Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Supplements studied for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Overview
Eight supplements are indexed for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) across 62 studies. Lutein and Multivitamin carry the strongest ratings (WA 68, medium across dimensions).
Lutein may improve glare recovery, dim-light vision, and macular pigment, but does not appear to stop AMD progression or prevent severe vision loss. A multivitamin/mineral combination (vitamin C, E, beta-carotene, and sometimes zinc) may reduce advanced-AMD vision loss and disease progression in high-risk people over years of use.
Fish Oil (WA 40; very low effect size, high evidence, medium trust) and Vitamin E alone (WA 40) do not prevent or slow AMD in large trials, though vitamin E as part of the antioxidant-zinc combination may contribute to benefit. Lycopene evidence is inconsistent. See the heatmap and evidence reviews below for all eight supplements.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Zinc | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Zeaxanthin | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Lutein | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Astaxanthin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin E | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Fish Oil | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
9 supplements for and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
LuteinView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Lutein, a nutrient found in leafy green vegetables, may help with certain aspects of vision for people who already have age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Studies show that taking lutein supplements (10–20 mg daily for up to 3 years) can improve the way the eye recovers from glare, seeing in dim light, and fine detail. It can also increase the protective pigment in the eye (macular pigment).
- However, lutein does not stop AMD from getting worse or prevent severe vision loss. Eating more lutein and zeaxanthin from foods is linked to a lower risk of developing AMD, but studies on lutein supplements alone have not proven that they can prevent or slow the disease from progressing.
- Some combination supplements with lutein, zeaxanthin, and antioxidants may provide modest benefits. In one large study (AREDS2), replacing beta-carotene with lutein and zeaxanthin modestly reduced the risk of worsening AMD, especially in people with low dietary intake of these nutrients. Lutein and zeaxanthin are now often used instead of beta-carotene because beta-carotene can increase lung cancer risk in smokers.
- For people with a family history of AMD, lutein combined with other nutrients has not shown clear benefit for eye protection in short-term studies.
Browse 29 studies·6 meta-analyses
Systematic reviewAntioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration2023n=7
A systematic review found antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements may slow AMD progression, but evidence quality varies across formulations and populations.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 7
- Ages
- 65–75
RCTLong-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 282022n=3,882
In 10-year AREDS2 follow-up of 3,882 participants, lutein/zeaxanthin replacing beta-carotene did not increase lung cancer risk and may benefit AMD long term.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 years
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 3,882
- Avg age
- ~72
MetaThe Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021n=3,189
A meta-analysis (3,189 participants) found lutein/zeaxanthin intake dose-dependently increased macular pigment optical density in healthy eyes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3–12 months
- Dose
- 5 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,189
- Avg age
- ~43
MetaEffects of lutein supplementation in age-related macular degeneration2019
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (920 eyes) found lutein supplementation (10–20 mg/day) increased macular pigment optical density in AMD patients.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 20 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with AMD
RCTEffect of Dietary Supplementation With Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and ω-3 on Macular Pigment: A Randomized Clinical Trial2017n=86
In 86 adults at risk of AMD, 6 months of lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 supplementation increased macular pigment optical density versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 86
- Avg age
- ~56.7±6.6
MetaLutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density2016n=826
A meta-analysis (826 participants) found lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation increased macular pigment optical density in AMD and healthy subjects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 826
ObservationalIntakes of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Other Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration During 2 Decades of Prospective Follow-up2015n=63,443
A prospective cohort of 102,046 US adults over 2 decades found no consistent association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and AMD risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 20 years
- Population
- Patients with diabetes
- Participants
- 63,443
- Ages
- 20+
RCTOral Lutein Supplementation Enhances Macular Pigment Density and Contrast Sensitivity but Not in Combination With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids2015n=79
In 79 AMD patients, 10 mg lutein for 6 months increased macular pigment and contrast sensitivity; adding PUFA did not further improve outcomes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 10 mg
- Population
- Patients with age-related maculopathy
- Participants
- 79
MetaLutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration2014n=1,176
A meta-analysis found lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation did not consistently improve visual acuity in AMD patients across RCTs.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 1,176
MetaRole of lutein supplementation in the management of age-related macular degeneration: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014n=445
A meta-analysis of AMD trials found lutein supplementation improved macular pigment optical density and may slow AMD progression versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with AMD
