improve mortality in prostate cancer patients.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Cancer patients
CurcuminView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- No summary is available.
Browse 1 study
RCTMulticenter randomized phase II study comparing docetaxel plus curcumin versus docetaxel plus placebo in first-line treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer2021n=44
A 6-month study of 44 men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving chemotherapy and glucocorticoids found that high dose curcumin (6 g/day) did not improve survival, cancer progression or quality of life compared to placebo. [10207]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 6 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 44
- Ages
- 18+
Saw PalmettoView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Studies show that taking saw palmetto does not lower the risk of prostate cancer or help with symptoms for men going through prostate cancer treatment.
Browse 2 studies
RCTSaw Palmetto for Symptom Management During Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer2016n=20
In prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation, saw palmetto up to 960 mg/day was safe but did not significantly improve LUTS versus placebo in this small exploratory RCT.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 22 weeks
- Dose
- 960 mg/day
- Population
- Men with lower urinary tract symptoms
- Participants
- 20
ObservationalSaw palmetto supplement use and prostate cancer risk2006n=35,171
In 35,171 men aged 50–76 followed 2.3 years, saw palmetto use was not associated with reduced prostate cancer risk (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.74–1.23).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 35,171
- Ages
- 50–76
Black TeaView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear whether drinking black tea helps lower the risk of prostate cancer.
- Some studies have found that people who drink black tea have a lower risk of prostate cancer compared with those who rarely or never drink it.
- More research is needed to confirm these findings.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalBlack tea consumption and cancer risk: a prospective study1986
In 7,833 Japanese-American men, black tea intake >1/day was associated with 4.2-fold higher rectal cancer risk (P=0.0007) but 44% lower prostate cancer risk (P=0.020); no significant associations at other sites.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lycopene | ★★★★★44% | 25 | 4 | 26% |
| Vitamin E | ★★★★★44% | 14 | 2 | 14% |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★44% | 12 | 5 | 12% |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★56% | 12 | 1 | 12% |
| Flaxseed Oil | ★★★★★52% | 9 | 1 | 9% |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★40% | 4 | 1 | 4% |
| Sulforaphane | ★★★★★40% | 3 | 1 | 3% |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | 2% |
| Flaxseed | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 0 | 2% |
| Melatonin | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 0 | 2% |
| Milk Thistle | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | 2% |
| Saw Palmetto | ★★★★★32% | 2 | 0 | 2% |
| Vitamin K | ★★★★★40% | 2 | 0 | 2% |
| Black Tea | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | 1% |
| Calcium | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | 1% |
| Curcumin | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | 1% |
| Olive Oil | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | 1% |
| Vitamin A | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | 1% |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | 1% |
| Zeaxanthin | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | 1% |