High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Supplements studied for high blood pressure (high-blood-pressure).
Overview
High blood pressure has extensive supplement coverage (51 supplements, 241 studies). Among top-rated entries, Calcium, Cocoa, Potassium, Fish Oil, and Melatonin each carry medium effect size, very high evidence, medium trust, WA 68. Potassium and cocoa may produce modest systolic and diastolic reductions in trials; fish oil effects appear greater in moderate-to-severe high-blood-pressure. Calcium's blood-pressure effect is very small. Controlled-release melatonin at night may lower readings somewhat, while short-acting melatonin does not.
Effects are generally modest and vary by baseline blood pressure and concurrent medications. See the heatmap and evidence reviews below for the full ranked list.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Vitamin C | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Taurine | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Flaxseed | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Potassium | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Melatonin | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Garlic | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Fish Oil | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Cocoa | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Cassia Cinnamon | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Calcium | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Berberine | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Olive Oil | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Coenzyme Q10 | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Quercetin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Panax Ginseng | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★ | Low |
| L-Citrulline | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Flaxseed Oil | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Casein Protein | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Blueberry | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Black Tea | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Artichoke | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Resveratrol | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Red Yeast Rice | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Beta-Glucan | ★★★★★ | Low |
| American Ginseng | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Whey Protein | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Oleic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Nicotinamide Riboside | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Lysine | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Kudzu | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Hawthorn | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Ginger | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Gamma-Oryzanol | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Gamma-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Eleuthero | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Bilberry | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Reishi | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| L-Carnitine | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Chromium | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Selenium | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Inositol | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Ginkgo | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Echinacea | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Apigenin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Algal Oil | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Acetyl-L-Carnitine | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Tyrosine | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Iron | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Inulin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Asparagus | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
60 supplements for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
FlaxseedView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eating flaxseed every day may slightly help lower blood pressure, especially when taken for more than 12 weeks.
- Research shows small improvements overall, but the results vary depending on dose, length of use, and whether people already have high blood pressure.
- Some studies suggest that larger amounts of flaxseed may lower blood pressure more, with one trial finding that people taking higher doses saw drops of about 10–12 points in systolic pressure and 6–7 points in diastolic pressure after 12 weeks.
Browse 5 studies·4 meta-analyses
RCTFlaxseed Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2024
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found flaxseed supplementation significantly lowered systolic blood pressure by 8.6 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 4.9 mmHg in hypertensive patients.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaEffect of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review, and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2023n=2,427
A meta-analysis of 33 trials (2,427 participants) found flaxseed supplementation reduced systolic BP by 3.19 mmHg and diastolic BP by 1.96 mmHg, with larger effects at higher doses and longer duration.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 2,427
RCTEffects of flaxseed on blood pressure, body mass index, and total cholesterol in hypertensive patients: A randomized clinical trial2021n=45
In a 12-week triple-blind RCT of 112 hypertensive patients (ages 35–70), 30 g/day flaxseed reduced systolic BP by 13.4 mmHg, diastolic BP by 5.6 mmHg, BMI, and total cholesterol versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 10–30 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 45
- Ages
- 35–70
MetaEffects of flaxseed supplements on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial2015n=1,302
A meta-analysis of 15 flaxseed trials (1,302 participants) found supplementation reduced systolic BP 2.85 mmHg and diastolic BP 2.39 mmHg, with greater effects in trials ≥12 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,302
MetaFlaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials2015
A meta-analysis of 11 studies (14 trials) found flaxseed supplementation modestly reduced systolic BP by 1.8 mmHg and diastolic BP by 1.6 mmHg, with greater diastolic effects from whole flaxseed over ≥12 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
TaurineView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking taurine supplements may help lower blood pressure slightly in people with high blood pressure.
- Studies show that doses around 1.6 to 6 grams daily can reduce both the top (systolic) and bottom (diastolic) blood pressure numbers by a few points after several weeks.
- Taurine may improve how blood vessels relax, which helps lower pressure.
- However, the effects of taurine in energy drinks are unclear because of other ingredients.
- More research is needed to know if taurine works well long-term.
Browse 5 studies·1 meta-analysis
Clinical trialCardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Response to RedBull® Energy Drink Intake in Young Adults2023n=30
In young adults, Red Bull energy drink intake acutely increased blood pressure and altered cerebrovascular responses versus baseline in this controlled study.
- Population
- Young adults
- Participants
- 30
- Ages
- 18–22
Energy Drink Effects on Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function in Young Adults2021
In 44 healthy young volunteers, energy drink consumption increased blood pressure and altered endothelial function acutely versus control beverage.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Ages
- 23–27
MetaThe effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2020
A meta-analysis found taurine supplementation associated with modest reductions in blood pressure and improvements in some lipid measures versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 15 days
- Dose
- 6 g/day
- Population
- Patients with metabolic or liver disease
RCTTaurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study2016
In prehypertensive adults over 12 weeks, taurine 1.6 g/day lowered systolic blood pressure and improved vascular function versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1.6 g/day
- Population
- Adults
Controlled trialEffects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension1987n=10
In borderline hypertensive patients, oral taurine did not significantly lower blood pressure despite increasing urinary taurine excretion in this early trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 7 days
- Dose
- 6 g/day taurine
- Population
- Patients with borderline hypertension
- Participants
- 10
Vitamin CView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin C supplements daily may lower the top number (systolic) of blood pressure by about 4-5 points in people with high blood pressure.