- Participants
- 445
RCTEffects of lutein and docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation on macular pigment optical density in a randomized controlled trial2013n=21
In 44 early AMD patients, 12 mg lutein plus 280 mg DHA daily for 1 year increased macular pigment optical density versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 12 mg lutein + 280 mg DHA/day
- Population
- Patients with early AMD
- Participants
- 21
RCTLutein supplementation over a one-year period in early AMD might have a mild beneficial effect on visual acuity: the CLEAR study2013n=36
In 72 early AMD patients, 10 mg/day lutein for 12 months increased macular pigment and showed mild visual acuity benefit versus placebo (CLE study).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with early AMD
- Participants
- 36
- Avg age
- ~70
RCTCarotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study2012n=145
In 145 AMD patients in the CARMIS trial, 2 years of lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, and antioxidants improved visual acuity versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 10 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 145
RCTEffect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration2012n=27
In 108 early AMD patients aged 50–79, lutein and zeaxanthin for 48 weeks improved macular pigment and some visual function measures versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
- Ages
- 50–79
RCTImprovement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial2012n=27
In 108 early AMD patients, 10–20 mg/day lutein with or without zeaxanthin for 48 weeks improved retinal function on mfERG versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
MetaLutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis found higher dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake associated with lower AMD risk in observational studies.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTEffects of lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual acuity in patients with age-related macular degeneration2011n=26
In 126 AMD patients (LISA study), lutein supplementation for 6 months increased macular pigment optical density and may improve visual acuity versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Patients with diabetes
- Participants
- 26
RCTRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 9732011n=25
In 60 early atrophic AMD patients, zeaxanthin-focused supplementation for 1 year increased macular pigment in lower-risk patients versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 10 mg lutein + 2 mg zeaxanthin/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 25
- Avg age
- ~74.9
RCTSupplementation with all three macular carotenoids: response, stability, and safety2011
In healthy subjects, daily tablets with meso-zeaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin safely increased macular pigment and serum carotenoids versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 10.6 mg MZ + 5.9 mg L + 1.2 mg Z/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
RCTCarotenoids and antioxidants in age-related maculopathy italian study: multifocal electroretinogram modifications after 1 year2008n=27
In 15 nonadvanced AMD patients over 12 months, supplements including lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin improved central retinal electroretinogram responses versus untreated AMD eyes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 180 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
- Avg age
- 69.4±4.31
Controlled trialLong term results of age-related macular degeneration therapy with prednisolone acetate--special refer to peripheral visual field changes2008n=475
In 475 dry AMD patients treated over 7 years, prednisolone acetate therapy was associated with peripheral visual field defects in 85% of patients versus baseline assessment.
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 475
- Ages
- 39–80
RCTThe influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation2008n=49
In 49 women aged 60–80, 12 mg/day lutein or 800 mg/day DHA for 4 months increased serum levels and macular pigment at some retinal eccentricities versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 months
- Dose
- 12 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 49
- Ages
- 60–80
RCTEffect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: a randomized controlled trial2007n=15
In ARM/AMD patients, 6 mg/day lutein with vitamins and minerals for 9 months improved contrast sensitivity versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 9 months
- Dose
- 6 mg/day
- Participants
- 15
RCTLAST II: Differential temporal responses of macular pigment optical density in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration to dietary supplementation with xanthophylls2007
In atrophic AMD patients (LAST II), 10 mg/day lutein with antioxidants increased macular pigment in responders versus non-responders over 12 months.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with atrophic AMD
RCTDouble-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial)2004
In 90 atrophic AMD patients, 10 mg/day lutein alone or with antioxidants for 12 months improved visual function and symptoms versus placebo (LAST trial).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
ObservationalProspective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy2004n=866
A prospective cohort of 118,428 adults found higher fruit, vegetable, and carotenoid intake associated with lower age-related maculopathy risk over 12–18 years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 866
- Ages
- 50+
Clinical trialInfluence of short-term antioxidant supplementation on macular function in age-related maculopathy: a pilot study including electrophysiologic assessment2003n=17
In 17 early ARM patients, 15 mg lutein plus antioxidants for 180 days improved focal electroretinogram responses versus untreated ARM controls.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 180 days
- Dose
- 15 mg lutein + 20 mg vitamin E + 18 mg nicotinamide/day
- Population
- Patients with early ARM
- Participants
- 17
ObservationalDietary prevention of age-related macular degeneration1999
A review concluded early dietary antioxidant and carotenoid intake, including lutein-rich foods, may reduce individual AMD risk but evidence was largely observational.
