Hyperlipidemia
Supplements studied for hyperlipidemia.
Overview
Hyperlipidemia has broad supplement coverage (26 supplements, 237 studies). Red Yeast Rice leads with high effect size, very high evidence, very high trust, WA 88 (36 studies), with daily doses of 1–5 grams lowering total and LDL cholesterol substantially over several weeks in trials.
Garlic (WA 68; medium effect size, very high evidence, medium trust; 41 studies), Nattokinase, Artichoke, and Berberine also carry medium ratings and may improve lipid profiles, though triglyceride and HDL effects vary. Combination products and multi-ingredient formulas complicate attribution for some entries. See the heatmap and evidence reviews below for ranked comparisons.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Red Yeast Rice | ★★★★★ | High |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| L-Carnitine | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Garlic | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Curcumin | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Berberine | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Artichoke | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Flaxseed Oil | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Astaxanthin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Whey Protein | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Panax Ginseng | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Lutein | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Ginger | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Algal Oil | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Apple Cider Vinegar | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Job's Tears | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Reishi | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Lecithin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Nicotinamide Riboside | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Garcinia Cambogia | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
25 supplements for , , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Red Yeast RiceView supplement →
Proven purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Red yeast rice (RYR) helps lower cholesterol because it naturally contains monacolin K, a substance that is found in the prescription drug lovastatin. Studies show that taking 1–5 grams of RYR a day for several weeks can lower total cholesterol by up to 23% and “bad” LDL cholesterol by up to 34%.
- When used in amounts between 100 and 4800 mg per day for several months or years, RYR can lower total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, and slightly raise “good” HDL cholesterol. One brand (LipoCol Forte) has shown benefits similar to statins when used daily for a year.
- However, not all RYR products are the same. Some contain higher amounts of monacolin K, while others have very little. In the U.S., products with significant statin content are not approved by the FDA. Canada and Europe restrict how much monacolin K can be in these supplements, and the actual amount may not always appear on the label.
- Medical groups disagree about RYR. Some, such as the European Society of Cardiology, advise against it. Others suggest it may be suitable for people who cannot or do not want to take statin drugs.
- Several combination supplements—such as Armolipid Plus and Limicol—include RYR with other natural ingredients like berberine and policosanol. These products can modestly improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels and may add extra benefit when used with prescribed cholesterol medicines.
Browse 36 studies·8 meta-analyses
ObservationalRed Yeast Rice and Statin Therapy in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia and the Comorbidities: A Retrospective Cohort Study on Lipid-Lowering Effects and Cardiovascular Outcomes2024n=337,104
In a propensity-matched cohort of 5,984 hyperlipidemic adults, red yeast rice lowered cholesterol comparably to statins over 1 year, with similar cardiovascular outcomes in comorbid subgroups.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 337,104
MetaSafety and Efficacy of the Consumption of the Nutraceutical "Red Yeast Rice Extract" for the Reduction of Hypercholesterolemia in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 14 RCTs (4–24 weeks) found red yeast rice extract significantly lowered total cholesterol and LDL-C without increasing serious adverse events in hypercholesterolemia.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4–24 weeks
RCTEvaluation of the effect of a dietary supplementation with a red yeast rice and fish oil-containing nutraceutical on lipid pattern, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and endothelial function in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial2023
In moderately hypercholesterolemic adults over 8 weeks, combined red yeast rice (2.8 mg monacolins) plus fish oil lowered LDL-C 17%, total cholesterol 12%, apoB 22%, and hsCRP 15% versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 2.8 mg/day monacolins + 588 mg fish oil
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Ages
- 30–75
MetaImpact of red yeast rice supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials2023
A meta-analysis of 24 RCT treatment arms found red yeast rice significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides and raised HDL-C in adults with dyslipidemia.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
ObservationalThe antihyperlipidemic effect of a combined supplement of standardized dry extracts of amla (Emblica officinalis), walnut (Juglans regia), olive (Olea europaea) and red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) powder: Reduction in circulatory low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC) levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia2023n=208
In 208 hypercholesterolemic adults over 2 months, a combined amla, walnut, olive, and red yeast rice supplement lowered total cholesterol 15%, LDL-C 19%, and remnant cholesterol 12% with good tolerability.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 500 mg
- Population
- Surgical patients
- Participants
- 208
- Ages
- 21+
GuideRed yeast rice for dyslipidaemias and cardiovascular risk reduction: A position paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel2022
An International Lipid Expert Panel position paper reviewed evidence that red yeast rice lowers LDL-C and may reduce cardiovascular events, advising use mainly when statins are unsuitable.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTRed Yeast Rice for Hyperlipidemia: A Meta-Analysis of 15 High-Quality Randomized Controlled Trials2022n=1,012
A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs (1,012 adults) found red yeast rice at 200–4800 mg/day effectively improved lipids, with a notable triglyceride-lowering effect versus statins or other nutraceuticals.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 4800 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,012
2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice2021
The 2021 ESC cardiovascular prevention guidelines provide clinical recommendations on lipid management and prevention; no specific red yeast rice trial data are summarized in the available abstract.
Comparison of the Reductions in LDL-C and Non-HDL-C Induced by the Red Yeast Rice Extract Xuezhikang Between Fasting and Non-fasting States in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease2021n=25
In 50 coronary heart disease patients over 6 weeks, 1,200 mg/day Xuezhikang lowered LDL-C and non-HDL-C similarly in fasting and non-fasting states after meals.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Surgical patients
- Participants
- 25
- Ages
- 18+
RCTEffect of combined lipid-lowering and antioxidant nutraceutical on plasma lipids, endothelial function, and estimated cardiovascular disease risk in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial2021
In 40 moderately hypercholesterolemic adults over 8 weeks, a red-yeast-rice-based nutraceutical lowered total cholesterol 12% and LDL-C 17% and improved endothelial reactivity versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 150–190 mg
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Ages
- 25–65
MetaEfficacy and Safety of Armolipid Plus®: An Updated PRISMA Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials2021
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (1,050 adults) found Armolipid Plus (including red yeast rice) significantly improved total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, hsCRP, and fasting glucose versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
RCTLow dose red yeast rice with monacolin K lowers LDL cholesterol and blood pressure in Japanese with mild dyslipidemia: A multicenter, randomized trial2021n=18
In 18 Japanese adults with mild dyslipidemia over 8 weeks, low-dose red yeast rice (200 mg/day, 2 mg monacolin K) lowered LDL-C, total cholesterol, apoB, and blood pressure versus diet alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 18
RCTA Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study of the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination (LEVELIP DUO®) on LDL Cholesterol Levels and Lipid Pattern in Subjects with Sub-Optimal Blood Cholesterol Levels (NATCOL Study)2020n=88
In 88 moderately hypercholesterolemic adults over 8 weeks, combined phytosterols and red yeast rice lowered LDL-C 32.5 mg/dL (−19.8%) versus a 2.5 mg/dL rise on placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 800 mg
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 88
- Ages
- 30–75
MetaEfficacy of red yeast rice extract on myocardial infarction patients with borderline hypercholesterolemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2020
A meta-analysis of 7 trials (10,699 post-MI patients) found red yeast rice at 1,200 mg/day reduced nonfatal MI, revascularization, sudden death, and improved lipid profiles.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks–4.5 years
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Surgical patients
Guide2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines2019
The 2019 ACC/AHA primary prevention guideline provides recommendations on cardiovascular risk management; no specific red yeast rice trial outcomes are summarized in the available abstract.
ObservationalAdverse Events to Food Supplements Containing Red Yeast Rice: Comparative Analysis of FAERS and CAERS Reporting Systems2018
A comparative analysis of FDA and Canadian adverse event reports found red yeast rice supplements were associated with statin-like liver and muscle adverse events in real-world reporting systems.