- The effect on the bottom number (diastolic) is smaller or unclear.
- This usually happens with about 500 mg daily for 6-8 weeks.
- Some studies find no benefit, but vitamin C may help relax blood vessels.
- It is not a replacement for blood pressure medicine but could be added along with other treatments.
Browse 6 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaEffect of vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid in adults with essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis2024n=2,218
A network meta-analysis of 23 hypertension trials (2,218 participants) found only vitamin E significantly lowered systolic BP; vitamin C did not.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,218
MetaEffects of vitamin C supplementation on essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis2020n=614
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs in 614 adults with essential hypertension found vitamin C reduced systolic BP 4.1 mmHg and diastolic BP 2.3 mmHg.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 614
- Ages
- 60+
MetaEffects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012n=120
A meta-analysis of 29 BP trials found vitamin C reduced systolic BP 3.8 mmHg and diastolic BP 1.5 mmHg over a median 8 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day vitamin C
- Participants
- 120
RCTThe combination of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2005
An RCT in hypertensive adults found vitamin C alone lowered systolic BP, but combined vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols raised BP.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTAscorbic acid reduces blood pressure and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes2002n=30
An RCT in 30 type 2 diabetes patients found 500 mg/day oral ascorbic acid for 4 weeks lowered brachial BP ~10 mmHg and arterial stiffness.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 500 mg ascorbic acid/day
- Population
- Patients with type 2 diabetes
- Participants
- 30
- Ages
- 45–70
RCTTreatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid1999
A double-blind RCT reported ascorbic acid lowered blood pressure in hypertensive patients; the abstract provided limited quantitative detail.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
CalciumView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Calcium may help lower blood pressure slightly, but the effect seems to be very small.
- Studies show that calcium from foods or supplements can reduce blood pressure by only about 1–2 points, and it’s not clear whether this small drop really makes a health difference.
Browse 23 studies·8 meta-analyses
MetaCalcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementations as complementary therapy for hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis2025n=1,851
A meta-analysis of 24 hypertension trials found calcium lowered diastolic BP by ~2 mmHg but not systolic BP; magnesium lowered DBP slightly; vitamin D showed no BP effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,851
MetaCalcium supplementation during pregnancy and long-term offspring outcome: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis2022n=591
A meta-analysis of 6 pregnancy RCTs found high-dose maternal calcium associated with lower offspring systolic BP at ages 5–7 in one trial; other long-term outcomes remained uncertain.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 591
- Ages
- 5–7
MetaCalcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension2022n=3,512
A Cochrane update of normotensive adults found calcium supplementation produced small blood-pressure reductions but insufficient evidence for primary hypertension prevention.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,512
RCTCardiometabolic Indices after Weight Loss with Calcium or Dairy Foods: Secondary Analyses from a Randomized Trial with Overweight/Obese Postmenopausal Women2022n=97
Secondary analysis of a weight-loss RCT in 97 postmenopausal women found calcium/vitamin D or dairy arms lowered systolic BP ~5% and improved some lipids vs control over 6 months.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 600 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 97
MetaEffects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2017n=806
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (36,806 participants) found calcium plus vitamin D did not meaningfully change systolic or diastolic blood pressure vs control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 15 weeks to 7 years
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 806
- Avg age
- ~18
RCTEffect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial2008
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women, median 7 years), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D did not lower blood pressure or incident hypertension vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 7 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaEffect of maternal calcium intake during pregnancy on children's blood pressure: a systematic review of the literature2007
A systematic review of maternal calcium intake and offspring BP found inconsistent evidence across 2 RCTs and 3 observational studies with substantial loss to follow-up.
- Population
- Pregnant women
- Ages
- 1–9
MetaBlood pressure response to calcium supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2006n=2,492
A meta-analysis of 40 calcium trials (2,492 non-pregnant adults) found ~1200 mg/day calcium lowered systolic BP 1.9 mmHg and diastolic BP 1.0 mmHg, with larger effects at low baseline intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Pregnant women
- Participants
- 2,492
MetaCalcium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults2006n=485
A Cochrane review in hypertensive adults found oral calcium produced small BP reductions but insufficient evidence that it effectively treats primary hypertension.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8–15 weeks
- Population
- Pregnant women
- Participants
- 485
- Ages
- 18+
ObservationalDietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women2005n=10,066
In 10,066 women ≥45 years, higher total calcium intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome prevalence; vitamin D intake showed no independent association.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 10,066
- Ages
- 45+
RCTEffects of calcium supplementation on body weight and blood pressure in normal older women: a randomized controlled trial2005n=739
In 739 postmenopausal women over 30 months, 1 g/day calcium did not affect body weight or fat mass; a small early systolic BP difference did not persist.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 30 months
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 739
- Avg age
- 74
Calcium from dairy products, vitamin D intake, and blood pressure: the Tromso Study2000n=8,053
In 8,053 Norwegian adults, higher dairy calcium intake correlated with 1–3 mmHg lower blood pressure, but absolute differences between intake groups were small.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Pregnant women