- Effect
- Benefit
ObservationalDietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group1994
The Eye Disease Case-Control Study of 356 AMD cases and 520 controls found higher carotenoid and vitamin C/E intake associated with lower neovascular AMD risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 55–80
MultivitaminView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- For people at high risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), taking certain vitamins and minerals every day may help protect eyesight.
- Research shows that a supplement with vitamin C 500 mg, vitamin E 400 units, beta-carotene 15 mg, and sometimes zinc 80 mg, taken daily for up to 10 years, can reduce the risk of losing vision by 23%–27% and lower the risk of the disease advancing by 25%–32%.
- There isn’t enough evidence yet to know if these vitamins help in the early stages of AMD.
Browse 11 studies·1 meta-analysis
Systematic reviewAntioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration2023n=7
A systematic review found antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements may slow AMD progression, but evidence quality varies across formulations and populations.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 7
- Ages
- 65–75
RCTMultivitamin Supplementation Improves Memory in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial2023n=3,562
A randomized trial of 3,562 older adults (COSMOS-Web) found daily multivitamin supplementation significantly improved memory performance over one year versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 3,562
MetaAntioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration2017n=7
A Cochrane systematic review found AREDS-style antioxidant plus mineral formulations reduce progression to advanced AMD in moderate-risk patients.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 7
RCTThe effects of long-chain omega-3 fish oils and multivitamins on cognitive and cardiovascular function: a randomized, controlled clinical trial2015n=160
An RCT of 160 adults aged 50–70 years found multivitamins improved some cognitive measures while omega-3 fish oil improved cardiovascular markers over the study period.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 6 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 160
- Ages
- 50–70
RCTEffects of multivitamin, mineral and herbal supplement on cognition in younger adults and the contribution of B group vitamins2014n=138
A 16-week double-blind RCT of 138 adults aged 20–49 found multivitamin/mineral/herbal supplementation improved attention and working memory versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 138
- Ages
- 20–49
RCTLong-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 352013n=4,757
AREDS long-term follow-up of 4,757 participants confirmed antioxidant plus zinc supplementation continued to slow AMD progression over many years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 years
- Participants
- 4,757
RCTLong-term multivitamin supplementation and cognitive function in men: a randomized trial2013
A long-term randomized trial in older men found daily multivitamin supplementation modestly improved global cognitive function and slowed cognitive decline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Avg age
- ~65
MetaThe effects of multivitamins on cognitive performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A systematic review and meta-analysis found multivitamin supplementation produced small but significant improvements in immediate memory and attention.
Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 112003
An AREDS analysis projected that widespread antioxidant plus zinc supplementation could substantially reduce future advanced AMD cases in the U.S. over 5 years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 5 years
- Ages
- 55+
RCTA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 92001n=4,757
AREDS Report No. 9 in 4,757 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose antioxidant supplementation did not significantly prevent cataract progression or reduce cataract-related vision loss.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 4,757
- Ages
- 55–80
RCTA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 82001n=1,063
The AREDS trial of 1,063 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc significantly reduced progression to advanced AMD.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 1,063
- Ages
- 55–80
ZeaxanthinView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking zeaxanthin as part of supplements with lutein may help improve some aspects of vision in people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
- It is unclear if taking zeaxanthin by itself or in amounts similar to lutein helps slow the disease.
- Studies show people who eat more zeaxanthin and lutein together have a lower risk of developing advanced AMD, but not early stages.
- Small trials found that taking about 8 to 10 mg of zeaxanthin daily for up to a year can improve eye pigment and some measures of vision in people with AMD and in healthy adults.