RCTComparison of Low-Dose Statin Versus Low-Dose Statin + Armolipid Plus in High-Intensity Statin-Intolerant Patients With a Previous Coronary Event and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (ADHERENCE Trial)2017n=100
An RCT of 100 statin-intolerant post-PCI coronary patients found low-dose statin plus Armolipid Plus (berberine-containing nutraceutical) achieved LDL <70 mg/dL in 70% versus none on statin alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Population
- Coronary artery disease patients
- Participants
- 100
MetaEffects of a nutraceutical combination containing berberine (BRB), policosanol, and red yeast rice (RYR), on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2016n=3,924
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in 3,924 patients found the berberine-containing nutraceutical Armolipid Plus reduced total cholesterol 9.9% and LDL 13.7% versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
- Participants
- 3,924
RCTESSENS dyslipidemia: A placebo-controlled, randomized study of a nutritional supplement containing red yeast rice in subjects with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia2016
In a multicenter RCT of statin-free adults with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia over 12 weeks, a red yeast rice nutritional supplement improved LDL-C versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- red yeast rice capsule twice daily
- Population
- Adults
Case reportPharmacologically effective red yeast rice preparations marketed as dietary supplements illustrated by a case report2016
A case report described statin-like myopathy from a red yeast rice supplement and analyzed monacolin content, highlighting regulatory gaps for pharmacologically active dietary supplements.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaTraditional Chinese lipid-lowering agent red yeast rice results in significant LDL reduction but safety is uncertain - a systematic review and meta-analysis2015
A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs found red yeast rice significantly lowered LDL cholesterol, but safety reporting was inconsistent and long-term harm signals could not be fully excluded.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTUsefulness of Nutraceuticals (Armolipid Plus) Versus Ezetimibe and Combination in Statin-Intolerant Patients With Dyslipidemia With Coronary Heart Disease2015n=86
An RCT of 100 statin-intolerant dyslipidemic CHD patients found Armolipid Plus alone or with ezetimibe improved LDL-C over 3–12 months with good tolerability versus ezetimibe monotherapy.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Population
- Patients with dyslipidemia
- Participants
- 86
RCTXuezhikang Capsule for Type 2 Diabetes with Hyperlipemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trails2015n=1,548
A meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (1,548 type 2 diabetics with hyperlipidemia) found Xuezhikang improved lipids and was generally safe over at least 8 weeks of treatment.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 1,548
- Ages
- 40–85
RCTNutraceutical approach to moderate cardiometabolic risk: results of a randomized, double-blind and crossover study with Armolipid Plus2014n=30
An 8-week crossover RCT of 30 moderate-risk adults found Armolipid Plus lowered LDL-C 21.1%, comparable to pravastatin 10 mg/day, and improved leptin-to-adiponectin ratio.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 30
RCTA combined natural supplement lowers LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate untreated hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2013n=100
In 100 adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia over 16 weeks, a supplement with red yeast rice, policosanol, and artichoke lowered LDL cholesterol 14% versus placebo without safety concerns.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 0.22 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 100
RCTEffect on LDL-cholesterol of a large dose of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with untreated moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2013n=45
In 45 hypercholesterolemic adults, 4 weeks of a red yeast rice, policosanol, and artichoke supplement at standard or double dose lowered LDL versus placebo, with no extra benefit from doubling the dose.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 0.07 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 45
RCTLDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia2013n=39
In 39 adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia over 16 weeks, a supplement with red yeast rice, policosanol, and artichoke extract reduced LDL cholesterol 21% and total cholesterol 14% versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 39
RCTA multicenter study of nutraceutical drinks for cholesterol (evaluating effectiveness and tolerability)2012n=59
In 79 adults in a multicenter trial, nutraceutical drinks containing red yeast rice lowered LDL and total cholesterol more than placebo drinks without red yeast rice.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 59
RCTLong-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients2011n=40
A 12-month RCT of 80 statin-intolerant elderly hypercholesterolemic patients found a berberine-containing nutraceutical reduced total cholesterol 20% and LDL 31% with good tolerability.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 40
RCTEffects of a nutraceutical combination (berberine, red yeast rice and policosanols) on lipid levels and endothelial function randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2010n=25
A 6-week RCT of 50 hypercholesterolemic adults found berberine-red yeast rice-policosanol lowered total cholesterol 1.14 mmol/L and LDL 1.06 mmol/L and improved endothelial function versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 25
- Avg age
- ~55
RCTTolerability of red yeast rice (2,400 mg twice daily) versus pravastatin (20 mg twice daily) in patients with previous statin intolerance2010n=43
In 43 statin-intolerant adults over 12 weeks, red yeast rice 2,400 mg twice daily was tolerated similarly to pravastatin 20 mg twice daily for lipid lowering.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 400 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 43
RCTRed yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial2009n=62
In 62 statin-intolerant adults over 24 weeks, red yeast rice 1,800 mg twice daily lowered LDL-C 27% versus 6% on placebo alongside lifestyle counseling.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 24 weeks
- Dose
- 1600 mg/day
- Population
- Surgical patients
- Participants
- 62
RCTEfficacy of Monascus purpureus Went rice on lowering lipid ratios in hypercholesterolemic patients2007
In 79 hypercholesterolemic adults over 8 weeks, red yeast rice 600 mg twice daily significantly improved LDL-C and multiple lipid ratios versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 23–65
RCTEfficacy and safety of Monascus purpureus Went rice in subjects with hyperlipidemia2005n=79
In 79 hypercholesterolemic adults over 8 weeks, Monascus purpureus red yeast rice 600 mg twice daily lowered LDL-C about 27% with no serious adverse events reported.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with hyperlipidemia
- Participants
- 79
- Ages
- 23–65
RCTCholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement1999n=46
In 46 hyperlipidemic US adults on a Step I diet, a proprietary red yeast rice supplement 2.4 g/day significantly lowered total and LDL cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2.4 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 46
- Ages
- 34–78
Clinical trialMulticenter clinical trial of the serum lipid-lowering effects of a Monascus purpureus (red yeast) rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine1997
A multicenter Chinese clinical trial of Monascus purpureus red yeast rice for hyperlipidemia; the available abstract provides no quantitative lipid-lowering outcomes.
- Effect
- Benefit
Alpha-Lipoic AcidView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Studies show that taking alpha-lipoic acid supplements daily may help lower total cholesterol, “bad” LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides by a small amount.
- It doesn’t seem to affect “good” HDL cholesterol.
- Benefits might be better with longer use, but the effects are generally small and not consistent for all groups, especially in overweight people.
- There isn’t enough evidence to say if ALA is helpful specifically for people with high cholesterol.
Browse 5 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaAlpha-lipoic acid on intermediate disease markers in overweight or obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis2025n=704
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in 704 overweight or obese adults found no significant associations between alpha-lipoic acid and changes in triglycerides, total or LDL cholesterol, HDL-C, HOMA-IR, or fasting glucose.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 704
MetaAlpha-lipoic acid supplementation affects serum lipids in a dose and duration-dependent manner in different health status2021n=548
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (548 participants) found alpha-lipoic acid 300–1200 mg/day for 2–16 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2–16 weeks
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Participants
- 548
Clinical trialEffect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the lipid profile and lipid ratios in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A clinical trial study2020n=30
8-week clinical trial in 60 gestational diabetes women given 100 mg/day ALA lowered triglycerides, TyG index, and atherogenic index versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 100 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 30
- Ages
- 18–40
ObservationalSafety and Efficacy of Alpha Lipoic Acid During 4 Years of Observation: A Retrospective, Clinical Trial in Healthy Subjects in Primary Prevention2020n=322
A 4-year observational study in 322 adults found chronic alpha-lipoic acid 800–1200 mg/day improved fasting glucose and lipid profiles versus baseline, with effects strongest at 1200 mg/day and well tolerated across doses.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 years
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 322
MetaDoes alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials2019
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs found alpha-lipoic acid significantly lowered total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol versus placebo, with triglyceride reductions in diabetic and non-diabetic subgroups.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
ArtichokeView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Artichoke leaf extract supplements can help lower “bad” cholesterol and triglycerides in people with high cholesterol, but won’t raise “good” cholesterol.
- Regular capsules work, but frozen artichoke juice does not.
- Products with extra ingredients, like red yeast rice or bergamot, may lower cholesterol more, but it’s not clear if artichoke or the other ingredients are responsible.
Browse 18 studies·5 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of different natural products in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024n=2,509
A network meta-analysis of 37 NAFLD trials (2509 patients) ranked artichoke leaf extract best for lowering AST, ALT, and LDL-C among seven natural products studied.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with NAFLD
- Participants
- 2,509
RCTA Nutraceutical Containing Chlorogenic Acid and Luteolin Improves Cardiometabolic Parameters in Subjects with Pre-Obesity: A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study2023n=50
A post-hoc of 50 pre-obese adults given Altilix (Cynara cardunculus, chlorogenic acid and luteolin) 150 mg/day for 6 months found improved weight, lipids, hepatic markers, carotid thickness, and endothelial function.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 150 mg/day
- Population
- Overweight adults
- Participants
- 50
MetaA network meta-analysis on the comparative effect of nutraceuticals on lipid profile in adults2022n=13,062
A network meta-analysis of 131 nutraceutical trials (13,062 participants) found bergamot and red yeast rice most effective for LDL lowering; artichoke also reduced LDL and total cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 13,062
MetaTherapeutic Potential of Artichoke in the Treatment of Fatty Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022n=333
A meta-analysis of 5 NAFLD RCTs (333 patients) found artichoke leaf extract significantly reduced ALT, AST, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with cirrhosis
- Participants
- 333
RCTArtichoke and Bergamot Phytosome Alliance: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial in Mild Hypercholesterolemia2021n=60
In 60 adults with mild hypercholesterolemia over 2 months, bergamot phytosome 600 mg plus artichoke extract 100 mg/day lowered total and LDL cholesterol and reduced waist circumference and visceral fat versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 100 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 60
- Ages
- 18–65
Systematic reviewEffects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation or artichoke juice consumption on lipid profile: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 14 studies found artichoke extract reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-C; artichoke juice also lowered these lipids but unexpectedly reduced HDL-C.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaLipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis2018n=702
A meta-analysis of 9 trials (702 subjects) found artichoke extract lowered total cholesterol 17.6 mg/dL, LDL 14.9 mg/dL, and triglycerides 9.2 mg/dL without changing HDL-C.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with dyslipidemia
- Participants
- 702
RCTA combined natural supplement lowers LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate untreated hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2013n=100
In 100 adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia over 16 weeks, a supplement with red yeast rice, policosanol, and artichoke lowered LDL cholesterol 14% versus placebo without safety concerns.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 100
MetaArtichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia2013n=262
A Cochrane update of 3 hypercholesterolemia RCTs (262 participants) found artichoke leaf extract may lower total cholesterol, but evidence remained limited and not fully convincing.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with hypercholesterolaemia
- Participants
- 262
RCTBeneficial effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on increasing HDL-cholesterol in subjects with primary mild hypercholesterolaemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2013n=46
In 92 adults with mild hypercholesterolemia, artichoke leaf extract 500 mg twice daily for 8 weeks raised HDL-C and lowered total and LDL cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Overweight adults
- Participants
- 46
- Avg age
- 54.2±6.6
RCTEffect on LDL-cholesterol of a large dose of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with untreated moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2013n=45
In 45 hypercholesterolemic adults, 4 weeks of a red yeast rice, policosanol, and artichoke supplement at standard or double dose lowered LDL versus placebo, with no extra benefit from doubling the dose.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 45
RCTLDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia2013n=39
In 39 adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia over 16 weeks, a supplement with red yeast rice, policosanol, and artichoke extract reduced LDL cholesterol 21% and total cholesterol 14% versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 39
RCTArtichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial2008n=131
In 75 hypercholesterolemic adults, artichoke leaf extract 1280 mg/day for 12 weeks reduced total cholesterol 4.2% versus a 1.9% rise on placebo, without LDL, HDL, or triglyceride differences.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1280 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 131
Clinical trialArtichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipemia2004
In 18 hyperlipemic patients on a hypolipidic diet, artichoke juice 20 mL/day for 6 weeks lowered total and LDL cholesterol, reduced adhesion molecules, and improved brachial flow-mediated dilation.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 20 ml/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTEfficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia2000n=143
In 143 hyperlipoproteinemic adults, artichoke dry extract 1800 mg/day for 6 weeks reduced total cholesterol 18.5% and LDL 22.9% versus 8.6% and 6.3% with placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 1800 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 143
Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia1977
In 17 familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia patients, oral cynarin 250–750 mg/day for 3 months did not significantly change mean serum cholesterol or triglycerides.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 750 mg/day
RCT[Controlled application of cynarin in the treatment of hyperlipemic syndrome. Observations in 60 cases]1975n=60
In 60 dyslipidemic patients over 50 days, cynarin significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia, pre-beta-lipoproteins, beta/alpha-lipoprotein ratio, and body weight versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 50 days
- Population
- Patients with dyslipidemia
- Participants
- 60
RCT[Effect of 1,5-dicafleylquinic acid (cynarine) on hypertriglyceridemia in aged patients]1974
A trial of cynarine for hypertriglyceridemia in elderly patients; the available abstract contains no extractable outcome data.