- Participants
- 8,053
- Ages
- 25–69
Systematic reviewThe influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials1999
An updated meta-analysis of 42 calcium BP trials found pooled small systolic reductions with supplementation; effects varied by baseline BP and study quality.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTCalcium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension: assessment by office, home and ambulatory blood pressure1998n=35
In 60 hypertensive adults, 1 g/day calcium for 8 weeks produced small office, home, and ambulatory BP reductions, significant mainly for home measurements.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 35
- Avg age
- ~58
RCTDietary calcium, calcium supplementation, and blood pressure in African American adolescents1998
In 116 African American adolescents over 8 weeks, 1.5 g/day calcium lowered diastolic BP 1.9 mmHg vs placebo in a crossover RCT.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 1.5 g/day
- Population
- Children/adolescents
- Avg age
- 15.8
RCTEfficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions in adults with high-normal blood pressure: results from phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group1997n=2,182
TOHP phase 1 in 2,182 adults found weight loss and sodium reduction lowered BP at 18 months; calcium, magnesium, potassium, and fish oil did not.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,182
- Ages
- 35–54
MetaDietary calcium and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials1996
A meta-analysis of 22 dietary calcium trials (1,231 adults) found pooled systolic BP fell 0.89 mmHg with supplementation; hypertensive subgroups showed larger effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaEffects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials1996n=2,412
A meta-analysis of 33 trials (2,412 adults) found calcium lowered systolic BP 1.27 mmHg and diastolic BP 0.24 mmHg vs control over ≥2 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,412
MetaEpidemiologic association between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of published data1995n=38
An epidemiologic meta-analysis of 23 population studies (38,950 people) found modest inverse associations between dietary calcium and blood pressure, with wide study heterogeneity.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 100 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 38
RCTLack of blood pressure effect with calcium and magnesium supplementation in adults with high-normal blood pressure. Results from Phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) Collaborative Research Group1995n=698
TOHP phase 1 in 698 adults with high-normal BP found 1 g/day calcium or 360 mg magnesium for 6 months did not significantly change blood pressure overall.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 698
- Ages
- 30–54
RCTThe blood pressure effects of calcium supplementation in humans of known sodium responsiveness1993n=46
In 46 adults stratified by salt sensitivity, 1.5 g/day calcium for 8 weeks lowered BP in Black and salt-sensitive subgroups but not in the full group.
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 1.5 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 46
MetaCalcium and blood pressure. An epidemiologic perspective1990
A review of 25 observational and 19 calcium RCTs concluded epidemiologic links exist but trial evidence shows at best small systolic BP reductions, not consistent diastolic effects.
- Population
- Women
RCTOral calcium supplementation and blood pressure: an overview of randomized controlled trials1989n=400
A review of 15 calcium RCTs (~400 people) found no meaningful supine BP lowering; a small standing BP effect was insufficient to recommend calcium for hypertension treatment.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism
- Participants
- 400
Cassia CinnamonView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research suggests that cinnamon may have small benefits for heart and metabolic health.
- Reviews of many studies show that cinnamon can slightly lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, improve the body’s antioxidant capacity, and reduce certain inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6.
Browse 4 studies·4 meta-analyses
Systematic reviewEffect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers in adults: An umbrella review of the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials2024
An umbrella review found cinnamon may lower systolic blood pressure by 2.36 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.65 mmHg and improve total antioxidant capacity and IL-6, with limited evidence on other inflammatory markers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaWhat is the Impact of Cinnamon Supplementation on Blood Pressure? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021n=582
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (582 adults) found cinnamon did not change systolic blood pressure overall but significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure; longer trials ≥8 weeks showed greater systolic reductions.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 582
MetaThe effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2020n=641
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (641 participants) found cinnamon significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 5.17 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 3.36 mmHg, with stronger effects at ≤2 g/day for more than 8 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 641
MetaAnti-hypertensive effects of cinnamon supplementation in adults: A systematic review and dose-response Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019n=641
A meta-analysis of 9 trials (641 adults) found cinnamon significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 6.23 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 3.93 mmHg, with greater systolic effects at ≤2 g/day and ≥12 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 641
CocoaView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eating cocoa or dark chocolate with natural plant compounds may help lower blood pressure, especially if you already have high or borderline-high blood pressure.
- Studies show that eating cocoa or dark chocolate daily for a few weeks can lower the top blood pressure number (systolic) by about 3–4 points and the bottom number (diastolic) by about 1–2 points.
- These effects are small but may still benefit heart health over time.
- People with normal blood pressure seem to have less effect.
- Cocoa may also help prevent high blood pressure.
- In long-term studies, people who ate a moderate amount of cocoa (about 2–6 grams per day) were about 7% less likely to develop hypertension than those who ate very little.
- Eating more than this did not add extra benefit.
- Importantly, the benefit was linked to cocoa in plain chocolate as cocoa-containing sweets were actually linked to a higher risk of developing hypertension.