- Most research combined zeaxanthin with higher doses of lutein and found benefits for vision and eye health, though effects vary.
- Some supplements that include zeaxanthin, lutein, vitamins, and minerals may help moderately.
- Adding zeaxanthin and lutein to the original AMD vitamin formula doesn’t clearly prevent worsening more than the formula alone, except in people who normally eat low amounts of these nutrients.
- A newer vitamin formula called AREDS2, which includes zeaxanthin and lutein but no beta-carotene, slightly reduces the risk of advanced AMD.
- Results differ between studies, possibly due to differences in dosage, treatment length, or other ingredients.
Browse 17 studies·4 meta-analyses
RCTLong-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 282022n=3,882
In 10-year AREDS2 follow-up of 3,882 participants, lutein/zeaxanthin replacing beta-carotene did not increase lung cancer risk and may benefit AMD long term.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 years
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 3,882
- Avg age
- ~72
MetaThe Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021n=3,189
A meta-analysis (3,189 participants) found lutein/zeaxanthin intake dose-dependently increased macular pigment optical density in healthy eyes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3–12 months
- Dose
- 5 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,189
- Avg age
- ~43
ObservationalAssociation between Dietary Xanthophyll (Lutein and Zeaxanthin) Intake and Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study2017n=8,257
In 8,257 Caucasian ARIC participants, dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake was not associated with prevalent early age-related macular degeneration overall, though exploratory analyses suggested possible effect modification by CFH genotype and HDL status.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 8,257
RCTEffect of Dietary Supplementation With Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and ω-3 on Macular Pigment: A Randomized Clinical Trial2017n=86
In 86 adults at risk of AMD, 6 months of lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 supplementation increased macular pigment optical density versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 86
- Avg age
- ~56.7±6.6
RCTThe Impact of Supplemental Antioxidants on Visual Function in Nonadvanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Head-to-Head Randomized Clinical Trial2017n=61
In 121 patients with nonadvanced AMD, AREDS2-based antioxidant supplements with or without added 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin both improved contrast sensitivity and macular pigment over time, with no significant difference between groups.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 61
MetaLutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density2016n=826
A meta-analysis (826 participants) found lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation increased macular pigment optical density in AMD and healthy subjects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 826
RCTEffect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration2015n=112
A 2-year RCT in 112 early AMD patients found 10–20 mg/day lutein with or without zeaxanthin raised serum lutein, macular pigment optical density, and contrast sensitivity, with 10 mg/day lutein an advisable long-term dose.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 10 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 112
- Ages
- 50+
ObservationalIntakes of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Other Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration During 2 Decades of Prospective Follow-up2015n=63,443
A prospective cohort of 102,046 US adults over 2 decades found no consistent association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and AMD risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 20 years
- Population
- Patients with diabetes
- Participants
- 63,443
- Avg age
- ~50
MetaLutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration2014n=1,176
A meta-analysis found lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation did not consistently improve visual acuity in AMD patients across RCTs.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 1,176
RCTLutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial2013n=4,203
AREDS2 in 4,203 participants (ages 50–85) at risk of advanced AMD found that adding 10 mg lutein plus 2 mg zeaxanthin to the AREDS formula for a median 5 years did not significantly reduce progression to advanced AMD versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 5 years
- Dose
- 10 mg
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 4,203
- Ages
- 50–85
RCTCarotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study2012n=145
In 145 AMD patients in the CARMIS trial, 2 years of lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, and antioxidants improved visual acuity versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 10 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 145
RCTEffect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration2012n=27
In 108 early AMD patients aged 50–79, lutein and zeaxanthin for 48 weeks improved macular pigment and some visual function measures versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
- Ages
- 50–79
RCTImprovement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial2012n=27
In 108 early AMD patients, 10–20 mg/day lutein with or without zeaxanthin for 48 weeks improved retinal function on mfERG versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
MetaLutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis found higher dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake associated with lower AMD risk in observational studies.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 9732011n=25
In 60 early atrophic AMD patients, zeaxanthin-focused supplementation for 1 year increased macular pigment in lower-risk patients versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 10 mg lutein + 2 mg zeaxanthin/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 25
- Avg age
- ~74.9
RCTCarotenoids and antioxidants in age-related maculopathy italian study: multifocal electroretinogram modifications after 1 year2008n=27
In 15 nonadvanced AMD patients over 12 months, supplements including lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin improved central retinal electroretinogram responses versus untreated AMD eyes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 180 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
- Avg age
- 69.4±4.31
RCTXanthophyll accumulation in the human retina during supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin - the LUXEA (LUtein Xanthophyll Eye Accumulation) study2007
Supplementation with 10–20 mg/day lutein, zeaxanthin, or both for 6–12 months raised plasma xanthophylls up to 27-fold and increased macular pigment optical density by about 14–15% in the LUXEA study.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6–12 months
- Dose
- 20 mg/day
ZincView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking zinc with certain vitamins can help slow down worsening vision caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
- A daily mix of zinc (80 mg), vitamin C (500 mg), vitamin E (400 IU), and beta-carotene (15 mg) lowered the chance of the disease becoming advanced by about 25–34% and cut the risk of vision loss by about 27% in people with more serious AMD.