- Population
- Older adults
BerberineView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Berberine can help lower cholesterol and triglycerides in people with high blood fat levels or fatty liver disease.
- Studies show it can reduce total cholesterol by 13 to 32 points, LDL ("bad") cholesterol by 10 to 26 points, and triglycerides by up to 34 points.
- The effect on HDL ("good") cholesterol is unclear.
- Berberine works as well as statin drugs for lowering cholesterol and can add extra benefits when taken with them.
- Doses commonly used in studies are 500 mg two or three times daily.
- Some combination products including berberine and other supplements also lower cholesterol, but benefits may mainly come from ingredients similar to statins.
Browse 18 studies·10 meta-analyses
MetaThe clinical efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review2024n=811
A meta-analysis of 10 NAFLD RCTs in 811 patients found berberine significantly reduced ALT, AST, GGT, triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and BMI with only mild GI adverse events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- NAFLD patients
- Participants
- 811
RCTBerberine phospholipid exerts a positive effect on the glycemic profile of overweight subjects with impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial2023n=25
A 60-day RCT of 49 overweight adults with impaired fasting glucose found berberine phytosome 1,100 mg/day lowered fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, visceral fat, and fat mass versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 60 days
- Dose
- 100 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 25
MetaEfficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023n=4,606
A meta-analysis of 44 cardiovascular RCTs in 4,606 patients found berberine alone or with statins reduced stroke severity scores, inflammation, and carotid intima-media thickness without raising adverse events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Cardiovascular disease patients
- Participants
- 4,606
MetaOverall and sex-specific effect of berberine for the treatment of dyslipidemia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials2023n=1,788
A meta-analysis of 18 placebo-controlled trials in 1,788 adults found berberine (900–1,500 mg/day for 4–24 weeks) lowered LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoB, with greater HDL gains in women.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4–24 weeks
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,788
MetaA network meta-analysis on the comparative effect of nutraceuticals on lipid profile in adults2022n=13,062
A network meta-analysis of 131 nutraceutical trials (13,062 participants) found bergamot and red yeast rice most effective for LDL lowering; artichoke also reduced LDL and total cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 13,062
Systematic reviewThe effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis2022
A dose-response meta-analysis found berberine reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and weight, with optimal doses around 1 g/day for lipids and 1.8 g/day for insulin resistance.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Adults
MetaEfficacy and safety of berberine alone or combined with statins for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials2019n=1,386
A meta-analysis of 11 hyperlipidemia RCTs in 1,386 patients found berberine alone or with simvastatin lowered total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides with fewer transaminase elevations than statins alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hyperlipidemia patients
- Participants
- 1,386
MetaEfficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2018n=2,147
A meta-analysis of 16 dyslipidemia RCTs in 2,147 patients found berberine lowered total cholesterol 0.47 mmol/L, LDL 0.38 mmol/L, and triglycerides 0.28 mmol/L with no increase in adverse events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with dyslipidemia
- Participants
- 2,147
MetaEffects of a nutraceutical combination containing berberine (BRB), policosanol, and red yeast rice (RYR), on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2016n=3,924
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in 3,924 patients found the berberine-containing nutraceutical Armolipid Plus reduced total cholesterol 9.9% and LDL 13.7% versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
- Participants
- 3,924
MetaMeta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension2015n=2,569
A meta-analysis of 27 RCTs in 2,569 patients found berberine comparably improved glucose, lipids, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension with no serious adverse events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension patients
- Participants
- 2,569
RCTNutraceutical approach to moderate cardiometabolic risk: results of a randomized, double-blind and crossover study with Armolipid Plus2014n=30
An 8-week crossover RCT of 30 moderate-risk adults found Armolipid Plus lowered LDL-C 21.1%, comparable to pravastatin 10 mg/day, and improved leptin-to-adiponectin ratio.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 30
RCTEffects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular risk2013
A 3-month RCT of 144 low cardiovascular-risk adults found berberine 500 mg twice daily lowered total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL and raised HDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 500 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Adults
MetaThe effects of berberine on blood lipids: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2013n=874
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in 874 adults found berberine reduced total cholesterol 0.61 mmol/L, triglycerides 0.50 mmol/L, and LDL 0.65 mmol/L with minimal adverse effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 874
RCTNutraceutical pill containing berberine versus ezetimibe on plasma lipid pattern in hypercholesterolemic subjects and its additive effect in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia on stable cholesterol-lowering treatment2012n=228
An RCT of 228 hypercholesterolemic patients found a berberine nutraceutical lowered LDL 31.7% versus 25.4% for ezetimibe and achieved LDL <130 mg/dL in 28.9% versus 11.8%.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with dyslipidemia
- Participants
- 228
- Avg age
- ~57
RCTLong-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients2011n=40
A 12-month RCT of 80 statin-intolerant elderly hypercholesterolemic patients found a berberine-containing nutraceutical reduced total cholesterol 20% and LDL 31% with good tolerability.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 40
RCTEffects of a nutraceutical combination (berberine, red yeast rice and policosanols) on lipid levels and endothelial function: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2009n=25
A 6-week RCT of 50 hypercholesterolemic adults found berberine-red yeast rice-policosanol lowered total cholesterol 1.14 mmol/L and LDL 1.06 mmol/L and improved endothelial function versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 25
- Avg age
- ~55
RCTTreatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine2008n=16
A 3-month RCT of 116 type 2 diabetes patients with dyslipidemia found 1 g/day berberine lowered fasting glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, and LDL-C and raised glucose disposal rate versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 1.0 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 16
Clinical trialBerberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins2004
A 3-month study of 32 hypercholesterolemic patients found berberine reduced total cholesterol 29%, triglycerides 35%, and LDL 25% via upregulation of hepatic LDL receptor expression.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
CurcuminView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on turmeric and its main ingredient, curcumin, shows mixed results regarding their ability to lower cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Any improvements in cholesterol levels tend to be small and may depend on factors like the type of turmeric product used, how long it is taken, and the person's starting cholesterol levels.
- Some studies show turmeric or curcumin can slightly lower “bad” cholesterol and triglycerides while raising “good” cholesterol.
- Other studies find either only small triglyceride reductions or no significant effect at all.
- Although turmeric might help improve cholesterol a little, its benefits for blood fats are not consistent across all research.
Browse 6 studies·5 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation on lipid profile: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023
A GRADE meta-analysis of 64 lipid RCTs found curcumin/turmeric modestly lowered total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL and raised HDL, without changing apolipoprotein A or B.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaCurcumin and blood lipid levels: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials2022
An updated lipid meta-analysis reported curcumin was associated with lower LDL (−0.17), total cholesterol (−0.21), and triglycerides (−0.05) versus placebo, though several comparisons were non-significant.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaLipid-modifying activity of curcuminoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019n=1,427
A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs in 1427 participants found curcuminoids lowered triglycerides by 21 mg/dL and raised HDL by 1.4 mg/dL, with no significant LDL or total cholesterol changes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,427
RCTCurcumin potentiates cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. A randomised controlled trial2018n=18
A 4-wk study of older adults with high cholesterol found that 1 g/day curcumin did not lead to a significant decrease in total or LDL cholesterol. [10193]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 18
MetaEfficacy and safety of turmeric and curcumin in lowering blood lipid levels in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2017n=649
A review of 7 studies including 649 patients found that turmeric and curcumin significantly reduced serum LDL cholesterol but not HDL cholesterol levels. [10192]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 649
MetaA systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of curcumin on blood lipid levels2014n=133
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies with 223 patients found that turmeric did not affect serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides or HDL-C levels. [10194]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Participants
- 133
GarlicView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Most research shows that taking garlic supplements for at least 8 weeks can help improve cholesterol levels.
- Garlic has been found to lower total cholesterol and “bad” LDL cholesterol by small but meaningful amounts and slightly increase “good” HDL cholesterol in people with high cholesterol.