Browse 19 studies·6 meta-analyses
MetaCocoa Consumption and Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged and Elderly Subjects: a Meta-Analysis2020
A meta-analysis of 13 trials (758 adults) found cocoa consumption reduced systolic blood pressure by 2.8 mmHg and diastolic by 1.5 mmHg, mainly in hypertensive subgroups.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Ages
- 18–65
RCTConsumption of cocoa-containing foods and risk of hypertension in French women2020n=45,653
In 45,653 French women, moderate cocoa intake from plain chocolate was inversely associated with hypertension risk, while sweet cocoa sources showed no benefit.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2.3 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 45,653
RCTEffects of Cocoa-Rich Chocolate on Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Arterial Stiffness in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial2020n=73
In 140 postmenopausal women over 6 months, 10 g/day 99% cocoa reduced pulse pressure by 2 mmHg versus control but did not change systolic blood pressure or arterial stiffness.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 10 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 73
- Ages
- 50–64
MetaEffect of cocoa on blood pressure2017n=40
An updated Cochrane meta-analysis of 40 comparisons found flavanol-rich cocoa lowered systolic blood pressure by 1.8 mmHg and diastolic by 1.8 mmHg over 2–18 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 670 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 40
RCTSafety and efficacy of cocoa flavanol intake in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial2015n=46
In healthy adults, up to 2,000 mg/day cocoa flavanols for 12 weeks was well tolerated and did not significantly change blood pressure, platelet function, or metabolic markers.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 2000 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 46
- Ages
- 35–55
Characterisation of hypertensive patients with improved endothelial function after dark chocolate consumption2013n=12
In 21 treated hypertensive adults, 75 g/day dark chocolate for 1 week improved endothelial function mainly in younger patients with higher baseline cardiovascular risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 75 g/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 12
- Ages
- 40–65
RCTConsumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weight2012n=20
In 20 adults with stage 1 hypertension and excess weight over 4 weeks, 50 g/day 70% dark chocolate improved endothelial function without changing lipids or blood pressure.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Glaucoma patients
- Participants
- 20
- Ages
- 18–60
RCTDark chocolate for children's blood pressure: randomised trial2012n=70
In 70 children aged 10–12 over 7 weeks, daily dark chocolate did not significantly change systolic or diastolic blood pressure versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 7 weeks
- Dose
- 7 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 70
- Ages
- 10–12
MetaEffect of cocoa on blood pressure2012n=12
A 2012 Cochrane meta-analysis of 20 trials found flavanol-rich cocoa lowered systolic blood pressure by 2.8 mmHg and diastolic by 2.2 mmHg over 2–18 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2–18 weeks
- Dose
- 6.4–41 mg
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 12
RCTEffect of dark chocolate on nitric oxide serum levels and blood pressure in prehypertension subjects2011n=16
In 16 prehypertensive adults over 15 days, dark chocolate 30 g/day raised nitric oxide and lowered systolic blood pressure versus white chocolate control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 15 days
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 16
MetaDoes chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis2010
A meta-analysis of 13 trials found dark chocolate significantly lowered blood pressure in hypertensive and prehypertensive adults but not in normotensive subjects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2–18 weeks
- Dose
- 30 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTDark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trial2009n=31
In 36 prehypertensive adults over 12 weeks, 50 g/day dark chocolate or tomato extract did not significantly lower blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 31
- Ages
- 22–73
MetaEffect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis2009n=297
A meta-analysis of 10 trials (297 participants) found flavanol-rich cocoa lowered systolic blood pressure by 4.5 mmHg and diastolic by 2.5 mmHg over 2–18 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2–18 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 297
RCTBlood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate2008
In 19 hypertensive adults with impaired glucose tolerance over 15 days, flavanol-rich dark chocolate 100 g/day improved insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, endothelial function, and LDL versus white chocolate.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 15 days
- Dose
- 100 g/day
- Population
- Patients with type 1 diabetes
RCTCocoa consumption for 2 wk enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertension2008n=20
In 20 hypertensive adults over 2 weeks, flavanol-rich cocoa improved insulin-mediated brachial artery dilation but did not reduce blood pressure or insulin resistance.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Dose
- 150 mL 2×/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 20
RCTEffect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects2008n=49
In 49 overweight adults over 12 weeks, high-flavanol cocoa 902 mg/day improved endothelial function and lowered diastolic blood pressure, while exercise reduced abdominal fat.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 902 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 49
MetaEffect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis2007n=343
A meta-analysis of five cocoa trials (173 participants) found cocoa lowered systolic blood pressure by 4.7 mmHg and diastolic by 2.8 mmHg over about 2 weeks; tea showed no effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 343
RCTEffects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial2007n=44
In 44 adults with upper-range prehypertension over 18 weeks, 6.3 g/day dark chocolate lowered systolic blood pressure by 2.9 mmHg and diastolic by 1.9 mmHg versus white chocolate.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 18 weeks
- Dose
- 6.3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 44
- Ages
- 56–73
RCTCocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives2005
In 20 untreated grade I hypertensive patients over 15 days, 100 g/day dark chocolate lowered 24-hour blood pressure, improved endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, and reduced LDL versus white chocolate.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 15 days
- Dose
- 100 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Avg age
- ~44
Fish OilView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking fish oil by mouth can lower blood pressure slightly in adults with moderate or severe high blood pressure.
- Studies show fish oil can lower the top (systolic) number by about 2.5 to 5.5 points and the bottom (diastolic) number by 1.5 to 3.5 points.
- People with mild high blood pressure may or may not see benefits.
- Fish oil is less effective for people already taking blood pressure medicine, especially if blood pressure remains high despite treatment.
- The amount used in studies ranged from 4 to 15 grams daily for up to 9 months.
- Fish oil may also reduce risks of diabetes, heart disease, and death in people with high blood pressure.