- This combination helps those with moderate or advanced AMD but not people with the early form.
Browse 11 studies
Genetic testing in persons with age-related macular degeneration and the use of the AREDS supplements: to test or not to test?2015
A review examined the clinical utility of genetic testing in AMD patients and whether genotype should influence recommendations for AREDS supplement use.
Should we test for genotype in deciding on age-related eye disease study supplementation?2015
A commentary reviewed whether CFH and ARMS2 genetic testing should guide use of AREDS zinc-antioxidant supplementation in age-related macular degeneration management.
RCTTreatment response to antioxidants and zinc based on CFH and ARMS2 genetic risk allele number in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study2015n=989
Post-hoc AREDS analysis in 989 white patients found zinc-containing treatment benefited AMD progression only in specific CFH/ARMS2 genotype groups and worsened progression in patients with two CFH risk alleles and no ARMS2 risk alleles.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 7 years
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 989
RCTLong-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 352013n=4,757
AREDS long-term follow-up of 4,757 participants confirmed antioxidant plus zinc supplementation continued to slow AMD progression over many years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 years
- Participants
- 4,757
ObservationalDietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration2005n=560
In 4,170 Rotterdam Study participants followed ~8 years, higher dietary zinc and vitamin E intake were inversely associated with incident AMD; combined high intake of four antioxidants cut AMD risk by 35%.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 years
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 560
- Avg age
- ~55
Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 112003
An AREDS analysis projected that widespread antioxidant plus zinc supplementation could substantially reduce future advanced AMD cases in the U.S. over 5 years.
- Duration
- 5 years
- Ages
- 55+
RCTA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 82001n=1,063
The AREDS trial of 1,063 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc significantly reduced progression to advanced AMD.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6.3 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 1,063
- Ages
- 55–80
ObservationalDietary antioxidants and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study1999n=3,654
In 2,900 Blue Mountains Eye Study participants aged 49+, dietary zinc, carotene, and vitamins A and C from food or supplements showed no significant association with early or late age-related maculopathy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 3,654
- Ages
- 49+
ObservationalAssociation of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy1996n=1,968
In 1,968 Beaver Dam Eye Study participants, highest versus lowest dietary zinc quintile was associated with lower early AMD odds (OR 0.6), with a stronger signal for some early AMD subtypes; late AMD numbers were too small for firm conclusions.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 1,968
- Ages
- 43–86
RCTOral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration1996n=14
In 112 AMD patients with exudative disease in one eye, 200 mg/day oral zinc sulfate for 24 months did not prevent choroidal neovascularization or functional decline in the fellow eye versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 24 months
- Dose
- 200 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 14
RCTOral zinc in macular degeneration1988n=151
A pilot RCT in 151 patients with drusen or macular degeneration found oral zinc for 12–24 months produced significantly less visual loss than placebo, the first controlled oral intervention showing limited benefit in AMD.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12–24 months
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 151
LycopeneView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Some studies suggest that people with the lowest blood levels of lycopene may be almost twice as likely to develop age-related macular degeneration compared to those with the highest levels.