- Results for lowering triglycerides (another type of fat in the blood) are mixed, with some studies showing benefits and others not.
- The improvements tend to be stronger when garlic is taken for longer than 8 weeks and in people with higher cholesterol to start with.
- Different types of garlic supplements may work better for specific cholesterol types, and taking garlic with fish oil might boost benefits for some people.
Browse 41 studies·13 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of Garlic on Glucose Parameters and Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials2024
A meta-analysis of garlic RCTs found significant reductions in fasting glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, with increased HDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaGarlic consumption can reduce the risk of dyslipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials through June 2024 found garlic supplementation significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides versus placebo in dyslipidemia.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Dyslipidemia patients
MetaEffect of garlic extract on markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis in CAD patients found garlic supplementation significantly lowered LDL cholesterol and raised HDL and apolipoprotein-A versus placebo, with mixed effects on other cardiovascular markers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CAD patients
RCTEffects of an Optimized Aged Garlic Extract on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Moderate Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Sustained and Controlled Study2022n=75
In a 6-week crossover RCT of 67 adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia, 250 mg/day aged black garlic extract (1.25 mg S-allyl-L-cysteine) improved cardiovascular risk factors versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 250 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 75
- Ages
- 18+
MetaSystematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of garlic in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease2022n=186
A meta-analysis of NAFLD trials (186 patients) found garlic supplementation significantly improved liver enzymes, lipid profile, and steatosis markers versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- NAFLD patients
- Participants
- 186
MetaEffects of garlic extract on lipid profile in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials2021
A meta-analysis in coronary artery disease patients found garlic extract significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides without changing HDL versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CAD patients
RCTThe effect of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on the lipid parameters and blood pressure levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial2021n=80
In 80 women with PCOS, 800 mg/day garlic for 8 weeks significantly improved lipid parameters and blood pressure versus placebo in a double-blind RCT.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 800 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 80
MetaEffect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysis2013
A meta-analysis of 39 trials found garlic reduced total cholesterol by ~17 mg/dL and LDL by ~9 mg/dL in hypercholesterolemic patients versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
MetaA meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials for the effects of garlic on serum lipid profiles2012
A meta-analysis of 26 double-blind trials found garlic significantly reduced total cholesterol (WMD −0.28 mmol/L) and triglycerides versus placebo in hyperlipidemia.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTThe effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease2010
In 51 coronary heart disease patients, time-released garlic powder 300 mg/day for 12 months reduced 10-year cardiovascular risk by 1.5-fold in men and 1.3-fold in women.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 300 mg/day
- Population
- CAD patients
- Ages
- 40–65
MetaGarlic supplementation and serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis2009n=1,056
A meta-analysis of garlic cholesterol trials (1,056 participants, 11–24 weeks) found a small significant reduction in total cholesterol of ~0.04 mmol/L versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 11–24 weeks
- Dose
- 0.001 g/day
- Participants
- 1,056
MetaThe impact of garlic on lipid parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis2009
A meta-analysis through November 2007 found garlic significantly reduced total cholesterol but not LDL, HDL, or triglycerides versus placebo in hyperlipidemia trials.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTLipid-lowering effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized study2008n=42
In 42 hypercholesterolemic men, time-released garlic powder 600 mg/day for 12 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 600 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 42
- Ages
- 35–70
RCTEffect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial2007n=192
In 192 adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia, raw garlic, powdered, or aged garlic supplements for 6 months did not significantly lower LDL cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 4 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 192
RCTEffects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients2007n=50
In 150 hyperlipidemic patients, enteric-coated garlic 650 mg twice daily for 6 weeks significantly lowered total cholesterol and triglycerides versus placebo and dill extract.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 1300 mg/day
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
- Participants
- 50
- Avg age
- ~55
RCTEffect of combined supplementation of fish oil with garlic pearls on the serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjects2005
In hypercholesterolemic adults, combined fish oil 600 mg plus garlic pearls 500 mg daily for 60 days improved lipid profile more than fish oil alone, offsetting fish oil's LDL-raising effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 60 days
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 30–60
RCTEffects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus2005n=70
In 70 type 2 diabetic patients, 600 mg/day garlic for 4 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides versus placebo without affecting blood glucose.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 600 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 70
RCTInhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study2004n=10
In a 1-year pilot RCT of 19 patients on statins, 4 mL/day aged garlic extract showed a trend toward slower coronary calcium progression on electron beam tomography versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 4 mL/day aged garlic extract
- Population
- Patients receiving statin therapy
- Participants
- 10
RCTNo effect of garlic extract supplement on serum lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects2003n=70
In a double-blind RCT of 136 hypercholesterolemic adults, enteric-coated Thai garlic extract for 12 weeks did not significantly change total cholesterol or LDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 5.6 mg/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
- Participants
- 70
- Avg age
- 47±7
RCTGarlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors2001
A systematic review of 45 randomized garlic trials lasting at least 4 weeks found modest improvements in some cardiovascular risk factors, though effects varied by garlic preparation and outcome measured.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaGarlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2000
A meta-analysis of double-blind garlic monopreparation trials found a small but significant reduction in total cholesterol of ~0.03 mmol/L versus placebo in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTGarlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a)2000n=28
In 50 moderately hypercholesterolemic adults, garlic powder 900 mg/day for 12 weeks did not significantly alter plasma lipids, LDL particle size, or postprandial lipemia versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 300 mg 3×/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 28
RCTEffect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial1998n=25
In 25 moderately hypercholesterolemic patients, steam-distilled garlic oil 5 mg twice daily for 12 weeks did not significantly reduce total cholesterol or LDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 5 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
- Participants
- 25
- Avg age
- ~58
RCTGarlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial1998n=28
In a multicenter double-blind RCT, garlic powder 900 mg/day for 12 weeks did not significantly lower serum cholesterol or LDL versus placebo in hypercholesterolemic patients.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 28
- Avg age
- 58±14
RCTEffect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men1997n=50
In 50 hypercholesterolemic men, 900 mg/day garlic alone for 12 weeks did not significantly change lipids; garlic plus fish oil lowered triglycerides but raised LDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 50
RCTModulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination1997n=40
In 40 adults with lipid abnormalities, one month of fish oil plus garlic powder 1200 mg improved triglycerides and HDL subfractions more than placebo in a crossover trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 month
- Dose
- 1200 mg
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 40
RCTA double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids1996
In 41 moderately hypercholesterolemic men, 7.2 g/day aged garlic extract for 6 months did not significantly change total cholesterol, LDL, or triglycerides versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 7.2 g/day
- Population
- Men
RCTGarlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis1996n=115
In 115 adults with elevated cholesterol, dried garlic powder 900 mg/day for 6 months produced a small but significant reduction in total cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 115
RCTOn the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia1995n=28
In a crossover RCT of mildly hypercholesterolemic adults on supervised diets, Kwai garlic 900 mg/day for 12 weeks did not significantly lower total cholesterol or LDL versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 300 mg 3×/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 28
MetaGarlic as a lipid lowering agent--a meta-analysis1994n=952
A meta-analysis of garlic trials (952 participants) found garlic supplements produced a modest reduction in total cholesterol of ~0.03 mmol/L versus placebo after at least 4 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 952
- Ages
- 25–59
RCTCan garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study1993n=23
In 42 healthy adults with total cholesterol ≥220 mg/dL, standardized garlic powder 900 mg/day for 12 weeks reduced total cholesterol from 262 to 247 mg/dL versus minimal change on placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 300 mg 3×/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 23
- Avg age
- ~52
MetaEffect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis1993
A meta-analysis of 5 eligible trials found garlic produced a significant reduction in total serum cholesterol versus placebo in patients with cholesterol above 200 mg/dL.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 23 mg/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
RCTGarlic supplementation and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility1993n=10
In 10 healthy volunteers, garlic powder 600 mg/day for 2 weeks did not lower lipids but reduced ex vivo LDL oxidation susceptibility versus placebo in a crossover trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Dose
- 600 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 10
RCT[Postprandial lipemia under treatment with Allium sativum. Controlled double-blind study of subjects with reduced HDL2-cholesterol]1992n=24
In 24 volunteers with low HDL2 cholesterol, standardized garlic powder 900 mg/day reduced postprandial triglycerides after a fatty meal versus placebo in a double-blind trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 24
RCTComparison of the efficacy and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate1992n=98
In 98 hyperlipidemic patients over 12 weeks, garlic powder 900 mg/day produced comparable lipid-lowering to bezafibrate 600 mg/day, both significantly reducing total cholesterol versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
- Participants
- 98
RCTHypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases1990n=47
In 47 patients with mild hypertension, garlic powder (Kwai) for 12 weeks significantly reduced systolic and diastolic BP and plasma lipids versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
- Participants
- 47
RCTTherapy with garlic: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study1990
In 40 hypercholesterolemic outpatients, garlic powder 900 mg/day for 4 months significantly lowered total cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 months
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
RCTTreatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study1990n=261
In a multicenter RCT of 261 hyperlipidemic patients, garlic powder 800 mg/day for 16 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 months
- Dose
- 800 mg/day
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
- Participants
- 261
Effect of an odor-modified garlic preparation on blood lipids1987
In hyperlipidemic patients, an odor-modified garlic preparation was evaluated for lipid effects; no abstract was available to confirm specific outcomes.
RCTLack of efficacy of dried garlic in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia1986n=51
In two double-blind RCTs totaling 85 hyperlipemic patients, dried garlic at 594 or 1350 mg/day for 6 weeks did not significantly change total cholesterol, LDL, or triglycerides versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 1350 mg/day
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
- Participants
- 51
Comparative effect of clofibrate, garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia1981
In normals and ischemic heart disease patients, garlic had a clofibrate-like effect on coagulation time but both garlic and onion only partially checked postprandial fibrinolytic activity decline.