Browse 16 studies·4 meta-analyses
Associations of baseline use of fish oil with progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality among patients with hypertension: a prospective study of UK Biobank2022n=81,579
A study of 81,579 hypertensive participants found the use of fish oil was associated with an 8% lower risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity, a 9% lower risk of type 2 diabetes, a 14% lower risk of cardiac mortality, no significant association with cancer mortality, an 11% lower risk of coronary heart disease and a 10% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to non fish oil users over 9 years. [10681]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 9 years
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 81,579
- Avg age
- 59±7
MetaLong-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014
A meta-analysis of 70 RCTs found that EPA + DHA reduced systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure compared to placebo. Doses of larger than or equal to 2 g/day reduce diastolic blood pressure. Greater effects were found in untreated hypertensive subjects, but blood pressure was also reduced in healthy subjects. [10682]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
MetaA systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertension2013n=1,524
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies with at least 8 weeks’ follow up examined the effects of fish oil supplementation in 9 studies of healthy participants and 8 studies of hypertensive patients (>= BP 140/85). There was a statistically significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the hypertensive patients without a significant dose-dependent effect. [10683]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 1,524
The effect of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids and hemostasis in hypertensive, obese, dyslipidemic patients with and without diabetes mellitus1999n=19
A study of 19 obese type 2 diabetics (mean age 56.7 +- 10.7 years) with hypertension also taking sulfonylureas found that 4.5 g/day omega-3 supplementation (2.7 g EPA + 1.8 g DHA) led to reductions in blood pressure and triglycerides after 13 days. Similar reductions in blood pressure and triglycerides were seen in subjects without type 2 diabetes. [10684]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 4.5 g/day
- Population
- Type 2 diabetes patients
- Participants
- 19
- Avg age
- ~57
RCTEffect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients1998
A 4-month study of 16 mild essential hypertensive, non-diabetic, normolipidemic male outpatients and 16 normotensive males found that EPA and DHA ethyl ester supplementation (2.04 g EPA and 1.4 g DHA per day) was able to maximally reduce blood pressure after 2 months. Both systolic pressure (-6 mm Hg) and diastolic pressure (-5 mm Hg) fell significantly and no further effect was seen at 4 months. Blood pressure levels returned to baseline at 2 months after fish oil discontinuation. [10685]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 months
- Dose
- 4 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
RCTFish oil as an adjuvant in the treatment of hypertension1996n=21
A study of 21 men whose blood pressure was not optimally controlled with antihypertensive drugs found that a moderate dose of fish oil did not affect blood pressure after 8 weeks compared to placebo. After 4 weeks, there was a reduction in triglyceride levels (-40.9%) and platelet counts (-8.7%) with an increase in LDL cholesterol at 4 weeks (+13.5%) and 8 weeks (+19.1%) in the fish oil group. Fish oil supplementation in uncontrolled hypertension did not confer an antihypertensive benefit. [10686]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 4.5 g omega-3/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 21
RCTEffects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial1995n=78
A study of 78 subjects with untreated hypertension found that 4 g/day EPA + DHA significantly lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.8 mm Hg (P = 0.04) after 16 weeks compared to a corn oil placebo. [10687]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 4 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 78
RCTEffect of sodium restriction and fish oil supplementation on BP and thrombotic risk factors in patients treated with ACE inhibitors1994n=14
A study of patients with hypertension also taking ACE inhibitors found that fish oil (5 g/day omega-3 PUFAs) did not affect blood pressure after 6 weeks. Sodium restriction (1800 mg/day) significantly decreased systolic blood pressure by 4.2 mm Hg compared to normal sodium intake. [10688]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 5 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 14
RCTReduction of blood pressure and plasma triglycerides by omega-3 fatty acids in treated hypertensives1994n=29
In 42 hypertensive patients on beta-blockers or diuretics in a crossover trial, Omacor omega-3 concentrate 4 g/day for 6 weeks lowered systolic/diastolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides versus corn oil.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 4 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 29
MetaDoes fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials1993n=1,356
A meta-analysis of 31 placebo-controlled trials with 1356 subjects found a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure from fish oil in hypertensive subjects. Blood pressure changes from fish oil supplementation were -1.3/-0.7 mmHg at doses of less than or equal to 3 g/day, -2.9/-1.6 mmHg at 3.3 to 7 g/day and -8.1/-5.8 mmHg at 15 g/day. [10690]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3–24 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Hypercholesterolemic patients
- Participants
- 1,356
MetaDoes supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials1993n=728
A meta-analysis of 17 studies found that omega-3 supplementation (> 3 g/day) can lead to clinically relevant reductions in blood pressure. Subjects with higher baseline blood pressure had a greater reduction in blood pressure from fish oil supplementation. [10689]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 728
RCTThe effect of fish oil on blood pressure in mild hypertensive subjects: a randomized crossover trial1993
Randomized crossover trial examining whether fish oil supplementation reduces blood pressure in mild hypertension. A 12-wk study of 18 healthy, untreated mildly hypertensive subjects given either 6 or 12 g/day fish oil (50% n-3), or olive oil placebo found minimal changes in blood pressure between each group. The high dose fish oil group experienced a small but insubstantial decrease in blood pressure. [10691]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 12 g/day
RCTEffect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromsø study1990n=156
Population-based intervention study from the Tromsø cohort assessing whether EPA and DHA reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. A 10-wk study of 156 participants with mild essential hypertension found that 6 g/day fish oil (5.1 g EPA + DHA) lowered mean systolic pressure by 4.6 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 3.0 mm Hg, with no significant change from corn oil placebo. There were no changes in mean blood pressure from fish oil supplementation in subjects who ate fish three or more times per week in their usual diet. [10692]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 weeks
- Dose
- 6 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 156
RCTFish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension1990n=16
A study of 47 male patients with mild essential hypertension found that fish oil (9 g/day containing 2.9 g omega-3) was comparably effective to propranolol (80 mg/day) after 36 weeks. A combination of FO and propranolol was more effective than either individual treatment after 12 weeks. [10694]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 36 weeks
- Dose
- 80 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 16
RCTFish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men1990n=13
A crossover study of 13 hypertensive patients and 13 normal subjects given 10 g/day fish oil (containing 50% omega-3 PUFAs) or placebo for 30 days found no changes in blood pressure in either group. Compared to placebo, fish oil increased total cholesterol by 8%, LDL cholesterol by 19% and ApoB by 18% in the hypertensive group. [10693]
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 30 days
- Dose
- 10 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 13
Controlled trialThe antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension1989n=32
A study of 32 male subjects found that 50 ml/day fish oil (15 g/day omega-3) reduced systolic blood pressure (avg -6.5 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (avg -4.4 mm Hg). [10695]
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 15 g/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 32
GarlicView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Some studies show that garlic supplements can slightly lower blood pressure in people with or without high blood pressure.