- However, other research has not found any link between lycopene levels or dietary intake and the risk of this eye condition.
Browse 5 studies
ObservationalProspective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy2004n=866
A prospective cohort of 118,428 adults found higher fruit, vegetable, and carotenoid intake associated with lower age-related maculopathy risk over 12–18 years.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 866
- Ages
- 50+
ObservationalDietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study2002n=2,335
In 1,989 Blue Mountains Eye Study participants, 5-year dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake was not associated with incident early ARM; higher vitamin C intake paradoxically increased early ARM risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 2,335
- Avg age
- ~49
ObservationalSerum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study1995n=127
In 167 AMD case-control pairs, serum lutein/zeaxanthin levels were unrelated to ARM, though lowest-quintile lycopene doubled ARM odds.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 127
ObservationalDietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group1994
The Eye Disease Case-Control Study of 356 AMD cases and 520 controls found higher carotenoid and vitamin C/E intake associated with lower neovascular AMD risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 55–80
ObservationalAntioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group1993n=421
In 421 neovascular AMD cases versus 615 controls, medium and high carotenoid levels were associated with markedly reduced AMD risk, with a significant combined antioxidant index effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Children under 5
- Participants
- 421
AstaxanthinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is uncertain if astaxanthin alone helps age-related macular degeneration.
- One early study found that taking a supplement with astaxanthin and other vitamins and minerals daily for a year improved some function in the central part of the retina but not in the outer areas.
- The study did not include a control group.
Browse 1 study
RCTCarotenoids and antioxidants in age-related maculopathy Italian study: multifocal electroretinogram modifications after 1 year2007n=27
In 15 nonadvanced AMD patients over 12 months, supplements including lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin improved central retinal electroretinogram responses versus untreated AMD eyes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 180 mg
- Population
- Patients
- Participants
- 27
- Avg age
- 69.4±4.31
Vitamin B9 (Folate)View supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Folic acid has only been studied together with other vitamins, so its individual effect is not clear.
- A large study in women over 40 who had or were at risk for heart disease found that taking a combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 each day for about 7 years lowered the chance of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye condition, by about one-third, and the chance of serious vision loss by about two-fifths.
- It is not known which vitamin or combination caused the benefit.
Browse 1 study
RCTFolic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study2009n=55
A randomized trial of 55 women found that 2.5 mg/day for visually significant AMD, there were 26 cases in the combination treatment group and 44 in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.95 [P = .03]).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2.5 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 55
Fish OilView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking fish oil supplements by mouth does not appear to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or stop it from getting worse.
- Large, high-quality studies found that fish oil supplements with specific amounts of DHA and EPA taken daily for several years did not prevent AMD or its progression.
- However, eating fish regularly, especially more than once a week, may help reduce the risk of developing AMD and slow its progression.
- Research shows that higher fish intake and omega-3 fats found in fish (EPA and DHA) are linked to a lower risk of AMD, while plant-based omega-3s are not.
- Eating the most fish compared to the least may lower the chance of AMD getting worse by about one-third.