- Effect
- No Benefit
Green TeaView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Drinking green tea or taking green tea extract for several weeks can help lower "bad" LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol by a small amount.
- Some studies showed green tea reduced LDL cholesterol by up to 16% in people with high cholesterol.
- Green tea may also help protect blood vessels from damage.
- These benefits are usually more noticeable in men, and green tea doesn’t seem to change the “good” HDL cholesterol levels much.
Browse 10 studies·4 meta-analyses
RCTEffects of green tea extract combined with brisk walking on lipid profiles and the liver function in overweight and obese men: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-control trial2020
In 24 overweight or obese men, 12 weeks of green tea extract plus brisk walking improved lipid profiles and liver enzymes versus placebo plus walking.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 150 mg
- Population
- Overweight and obese men
RCT"Benifuuki" Extract Reduces Serum Levels of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Ligands Containing Apolipoprotein B: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial2018n=159
In 159 healthy adults, 12 weeks of Benifuuki green tea extract (676 mg catechins daily) reduced circulating LOX-1 ligand-containing ApoB versus low-dose or placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 676 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 159
- Ages
- 20–80
RCTEffects of green tea catechin extract on serum lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial2016n=538
In 538 postmenopausal women over 12 months, green tea catechin extract (1,315 mg/day) improved serum lipid profiles versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 315 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 538
MetaGreen tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular and ischemic related diseases: A meta-analysis2016n=259,267
A meta-analysis of observational studies (259,267 participants) linked higher green tea intake to lower risk of cardiovascular and ischemic disease.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 259,267
MetaThe effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2014n=1,536
A meta-analysis of 1,536 participants found green tea produced small blood pressure reductions and favorable changes in lipid parameters in RCTs.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,536
MetaGreen and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease2013n=821
A Cochrane review of 11 short-term RCTs (821 participants) found black tea lowered LDL by 0.43 mmol/L and blood pressure modestly over 6 months; no clinical cardiovascular events were reported.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 821
MetaGreen tea catechins decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a systematic review and meta-analysis2011
A meta-analysis of green tea catechin trials found reductions in total and LDL cholesterol over 3–24 weeks of supplementation.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3–24 weeks
- Dose
- 145–3000 mg/day green tea catechins
MetaGreen tea intake lowers fasting serum total and LDL cholesterol in adults: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials2011n=1,136
A meta-analysis of 14 RCTs (1,136 adults) found green tea lowered fasting total and LDL cholesterol.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,136
RCTCholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial2003n=240
In 240 adults over 12 weeks, a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract (375 mg/day) reduced total and LDL cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 375 mg
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 240
ObservationalCross sectional study of effects of drinking green tea on cardiovascular and liver diseases1995n=1,371
In a cross-sectional study of 1,371 Japanese men aged 40+, higher green tea consumption was associated with lower prevalence of cardiovascular and liver disease markers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 1,371
- Ages
- 40+
L-CarnitineView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- L-carnitine may have small effects on cholesterol and other blood fats, but the benefits are limited.
- Research shows that oral doses (from about 76 mg to 3 grams per day) or intravenous doses can slightly lower total cholesterol, LDL (“bad cholesterol”), and triglycerides, and may raise HDL (“good cholesterol”).
- The improvements are generally very small and might not make a big difference for heart health.
- In people with high lipoprotein(a)—a type of blood fat linked to heart disease—oral L-carnitine at 1–2 grams per day for 2–6 months has shown some modest benefit, but intravenous forms have not.
- Overall, the evidence is low quality, the changes are minor, and we don’t know if L-carnitine actually lowers the risk of heart problems due to elevated lipids in most people.
Browse 14 studies·4 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on glucolipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A systematic review and meta-analysis found L-carnitine supplementation improved fasting glucose and insulin resistance markers in adults with metabolic disturbance.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
Systematic reviewThe effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adults: an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional meta-analyses2023
An umbrella review found L-carnitine supplementation modestly improved triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in adults, though evidence certainty varied across lipid outcomes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
MetaEfficacy of l-carnitine supplementation for management of blood lipids: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019
A meta-analysis found L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced triglycerides and total cholesterol in adults with dyslipidemia versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled Trial2018n=29
The DIABASI RCT in 229 hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients found acetyl-L-carnitine 1000 mg twice daily for 6 months did not improve blood pressure, glycemic control, lipids, or insulin sensitivity versus placebo on statin therapy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 29
- Ages
- 40+
RCTEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease2016n=24
In 24 coronary artery disease patients, L-carnitine 1,000 mg/day for 12 weeks improved lipid profiles versus baseline alongside standard care.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Coronary artery disease patients
- Participants
- 24
MetaImpact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2016
A meta-analysis of RCTs found L-carnitine significantly reduced lipoprotein(a) concentrations versus control in adults with elevated Lp(a).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
RCTEffect of lysine, vitamin B(6), and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2012
In hypertriglyceridemic adults, lysine/vitamin B6/carnitine supplementation for 12 weeks improved triglycerides and selected lipoproteins versus baseline.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Adults
RCTEffects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitus2009n=75
In 75 type 2 diabetes patients, simvastatin plus L-carnitine for 4 months lowered Lp(a) and Apo(a) more than simvastatin alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 months
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 75
RCTGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects2009
In healthy adults, glycine propionyl-L-carnitine 3 g/day reduced lipid peroxidation and increased nitric oxide metabolites versus baseline.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
RCTLevocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigue2003n=42
In 42 elderly subjects with muscle fatigue, levocarnitine 2 g twice daily for 30 days improved exercise tolerance versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 30 days
- Dose
- 2 g 2×/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 42
RCTThe effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus2003n=94
In 94 hypercholesterolemic patients, L-carnitine for 6 months reduced lipoprotein(a) levels versus baseline in a randomized trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 94
- Avg age
- ~51
RCTEffects of combined treatment with simvastatin and L-carnitine on triglyceride levels in diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemia2002n=16
In 16 diabetic hyperlipidemic patients, simvastatin plus L-carnitine for 60 days lowered triglycerides more than simvastatin alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 60 days
- Dose
- 20 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 16
RCTEfficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder2002
In children with ADHD, carnitine supplementation was evaluated for safety and efficacy, but controlled evidence for symptom improvement versus placebo was limited in available trial data.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Children/adolescents
RCTL-carnitine reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with hyper Lp(a)2000n=36
In 36 patients with elevated Lp(a), L-carnitine 2 g/day reduced Lp(a) levels versus baseline over the treatment period.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Participants
- 36
NattokinaseView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eating soy foods or taking soy protein supplements can help lower “bad” LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol, especially in women after menopause.
- Soy might also improve blood vessel health and reduce the risk of heart disease.
- The benefits can depend on the amount and type of soy you consume, and how it’s prepared.
- Results for other blood fats like triglycerides or “good” HDL cholesterol are less consistent.
- Including soy as part of a balanced diet may help manage cholesterol levels.