- On average, garlic can reduce the top number (systolic) by about 5 mmHg and the bottom number (diastolic) by about 3 mmHg.
- This effect tends to be stronger in people who already have high blood pressure, with reductions of around 7 to 9 mmHg for systolic and 4 to 6 mmHg for diastolic pressure.
- Different types of garlic supplements have been tested, including garlic powder, aged garlic extract, tablets, and garlic oil, sometimes combined with fish oil.
- Eating raw garlic regularly might also reduce the risk of developing early high blood pressure, though salt intake affects this.
- Overall, garlic may help control blood pressure as effectively as some medications, but more research is needed.
Browse 16 studies·7 meta-analyses
MetaEffects of aged garlic extract on blood pressure in hypertensive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024n=584
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (584 hypertensive patients) found aged garlic extract 1200 mg/day significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 584
MetaEffect of garlic extract on markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis in CAD patients found garlic supplementation significantly lowered LDL cholesterol and raised HDL and apolipoprotein-A versus placebo, with mixed effects on other cardiovascular markers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- CAD patients
RCTThe effect of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on the lipid parameters and blood pressure levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial2021n=80
In 80 women with PCOS, 800 mg/day garlic for 8 weeks significantly improved lipid parameters and blood pressure versus placebo in a double-blind RCT.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 800 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 80
ObservationalRaw garlic consumption is inversely associated with prehypertension in a large-scale adult population2020n=22,812
In a cross-sectional study of 22,812 Chinese adults, higher habitual raw garlic intake was inversely associated with prehypertension after adjusting for confounders.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 22,812
- Avg age
- 39±11
MetaGarlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and Review2016n=970
An updated meta-analysis of 20 garlic blood pressure trials (970 participants) found mean reductions of 5.1 mmHg systolic and 2.5 mmHg diastolic pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 970
MetaA systematic review and metaanalysis on the effects of garlic preparations on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension2015n=482
A meta-analysis of 9 double-blind trials (482 hypertensive adults) found garlic preparations modestly reduced systolic BP by ~8 mmHg and diastolic BP by ~5 mmHg versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8–26 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 482
MetaGarlic for hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2015
A systematic review of garlic for hypertension found inconsistent trial results and insufficient evidence to recommend garlic as standard antihypertensive therapy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
RCTAged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial2013n=79
In 79 patients with uncontrolled hypertension on medication, aged garlic extract 240–960 mg/day for 12 weeks reduced systolic BP in a dose-dependent manner versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 240–960 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 79
Controlled trialEffects of Allium sativum (garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension2013n=210
In 210 patients with stage 1 essential hypertension, garlic tablets at 300–1500 mg/day for 24 weeks dose-dependently reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 24 weeks
- Dose
- 300–1500 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 210
RCTAged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial2010n=50
In 50 treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients, aged garlic extract 960 mg/day for 12 weeks significantly lowered systolic BP by 10 mmHg versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 960 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 50
MetaEffect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis2008n=10
A meta-analysis of 10 trials found garlic reduced systolic BP by 4.6 mmHg and diastolic BP by 3.3 mmHg versus placebo, with greater effects in hypertensive subjects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 10
MetaEffects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis2008
A meta-analysis found garlic significantly lowered systolic BP in hypertensive patients but not in normotensive subjects, with no significant diastolic effect overall.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
RCTGarlic supplementation prevents oxidative DNA damage in essential hypertension2005n=20
In 20 essential hypertensive patients, 250 mg/day garlic for 2 months reduced oxidative DNA damage markers versus baseline, suggesting antioxidant protection.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 250 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 20
RCTA double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids1996
In 41 moderately hypercholesterolemic men, 7.2 g/day aged garlic extract for 6 months did not significantly change total cholesterol, LDL, or triglycerides versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 7.2 g/day
- Population
- Men
RCTCan garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study1993
In 9 patients with severe hypertension (diastolic ≥115 mmHg), a single 2400 mg allicin-rich garlic dose reduced sitting BP by 7/16 mmHg at peak effect 5 hours post-dose.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 900 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
RCTHypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases1990n=47
In 47 patients with mild hypertension, garlic powder (Kwai) for 12 weeks significantly reduced systolic and diastolic BP and plasma lipids versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Hyperlipidemic patients
- Participants
- 47
MelatoninView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Controlled-release melatonin taken at night may slightly lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure, reducing the top number by about 4–6 points and the bottom number by about 4 points.
- The regular short-acting form of melatonin does not seem to have this effect.
- In people without high blood pressure, melatonin may lower blood pressure a little, but the effect is smaller.