Browse 8 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaDietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish intake and risk of age-related macular degeneration2021
A meta-analysis of 21 studies up to December 2020 found that higher dietary intake of omega-3 was significantly associated with a 14% and 29% lower risk of early and late AMD, respectively. The reduction in AMD risk was dose-dependent, with every 15 g/day of fish consumption associated with a 13% and 14% lower risk of early and late AMD, respectively. [10577]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 15 g/day
RCTEffect of Vitamin D and ω-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Ancillary Study of the VITAL Randomized Clinical Trial2020n=25,871
A study of 25,871 participants (avg age 67.1 years, 71.3% non-Hispanic White, 20.2% Black) found that 1 g/day fish oil (Omacor 450 mg DHA + 550 mg EPA) taken for 3.8 to 6.1 years did not reduce AMD risk or symptoms. [10578]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 25,871
- Avg age
- ~67
RCTLutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial2013n=4,203
A study of 4203 participants (Aged 50 to 85) at risk of progression to advanced AMD found that 1 g/day omega-3 fatty acids (DHA 350 mg + EPA 650 mg) in addition to the AREDS formulation did not reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD after 6 years. [10580]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 4,203
- Ages
- 50–85
RCTOral docosahexaenoic acid in the prevention of exudative age-related macular degeneration: the Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 study2013n=263
A 3-year study of 263 patients given 840 mg/day DHA and 270 mg/day EPA as fish oil capsules found no effect on visual acuity, drusen progression, geographic atrophy or CNV incidence compared to placebo (olive oil). [10579]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 840 mg/day
- Population
- AMD patients
- Participants
- 263
- Ages
- 55–84
ObservationalOily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration2008n=105
An observational study of 105 patients with neovascular AMD found that eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with half the odds of neovascular AMD. [10581]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- AMD patients
- Participants
- 105
- Ages
- ≥65
Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration2006
In 681 elderly male twins, current smoking raised AMD risk ~1.9-fold and fish ≥2 servings/week lowered AMD risk; higher dietary omega-3 intake was inversely associated with AMD (OR 0.55).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Ages
- 50+
ObservationalDietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy2006n=3,654
An observational study of 3654 subjects aged 49 or older found that fish consumption at least once per week was associated with a 42% reduction in early age-related maculopathy (ARM) risk after five years compared to those who ate fish less than once per month. There was no significant effect on ARM from butter, margarine or nut consumption in this Australian cohort. [10582]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,654
- Ages
- 49+
ObservationalDietary fat and fish intake and age-related maculopathy2000n=3,654
In 3,654 adults aged ≥49, fish consumption more than once weekly halved odds of late age-related maculopathy (OR 0.5) versus less than monthly; higher cholesterol intake raised late ARM risk (OR 2.7 top quintile).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,654
- Avg age
- ~49
Vitamin EView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin E by itself does not slow age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or prevent it from getting worse.
- Studies show that vitamin E alone or with other antioxidants does not help.
- But taking a combination of vitamin E, zinc, vitamin C, and beta-carotene daily for 5 years can reduce vision loss and slow AMD progression by about 25% in people with advanced AMD.
- This has been confirmed after 10 years.
- It’s not known if vitamin E alone helps or if it’s the whole combination, and whether it works for early AMD is unclear.
Browse 7 studies
RCTLong-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 352013n=4,757
AREDS long-term follow-up of 4,757 participants confirmed antioxidant plus zinc supplementation continued to slow AMD progression over many years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 years
- Participants
- 4,757
MetaAntioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration2012n=62,520
A Cochrane review found antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements (including vitamin E) did not prevent age-related macular degeneration in 62,520 participants.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 62,520
MetaAntioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration2012n=6,150
A Cochrane review of 6,150 AMD patients found antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation slowed AMD progression in some trials but overall evidence was inconsistent.
- Participants
- 6,150
Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 112003
An AREDS analysis projected that widespread antioxidant plus zinc supplementation could substantially reduce future advanced AMD cases in the U.S. over 5 years.
- Duration
- 5 years
- Ages
- 55+
RCTA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 92001n=4,757
AREDS Report No. 9 in 4,757 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose antioxidant supplementation did not significantly prevent cataract progression or reduce cataract-related vision loss.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 4,757
- Ages
- 55–80
RCTA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 82001n=1,063
The AREDS trial of 1,063 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc significantly reduced progression to advanced AMD.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 1,063
- Ages
- 55–80
RCTSix-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy1998n=941
The ATBC study in 941 Finnish male smokers found neither alpha-tocopherol 50 mg/day nor beta carotene reduced age-related maculopathy incidence versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 50 mg/day
- Population
- Cancer patients
- Participants
- 941
- Ages
- 50–69
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lutein | ★★★★★68% | 29 | 6 | 32% |
| Zeaxanthin | ★★★★★68% | 17 | 4 | 19% |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★68% | 11 | 1 | 12% |
| Zinc | ★★★★★68% | 11 | 0 | 12% |
| Fish Oil | ★★★★★40% | 8 | 1 | 9% |
| Vitamin E | ★★★★★40% | 7 | 0 | 8% |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★48% | 5 | 0 | 6% |
| Astaxanthin | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | 1% |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | 1% |