Browse 39 studies·5 meta-analyses
MetaThe effects of isolated soy protein, isolated soy isoflavones and soy protein containing isoflavones on serum lipids in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis2020
A meta-analysis of 46 soy RCTs in postmenopausal women found soy consumption reduced triglycerides (-5.04 mg/dl), total cholesterol (-3.02 mg/dl), and LDL-C (-3.27 mg/dl).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 25 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaA Meta-Analysis of 46 Studies Identified by the FDA Demonstrates that Soy Protein Decreases Circulating LDL and Total Cholesterol Concentrations in Adults2019
A meta-analysis of 43 FDA-identified soy protein trials found soy protein intake significantly lowered LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol vs non-soy protein controls.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 25 g/day
- Population
- Adults
MetaSoy protein effects on serum lipoproteins: a quality assessment and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled studies2011
A meta-analysis of soy protein RCTs (4–18 weeks) found modest LDL cholesterol reductions with soy vs non-soy protein, with quality scores varying across trials.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 18 weeks
RCTAssociation between soy and green tea (Camellia sinensis) diminishes hypercholesterolemia and increases total plasma antioxidant potential in dyslipidemic subjects2008
In 100 dyslipidemic adults, combined soy (50 g/day) and green tea (3 g/day) for 90 days lowered total cholesterol vs soy or green tea alone, without changing LDL, HDL, or triglycerides.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 90 days
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Adults
MetaFlavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2008
A flavonoid meta-analysis found chocolate improved flow-mediated dilation and lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while effects of other flavonoid sources were mixed.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTSoy food consumption does not lower LDL cholesterol in either equol or nonequol producers2008n=30
In 91 hypercholesterolemic adults, 24 g/day soy with isoflavones lowered total cholesterol by 3% and triglycerides by 4% vs dairy protein, but did not lower LDL cholesterol.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 24 g/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic adults
- Participants
- 30
RCTEffect of soy protein-containing isoflavones on lipoproteins in postmenopausal women2007
In 216 postmenopausal women with borderline high LDL, soy protein with isoflavones for 12 weeks reduced total and LDL cholesterol and LDL particle number vs casein at 6 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTDecreases in serum triacylglycerol and visceral fat mediated by dietary soybean beta-conglycinin2006n=138
In 138 adults with elevated triglycerides, beta-conglycinin candy for 12 weeks significantly reduced serum triglycerides vs casein placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 138
- Ages
- 26–69
RCTUltra heat treatment destroys cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein2006
In 80 hypercholesterolemic subjects, ultra-heat-treated soy protein in milk raised LDL cholesterol 17–19% in all groups, abolishing the usual soy lipid-lowering effect.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 12.5–25 g/day soy protein
RCTEffects of soy supplementation on blood lipids and arterial function in hypercholesterolaemic subjects2005n=32
In 100 hypercholesterolemic adults, 24 weeks of soy supplement (30 g protein, 100 mg isoflavones) did not improve lipids, arterial function, or inflammatory markers vs casein.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 24 weeks
- Dose
- 30 g/day soy protein
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 32
RCTLipid response to a low-fat diet with or without soy is modified by C-reactive protein status in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults2005
In 32 hypercholesterolemic adults, adding 25 g/day soy or milk protein to a Step I diet did not change lipids; CRP did not modify the response.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 25 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTVariable effects of soy protein on plasma lipids in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic hemodialysis patients2005
In hyperlipidemic hemodialysis patients, 30 g/day soy protein for 12 weeks reduced total cholesterol by 18.6%, triglycerides by 43.1%, and insulin by 49.8% vs milk protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Hemodialysis patients
RCTEffect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial2004n=175
A 12-month double-blind RCT in 202 postmenopausal women found soy protein with isoflavones did not significantly improve cognition, bone density, or lipids versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 175
- Ages
- 60–75
RCTSoy protein reduces triglyceride levels and triglyceride fatty acid fractional synthesis rate in hypercholesterolemic subjects2004
In 20 hyperlipidemic adults, soy protein (25 g/1000 kcal) for 6 weeks reduced triglycerides by 12.4%, total cholesterol by 4.4%, and LDL by 5.7% vs animal protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 25 g/1000 kcal/day
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 50+
RCTEffects of soy protein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and lipid profile in postmenopausal women with mild hypercholesterolemia2003
In 24 postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women, 25 g/day soy protein for 6 weeks improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and lowered LDL vs milk protein placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 25 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Avg age
- ~55
RCTIsolated soy protein improves endothelial function in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women2003
In 18 postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women, 4 weeks of isolated soy protein lowered total and LDL cholesterol and improved flow-mediated dilatation vs casein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaRelation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis2003n=959
A meta-analysis of 10 soy feeding trials (959 subjects) found 36 g/day soy protein with 52 mg isoflavones lowered LDL by 0.17 mmol/L and raised HDL vs dairy or animal protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 36 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 959
- Ages
- 41–67
RCTA comparison of the effects of 2 doses of soy protein or casein on serum lipids, serum lipoproteins, and plasma total homocysteine in hypercholesterolemic subjects2002n=130
In 130 hypercholesterolemic adults, 30–50 g/day soy protein with fiber for 16 weeks lowered LDL by 0.26 mmol/L and plasma homocysteine by 0.8 μmol/L vs casein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 30–50 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 130
Got soy?2001
Editorial commentary titled 'Got soy?' with no primary trial outcome data reported.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTOats and soy in lipid-lowering diets for women with hypercholesterolemia: is there synergy?2001n=127
In 127 postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia, oats plus soy did not show clear synergy beyond Step I diet effects on total or LDL cholesterol over 6 weeks.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 2 servings/day oats
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 127
RCTSoy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women2001
In 18 postmenopausal women, high-isoflavone soy (132 mg/day) for 93 days lowered LDL cholesterol by 6.5% and LDL/HDL ratio by 8.5% vs low-isoflavone control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 93 days
- Dose
- 132 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTSoy protein intake by perimenopausal women does not affect circulating lipids and lipoproteins or coagulation and fibrinolytic factors2001n=30
In 69 perimenopausal women, 40 g/day isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy for 24 weeks did not alter lipids, lipoproteins, or coagulation factors vs whey control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 24 weeks
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 30
RCTThe effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women2001n=33
In 94 postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women, soy protein with 80 mg isoflavones for 12 weeks lowered LDL by 0.38 mmol/L more than isoflavone-poor soy, but neither differed significantly from milk protein.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 42 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 33
RCTHypocholesterolemic effect of soymilk supplementation with usual diet in premenopausal normolipidemic Japanese women2000n=27
In 52 premenopausal Japanese women, 408 g/day soymilk for two menstrual cycles reduced total cholesterol by 10.9 mg/dL (5.3%) vs control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 408 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 27
RCTSoy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women2000
In 13 normocholesterolemic premenopausal women, soy isoflavone doses up to 128.7 mg/day across three menstrual cycles significantly changed total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol vs control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 64.7–128.7 mg/day
- Population
- Women
RCTA randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins1999n=156
In 156 adults with LDL 140–200 mg/dL, 25 g/day soy protein with 62 mg isoflavones for 9 weeks lowered total and LDL cholesterol by 4% and 6% vs casein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 9 weeks
- Dose
- 25 g/day soy protein
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 156
RCTDouble-blind study of the addition of high-protein soya milk v. cows' milk to the diet of patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or intolerance of statins1999
In 21 severely hypercholesterolemic statin-intolerant patients, high-protein soymilk for 4 weeks reduced total cholesterol by 6.5–7.4% vs cow's milk periods.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or
RCTEffect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women1999n=51
In 51 perimenopausal women, 20 g/day soy protein with 34 mg phytoestrogens for 6 weeks lowered total cholesterol by 6% and LDL by 7% vs carbohydrate placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 20 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 51
ObservationalIntake of soy products is associated with better plasma lipid profiles in the Hong Kong Chinese population1999n=500
In 500 Hong Kong Chinese adults, higher soy intake was inversely correlated with total and LDL cholesterol in men and women under 50 after confounder adjustment.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 500
- Ages
- 24–74
RCTCholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic men1998
In 26 normo- and hypercholesterolemic men, 5 weeks of NCEP Step I soy-protein diet lowered cholesterol independent of baseline lipids, age, or diet sequence.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10–15 weeks
- Population
- Men with hypercholesterolemia
- Ages
- 20–50
RCTEffects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men1998
In 81 hypercholesterolemic men, replacing ≥20 g/day animal protein with soy protein for 6 weeks reduced total and non-HDL cholesterol; ≥30 g/day had stronger effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Men with hypercholesterolemia
RCTSoy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women1998
In 66 hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, 40 g/day soy protein with moderate or high isoflavones for 6 months reduced non-HDL cholesterol and increased HDL vs casein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTSupplementation with isoflavonoid phytoestrogens does not alter serum lipid concentrations: a randomized controlled trial in humans1998n=59
In 59 adults, 55 mg/day isoflavonoid tablets for 8 weeks did not change serum total, LDL, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or lipoprotein(a) vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 55 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 59
Clinical trialVariable lipemic response to dietary soy protein in healthy, normolipemic men1998n=5
In 9 normolipemic men, 1 month of soy vs casein diet raised HDL and apo A-I in all; 5 of 9 responders had 26% lower LDL and 16% lower apo B with soy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 5
Controlled trialSoy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women1997n=21
In 21 perimenopausal and menopausal women, 80 mg/day soy isoflavones for 5–10 weeks improved systemic arterial compliance by 26% vs placebo but did not change lipids.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 80 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 21
RCTEffects of a soy-protein beverage on plasma lipoproteins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia1991
In children with familial hypercholesterolemia, 4 weeks of soy protein beverage (35% of protein energy) lowered triglycerides and VLDL and raised HDL vs cow's milk protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Children/adolescents
RCTSoy cotyledon fiber products reduce plasma lipids1990n=20
In 20 adults with mildly elevated cholesterol, 15 g/day soy cotyledon fiber for 6 weeks in a crossover trial did not significantly lower plasma total cholesterol vs lower-fiber period.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 15 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 20
Soy fiber improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in primary hyperlipidemic subjects1986
In hypercholesterolemic patients on a low-fat diet, adding 25 g/day soy fiber for 12 weeks further reduced total cholesterol by 13 mg/dl and LDL by 12 mg/dl, and improved glucose tolerance.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 25 g/day
- Population
- Patients with hyperlipidemia
Soybean protein diets in the management of type II hyperlipoproteinaemia1985n=57
In 57 type II hyperlipoproteinemia patients, adding soybean protein to a low-lipid diet reduced plasma cholesterol by ~30% over 16 weeks, similar to replacing animal with soy protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Population
- Patients with hyperlipidemia
- Participants
- 57
Flaxseed OilView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Some small studies suggest that flaxseed oil might lower cholesterol or triglycerides, but most well-designed research shows no real benefit in people with or without high cholesterol or high triglycerides.
- A review of studies found that flaxseed oil could slightly lower one blood protein linked to cholesterol (apolipoprotein A) but not another (apolipoprotein B).