- A small study in healthy adults on a very salty diet found that melatonin reduced nighttime blood pressure slightly but did not improve blood pressure during the day or overall.
Browse 11 studies·4 meta-analyses
RCTMelatonin supplementation reduces nighttime blood pressure but does not affect blood pressure reactivity in normotensive adults on a high-sodium diet2023n=11
In 22 normotensive adults on a 10-day high-sodium diet (6,900 mg/day), melatonin 10 mg/day lowered nighttime peripheral and central systolic blood pressure but did not change 24-hour mean arterial pressure or blood pressure reactivity during stress tests.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 10 days
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 11
MetaControlled-release oral melatonin supplementation for hypertension and nocturnal hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs in hypertensive patients found controlled-release melatonin reduced asleep systolic blood pressure by 3.57 mm Hg and improved sleep, though evidence quality was low and no cardiovascular outcomes were reported.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hypertension patients
MetaEffects of Melatonin Supplementation On Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2019
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (6 arms) found melatonin supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.43 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 3.33 mm Hg compared with control treatment.
- Effect
- Benefit
MetaThe effects of melatonin supplementation on blood pressure in patients with metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found melatonin significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with metabolic disorders, with pooled standardized mean differences of −0.87 and −0.85, respectively.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with metabolic disorders
MetaEffect of melatonin on nocturnal blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2011n=221
A meta-analysis of 7 trials (221 participants) found controlled-release melatonin reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure by 6.1 mm Hg and diastolic by 3.5 mm Hg, whereas fast-release melatonin had no effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- ALL patients
- Participants
- 221
Controlled trialMelatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome2010n=33
In 30 metabolic syndrome patients treated 2 months with melatonin 5 mg/day, systolic blood pressure fell from 133 to 121 mm Hg, LDL cholesterol decreased, and antioxidant enzyme activity improved versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 5 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 33
RCTMelatonin reduces night blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension2006
In 38 treated hypertensive patients with nocturnal hypertension, controlled-release melatonin 2 mg nightly for 4 weeks reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure from 136 to 130 mm Hg and diastolic from 72 to 69 mm Hg versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 2 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertension patients
- Avg age
- ~64
RCTProlonged melatonin administration decreases nocturnal blood pressure in women2005n=9
In 18 women (ages 47–63) with normal or treated hypertension, slow-release melatonin 3 mg nightly for 3 weeks decreased nocturnal systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure by about 3.7 mm Hg without affecting daytime readings.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 3 mg
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 9
- Ages
- 47–63
RCTDaily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension2004n=16
In 16 men with untreated essential hypertension, melatonin 2.5 mg nightly for 3 weeks reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure by 6 mm Hg and diastolic by 4 mm Hg and improved sleep, while a single dose had no effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 weeks
- Dose
- 2.5 mg
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 16
RCTEffects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men1999
A study in healthy men found 1 mg melatonin acutely reduced blood pressure, carotid pulsatility index, and catecholamine levels within 90 minutes of administration.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1 mg
- Population
- Men
RCTInfluences of melatonin administration on the circulation of women1998
In 17 healthy young women, daytime melatonin 1 mg lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure and reduced arterial pulsatility index within 90 minutes compared with placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1 mg
- Population
- Women
PotassiumView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that eating more potassium helps lower the risk of high blood pressure. Taking potassium by mouth, through food or supplements, can reduce top blood pressure numbers by about 3 to 9.5 points and bottom numbers by about 2 to 6.4 points. People in studies usually consumed between 1500 and 7800 mg of potassium per day, with most eating around 2300 to 2500 mg. Potassium works best for people with high blood pressure, low potassium levels, lots of salt in their diet, and in Black adults. Higher amounts of potassium (around 3900 to 7800 mg daily) seem to work better. Using salt substitutes with potassium chloride instead of regular salt can also lower blood pressure.
- Some health guidelines recommend that people with high blood pressure aim for 3500 to 5000 mg of potassium daily, preferably from fruits and vegetables, because these foods are healthy for the heart. The FDA says that eating foods high in potassium and low in sodium can help reduce the risk of high blood pressure and stroke.
Browse 18 studies·7 meta-analyses
RCTEffect of changes in potassium intake on blood pressure: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (2000-2024)2025
A dose-response meta-analysis of 10 RCTs found potassium supplementation lowered blood pressure more in hypertensive than normotensive subjects; 50 mmol/day urinary potassium linked to ~0.5 mmHg SBP reduction in hypertension.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaMagnesium and Potassium Supplementation for Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction in the General Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Subgroup Meta-Analysis for Optimal Dosage and Treatment Length2024
A meta-analysis found magnesium ≤360 mg/day and potassium ≤60 mmol/day for >1–3 months reduced systolic BP about 2.3–4.3 mmHg in normotensive adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 360 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTEffect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death2021
In 20,995 rural Chinese adults, salt substitute (75% NaCl/25% KCl) for 4.74 years reduced stroke (RR 0.86), major cardiovascular events (RR 0.87), and death (RR 0.88) versus regular salt.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 60+
RCTEffects of a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute on blood pressure in rural Indian hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial2021n=502
In 502 rural Indian hypertensive patients, 70% NaCl/30% KCl salt substitute for 3 months lowered systolic BP 4.6 mmHg and diastolic BP 1.1 mmHg versus regular salt.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 0.24 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 502
- Avg age
- ~62
RCTRandomized Trial on the Effects of Dietary Potassium on Blood Pressure and Serum Potassium Levels in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease2021n=29
In 29 adults with stage 3 CKD, a 100 vs 40 mmol/day potassium diet for 4 weeks did not lower 24-hour systolic BP; clinic SBP fell −4.2 mmHg (p=0.054) with two hyperkalemia cases.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 29
RCTShort-Term RCT of Increased Dietary Potassium from Potato or Potassium Gluconate: Effect on Blood Pressure, Microcirculation, and Potassium and Sodium Retention in Pre-Hypertensive-to-Hypertensive Adults2021n=25
In 30 pre-hypertensive adults, adding ~85 mmol/day potassium from potatoes lowered systolic BP −6.0 mmHg over time versus control (−2.6 mmHg, p=0.011), though end-of-treatment BP did not differ.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 17 days
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 25
- Ages
- 21+
MetaPotassium Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2020
A meta-analysis of 32 potassium RCTs found U-shaped BP effects: benefit up to ~30 mmol/day urinary potassium increase, with possible BP rise at very high intakes in treated hypertension.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
Guide2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines2017
The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline recommends lifestyle measures including dietary potassium as part of blood pressure management in adults.