- Another review suggests a small improvement in “good” HDL cholesterol, but overall, flaxseed oil does not seem effective for lowering cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
Browse 17 studies·5 meta-analyses
MetaFlaxseed supplementation significantly reduces hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 13 T2DM trials found flaxseed supplementation significantly lowered HbA1c versus control, without consistent effects on weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, or lipids overall.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
RCTComparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021n=1,698
A dose-response meta-analysis of 31 RCTs (1,698 participants) found flaxseed products lowered total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, apoB, and IL-6 in dyslipidemia-related disease, with whole flaxseed showing strongest effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Patients with dyslipidemia
- Participants
- 1,698
MetaEffects of Flaxseed on Blood Lipids in Healthy and Dyslipidemic Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021n=1,107
A meta-analysis of 14 RCTs (1,107 participants) found flaxseed significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides in dyslipidemic patients; healthy subjects showed HDL increases without LDL reduction.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 1,107
MetaEffect of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of sixty-two randomized controlled trials2020n=3,772
An updated meta-analysis of 62 flaxseed RCTs (3,772 participants) found supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (−5.4 mg/dL), triglycerides (−9.4 mg/dL), and LDL (−4.2 mg/dL).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 3,772
RCTEffect of flaxseed oil supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic indices in patients with coronary artery disease: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial2019n=44
In 44 CAD patients over 10 weeks, 5 g/day flaxseed oil (2.5 g ALA) lowered diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides versus milk placebo, without between-group changes in weight or BMI.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 weeks
- Dose
- 5 g/day
- Population
- CAD patients
- Participants
- 44
- Ages
- 30–65
RCTDHA-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial2014n=130
In 130 adults with abdominal obesity in a 5-diet crossover, DHA-enriched high-oleic canola oil improved lipid profiles and predicted 10-year CVD risk compared with conventional canola and other test oils.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 60 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 130
RCTOmega-3 fatty acids and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2) in healthy older adult males and females2011n=20
In 59 healthy adults ≥50 over 8 weeks, ~11 g/day flaxseed or fish oil did not significantly change lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass or activity versus olive oil control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 11 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 20
- Avg age
- ~61
RCTHigh-oleic rapeseed (canola) and flaxseed oils modulate serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers in hypercholesterolaemic subjects2010
In 36 hypercholesterolemic adults over 28 days per diet, high-oleic canola blended with flaxseed oil lowered LDL cholesterol 15.1% and total cholesterol 11% versus a Western diet.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 28 days
- Population
- Adults
RCTFlaxseed oil supplementation increases plasma F1-phytoprostanes in healthy men2009
In 36 healthy men over 4 weeks, flaxseed oil 9 g/day (5.4 g ALA) raised plasma ALA and F1-phytoprostanes versus olive oil, without changing F2-isoprostanes.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 9 g/day
- Population
- Men
- Ages
- 20–65
MetaMeta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids2009
A meta-analysis of 28 flaxseed trials found whole flaxseed and lignans reduced total and LDL cholesterol (~0.10–0.28 mmol/L), while flaxseed oil alone did not significantly change lipids.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTA comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers2008
In 86 healthy volunteers over 12 weeks, 2 g/day fish oil raised plasma EPA/DHA, flaxseed oil transiently raised ALA, and none of the oils significantly changed standard lipid panels versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTFlaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects2006n=31
In 56 adults over 26 weeks, 3 g/day ALA from flaxseed oil did not lower LDL, HDL, or triglycerides versus olive oil; total cholesterol was 0.45 mmol/L higher with flaxseed oil (P=0.026).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 26 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 31
RCTInfluence of alpha-linolenic acid and fish-oil on markers of cardiovascular risk in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype2005n=21
In 57 men with atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype over 12 weeks, flaxseed oil lowered total cholesterol 12.3% and fish oil lowered triglycerides 23% and small dense LDL 22%, with diet-specific lipid effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 21
RCTDietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients2003n=50
In 76 dyslipidemic men over 3 months, 15 mL/day linseed oil lowered CRP 38%, serum amyloid A 23%, and IL-6 10.5% versus safflower oil, independent of lipid changes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 15 ml linseed oil/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 50
- Avg age
- 51±8
RCTOmega-3 fatty acid intake results in a relationship between the fatty acid composition of LDL cholesterol ester and LDL cholesterol content in humans1997n=26
In 26 adults in a crossover feeding study, fish oil supplementation correlated EPA/DHA in LDL cholesteryl esters with LDL cholesterol content; this association was absent with olive or flaxseed oil periods.
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 26
RCTNormal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels1996n=15
In healthy adults over 3 months at low n-3 doses, fish oil reduced plasma triglycerides and enriched lipoprotein EPA/DHA, while flaxseed oil raised ALA with minimal change in long-chain n-3 or cholesterol.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 35 mg/kg
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 15
Dietary alpha-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition, but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans1993n=10
In 10 healthy men fed controlled diets 126 days, a high-ALA flaxseed oil diet altered serum and mononuclear cell fatty acids but did not change serum lipids, lipoproteins, or coagulation tests versus basal diet.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 10
- Ages
- 21–37
AstaxanthinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Small studies suggest that taking astaxanthin supplements doesn't lower cholesterol levels.
- In people with mild high cholesterol, astaxanthin lowered triglycerides and raised “good” HDL cholesterol but did not change total or LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.
- Reviews of several studies found no clear benefit on cholesterol and possible increase in LDL cholesterol with longer use.
Browse 3 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaAstaxanthin Influence on Health Outcomes of Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022n=321
A meta-analysis of 7 metabolic-syndrome-risk trials (321 participants) found astaxanthin marginally lowered total cholesterol and systolic BP and significantly reduced LDL cholesterol.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 321
MetaThe effects of astaxanthin supplementation on obesity, blood pressure, CRP, glycemic biomarkers, and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2020
A meta-analysis of 14 trials found astaxanthin raised HDL-C 1.5 mg/dL and reduced CRP at doses >12 mg/day or durations ≥12 weeks, without consistent effects on glucose, BMI, or blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 12 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTAdministration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia2010
In 61 non-obese adults with borderline high triglycerides, astaxanthin 6–18 mg/day for 12 weeks lowered triglycerides and raised HDL-C and adiponectin in a dose-related manner.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 18 mg/day
- Population
- Overweight adults
- Ages
- 25–60
LycopeneView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Most studies show that taking lycopene, a compound found in tomatoes, does not lower “bad” LDL cholesterol.
- Effects on other types of fats in the blood, like “good” HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, are unclear.
- Some research suggests that eating certain tomato products with lycopene might slightly reduce LDL cholesterol in people with borderline high levels.
- Other studies show mixed results on triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, with some benefits seen mainly in people with existing health issues.
- Overall, lycopene’s impact on blood fat levels remains uncertain.
Browse 5 studies·2 meta-analyses
RCTCardiovascular and Osteoporosis Protection at Menopause with Lycopene: A Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial2022n=100
A multi-centre, double-blind randomized clinical trial in 198 post-menopausal women, where supplementation with 8 mg lycopene (≈ 24 mg antioxidant equivalent) for 6 months significantly increased serum lycopene and bone formation marker P1NP, with a trend toward reduced bone resorption marker β-CTx; cardiovascular lipid and CRP markers showed directional improvements.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 8 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 100
- Ages
- 40–55
RCTEffect of Lycopene Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Markers of Endothelial Function in Iranian Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial2022n=50
A randomized clinical trial in 50 patients with ischemic heart failure (HFrEF) comparing 25 mg/day lycopene vs placebo for 8 weeks found significant reductions in triglycerides and improvements in endothelial function (flow mediated dilation) in the lycopene group; no changes were seen in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP or DBP.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 25 mg/day
- Population
- Heart failure patients
- Participants
- 50
MetaEffects of lycopene intake on HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels: A systematic review with meta-analysis2021n=854
A meta-analysis of 12 trial arms (n=781) found lycopene supplementation significantly increased HDL cholesterol (SMD 0.33) but did not significantly change triglyceride levels vs control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 854
- Ages
- 18+
Systematic reviewEffect of Dietary and Supplemental Lycopene on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2020
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 lycopene intervention trials (doses 1.44–75 mg/day) found no significant pooled effects on blood pressure or lipids compared with control groups.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 1.44–75 mg/day
RCTEffect of 12-Week Daily Intake of the High-Lycopene Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum), A Variety Named “PR-7”, on Lipid Metabolism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study2019n=234
A 12-week double-blind RCT of 74 Japanese adults with LDL ≥120 mg/dL found daily intake of high-lycopene tomato variety PR-7 (50 g/day) significantly reduced LDL cholesterol vs placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 234
Vitamin DView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- People with higher vitamin D levels tend to have better cholesterol and fat levels in their blood.
- But studies where people take vitamin D supplements show mixed results.
- Some research suggests vitamin D might slightly raise "bad" LDL cholesterol but doesn’t change other cholesterol types or fats much.
- Other studies show vitamin D with calcium might slightly improve overall cholesterol and fats, especially in people with metabolic problems.
- Because the studies are very different from each other, it’s hard to say for sure if vitamin D helps with cholesterol.
Browse 4 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of Calcium and Vitamin D Co-supplementation on the Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2021n=2,304
A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs (2,304 participants) found calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides and raised HDL-C.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,304
RCTCalcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and cholesterol profiles in the Women's Health Initiative calcium/vitamin D randomized trial2014n=600
In 600 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative CaD trial, calcium plus 400 IU/day vitamin D3 for 2 years raised 25(OH)D and lowered LDL-C by 4.5 mg/dL.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 600
MetaInfluence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012n=1,346
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (1,346 participants) found vitamin D supplementation raised LDL-C by 3.2 mg/dL but did not significantly change total cholesterol, HDL-C, or triglycerides.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- RA patients
- Participants
- 1,346
ObservationalPrevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2007n=7,902
In 15,088 NHANES III adults, lowest quartile 25(OH)D was associated with higher odds of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high triglycerides in cross-sectional analysis.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 7,902
Algal OilView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if algal oil helps lower blood fats in people with high cholesterol.
- Studies in healthy adults show that taking algal oil rich in DHA can lower triglycerides and raise good cholesterol but may also increase bad cholesterol.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
RCTOmega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Rich Extract from the Microalga Nannochloropsis Decreases Cholesterol in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Three-Month Supplementation Study2020n=120
An RCT in 120 healthy adults found algal EPA (Nannochloropsis) 1 g/day for 12 weeks improved omega-3 index and cardio-metabolic biomarkers versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 120
- Ages
- 25+
MetaA meta-analysis shows that docosahexaenoic acid from algal oil reduces serum triglycerides and increases HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in persons without coronary heart disease2012n=485
A meta-analysis of algal oil DHA trials found supplementation reduced triglycerides by 0.23 mmol/L and increased HDL cholesterol by 0.08 mmol/L versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1.68 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 485
Alpha-Linolenic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Analysis of several studies found that taking alpha-linolenic acid (a plant-based omega-3) supplements or foods did not consistently lower cholesterol or other blood fats in people with high cholesterol.
- Some evidence suggests higher doses and longer use might help reduce triglycerides and inflammation, but it may also raise "bad" LDL cholesterol.
- Results are mixed, so it's unclear how useful alpha-linolenic acid is for improving cholesterol.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of α-linolenic acid intake on blood lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021n=1,325
Meta-analysis of 47 ALA trials found ALA lowered triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL, with stronger effects in Asians and hyperlipidemic patients.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,325
GingerView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Ginger taken by mouth may help improve cholesterol in some people.
- In studies, daily ginger supplements (200–3000 mg for 2–24 weeks) lowered triglycerides and “bad” cholesterol slightly and raised “good” cholesterol a little.
- One study in people with high cholesterol found that 1 gram of ginger powder three times a day for 45 days lowered triglycerides and cholesterol much more compared with a placebo.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Improving Blood Lipids and Body Weight; A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials2022
A meta-analysis of ginger trials found significant reductions in triglycerides (−12.54 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (−6.53 mg/dL) versus placebo; body weight effects were inconsistent.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTInvestigation of the effect of ginger on the lipid levels. A double blind controlled clinical trial2008n=45
In 45 hyperlipidemic patients, ginger powder 3 g/day for 45 days significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 45 days
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Pregnant women
- Participants
- 45
LuteinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that taking lutein supplements does not lower cholesterol levels, including "bad" LDL or "good" HDL cholesterol, compared to placebo.
- Most studies looked at healthy people or those with eye diseases, and it’s not clear if lutein helps people who already have high cholesterol.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe effect of lutein and Zeaxanthine on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis study2023
A meta-analysis found lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation did not significantly change total cholesterol or LDL-C but significantly increased HDL-C in older adults (WMD +4.06 mg/dL).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
Panax GinsengView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on Panax ginseng and cholesterol levels shows mixed results.
- One analysis found that taking Panax ginseng for several weeks might lower total cholesterol and “bad” LDL cholesterol slightly but does not affect other fat types in the blood.
- Another larger analysis found no meaningful changes in cholesterol or other blood fats with Panax ginseng compared to placebo.
Browse 2 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaThe Effect of Ginseng Supplementation on Lipid Profile: GRADE-assessed Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2024
A GRADE-assessed meta-analysis of 29 RCTs found ginseng supplementation significantly lowered triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and raised HDL-C versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
MetaEffects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 23 studies found Panax ginseng significantly reduced glucose, insulin, body fat, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C versus placebo across metabolic conditions.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4–24 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
Whey ProteinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear whether whey protein lowers cholesterol in people with high cholesterol.
- In one small study, overweight men doing resistance training who took 26.6 grams of whey protein daily for 12 weeks lowered their total cholesterol compared to before the study but not compared to a placebo group.
- A review of several small studies suggests whey protein might lower fat levels in the blood, but most people studied did not have high cholesterol.
- Differences in how much whey protein was taken, study length, and participant types make it hard to know if whey protein helps those with high cholesterol.
- More research is needed.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials2020
In a meta-analysis in metabolic syndrome patients, this meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with whey protein had beneficial effect on several indicators of glycemic control and lipid parameters in patients with MetS and related conditions.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Metabolic syndrome patients
RCTResistance training with soy vs whey protein supplements in hyperlipidemic males2009n=10
In 28 overweight hyperlipidemic men, 12 weeks of resistance training with soy or whey protein (1.2 g/kg) similarly improved strength and reduced body fat and waist-to-hip ratio.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1.2 g/kg
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 10
- Ages
- 21–50
Apple Cider VinegarView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is uncertain whether apple cider vinegar helps with high cholesterol.
- A small study in adults with type 2 diabetes found that taking 30 mL daily for 8 weeks lowered bad cholesterol (LDL) and total cholesterol, but did not affect good cholesterol (HDL) or triglycerides.
Browse 1 study
RCTThe improvement effect of apple cider vinegar as a functional food on anthropometric indices, blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial2023n=72
In 72 type 2 diabetes patients over 8 weeks, 30 mL/day apple cider vinegar plus diet advice lowered fasting glucose, HbA1c, LDL, and cholesterol ratios versus diet alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 30 mL/day apple cider vinegar
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 72
Job's TearsView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough evidence to know if Job's tears reliably improve high cholesterol.
- One study used Job's tears (adlay) with barley in people with high cholesterol and looked at blood fats and oxidation; more research is needed.
Browse 1 study
Effect of young barley leaf extract and adlay on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in hyperlipidemic smokers2004
In 40 hyperlipidemic patients, 15 g/day young barley leaf extract or 60 g adlay for 4 weeks reduced total and LDL cholesterol and delayed LDL oxidation versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 15 g/day
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
LecithinView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Lecithin might help lower cholesterol in healthy people, but it does not seem to work for those who already have high cholesterol.
- Some studies show that taking 20–30 grams daily for several months reduced cholesterol in healthy people, while other research found no benefit in people with high cholesterol.
Browse 4 studies
Open-labelInfluence of soy lecithin administration on hypercholesterolemia2009n=30
In 30 hypercholesterolemic patients, 500 mg/day soy lecithin for 1–2 months reduced total cholesterol and LDL versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
- Participants
- 30
- Ages
- 58–70
RCTEffect of soy isoflavone protein and soy lecithin on endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women2007n=25
In 25 healthy postmenopausal women, 4 weeks of soy lecithin 20 g/day did not improve brachial artery flow-mediated dilation versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 20 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 25
- Avg age
- ~61
RCTLecithin has no effect on serum lipoprotein, plasma fibrinogen and macro molecular protein complex levels in hyperlipidaemic men in a double-blind controlled study1998
In 20 hyperlipidemic men, 20 g/day soy lecithin in yoghurt for 4 weeks did not change serum lipoproteins, fibrinogen, or macro molecular protein complexes versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 20 g/day
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic subjects
Clinical trialTreatment of hypercholesterolaemia with oral lecithin1977n=10
In 10 subjects including 7 hypercholesterolemic patients, oral lecithin 20–30 g/day lowered plasma cholesterol 10–18% in about one-third of participants.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 10
ReishiView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Early studies show that taking reishi mushroom extract daily does not improve cholesterol levels in people with high lipids or type 2 diabetes.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaGanoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors2015n=398
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (398 adults) found Ganoderma lucidum 1.4–3 g/day for 12–16 weeks did not significantly improve blood glucose, blood pressure, or lipids versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12–16 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 398
RCTStudy of potential cardioprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): results of a controlled human intervention trial2012n=26
In 26 adults with borderline hypertension or hyperlipidemia over 12 weeks, Lingzhi 1.44 g/day did not significantly improve blood pressure, lipids, glucose, or antioxidant markers versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1.44 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 26
Garcinia CambogiaView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A small study in adults with obesity found that taking garcinia 600 mg twice a day for 3 months lowered cholesterol and triglycerides.
- However, because the study did not include a proper comparison group, the results may not be reliable.
Browse 2 studies
A clinical and computational study on anti-obesity effects of hydroxycitric acid2019n=100
In a clinical study of 100 obese adults (ages 20–45) over 8 weeks, HCA supplementation reduced body weight, skinfold measurements, and serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Population
- Overweight adults
- Participants
- 100
- Ages
- 20–45
RCTDoes Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trial2011
In a 10-week RCT of 86 overweight adults (ages 20–50), 2 g/day Glycine max leaf extract or Garcinia cambogia extract did not significantly outperform placebo for weight loss or lipid changes.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 10 weeks
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 20–50
Nicotinamide RibosideView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A small study in inactive men with obesity and high cholesterol found that taking nicotinamide riboside, 1000 mg twice a day for 12 weeks, did not lower total cholesterol or LDL ("bad") cholesterol when compared to a placebo.
Browse 1 study
RCTA randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotinamide riboside in obese men: safety, insulin-sensitivity, and lipid-mobilizing effects2018
In obese insulin-resistant men, nicotinamide riboside 1000 mg twice daily for 12 weeks was safe but did not improve insulin sensitivity, hepatic steatosis, or body composition vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1000 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Patients with type 2 diabetes
- Ages
- 40–70
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garlic | ★★★★★68% | 41 | 13 | 17% |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★68% | 39 | 5 | 16% |
| Red Yeast Rice | ★★★★★88% | 36 | 8 | 15% |
| Artichoke | ★★★★★68% | 18 | 5 | 8% |
| Berberine | ★★★★★68% | 18 | 10 | 8% |
| Flaxseed Oil | ★★★★★56% | 17 | 5 | 7% |
| L-Carnitine | ★★★★★68% | 14 | 4 | 6% |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★68% | 10 | 4 | 4% |
| Curcumin | ★★★★★68% | 6 | 5 | 3% |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | ★★★★★68% | 5 | 3 | 2% |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★52% | 5 | 2 | 2% |
| Lecithin | ★★★★★36% | 4 | 0 | 2% |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★52% | 4 | 2 | 2% |
| Astaxanthin | ★★★★★52% | 3 | 2 | 1% |
| Algal Oil | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | <1% |
| Garcinia Cambogia | ★★★★★32% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Ginger | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | <1% |
| Panax Ginseng | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 2 | <1% |
| Reishi | ★★★★★36% | 2 | 1 | <1% |
| Whey Protein | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | <1% |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Apple Cider Vinegar | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Job's Tears | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Lutein | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Nicotinamide Riboside | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | <1% |