- Population
- Adults
MetaOral potassium supplementation for management of essential hypertension: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2017n=1,213
A meta-analysis of 23 RCTs (n=1213) found oral potassium supplementation reduced systolic BP −4.25 mmHg and diastolic BP −2.53 mmHg versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with primary hypertension
- Participants
- 1,213
MetaDaily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2015n=917
A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs (n=917) found potassium supplementation lowered systolic BP 4.7 mmHg and diastolic BP 3.5 mmHg, with larger effects in hypertensive patients.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with elevated blood pressure may benefit from increased
- Participants
- 917
MetaPotassium treatment for hypertension in patients with high salt intake: a meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs in high-salt populations found potassium lowered systolic BP −9.5 mmHg and diastolic BP −6.4 mmHg, suggesting benefit depends on sodium intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with high salt intake
MetaLifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials2006n=6,805
A systematic review of lifestyle trials found sodium restriction lowered BP 3.6 mmHg systolic; potassium effects were not robustly supported in this analysis.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 6,805
MetaPotassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults2006n=483
A Cochrane review of 6 RCTs (n=483) in hypertensive adults found potassium versus placebo produced large but statistically non-significant BP reductions over 8–16 weeks.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Pregnant women
- Participants
- 483
- Ages
- 18+
RCTImpact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations2004
A review estimated low potassium intake contributes 9–17% of hypertension population-attributable risk in Western countries, alongside sodium and other lifestyle factors.
RCTAre low intakes of calcium and potassium important causes of cardiovascular disease?2001
A review argued combined calcium and potassium deficiencies in Western diets contribute importantly to cardiovascular disease beyond single-nutrient effects.
MetaEffects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials1997n=2,609
A meta-analysis of 33 RCTs (n=2609) found potassium supplementation lowered systolic BP −3.11 mmHg and diastolic BP −1.97 mmHg, enhanced with high sodium intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 2,609
RCTThe effect of potassium supplementation in persons with a high-normal blood pressure. Results from phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) Collaborative Research Group1995n=178
In 353 adults with high-normal BP, potassium chloride 60 mmol/day lowered diastolic BP 1.8 mmHg at 3 months but not at 6 months versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 178
RCTLack of effectiveness of a low-sodium/high-potassium diet in reducing antihypertensive medication requirements in overweight persons with mild hypertension. TAIM Research Group. Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management1994n=296
In 587 overweight hypertensive TAIM participants, a low-sodium/high-potassium diet for 3 years did not reduce antihypertensive treatment failure versus usual diet (RR 0.95, p=0.71).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 25 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 296
- Avg age
- ~48
BerberineView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Combining berberine together with the blood pressure medication amlodipine can help lower blood pressure slightly more than amlodipine alone.
- In studies, this combination reduced systolic blood pressure by about 5 points and diastolic pressure by about 2 points over 2 months.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaMeta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension2015n=2,569
A meta-analysis of 27 RCTs in 2,569 patients found berberine comparably improved glucose, lipids, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension with no serious adverse events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension patients
- Participants
- 2,569
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)View supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking riboflavin (vitamin B2) may help lower blood pressure in people with a specific genetic type called MTHFR 677 TT.
- In studies, people with this genetic type who took 1.6 mg of riboflavin daily for 16 weeks had notable drops in blood pressure—about 9 points for the top number and 6 points for the bottom number if they also had early heart disease.
- Those without heart disease saw a smaller drop in the top number only.
- People with other genetic types did not show the same benefit.
- Some research also suggests that eating more foods with riboflavin might lower the chance of developing high blood pressure.
Browse 4 studies
ObservationalInverse Association Between Riboflavin Intake and New-Onset Hypertension: A Nationwide Cohort Study in China2020n=245
An observational study of 245 adults found that our results emphasized the importance of maintaining relatively higher riboflavin intake levels for the prevention of hypertension.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 245
RCTBlood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype is responsive to intervention with riboflavin: findings of a targeted randomized trial2013n=1,427
A randomized trial of 1427 hypertensive patients found that 1.6 mg/day for 16 weeks these results show that riboflavin supplementation targeted at hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype can decrease BP more effectively than treatment with current antihypertensive drugs only and indicate the potential for a personalized approach to the.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 1.6 mg/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 1,427
RCTRiboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-up2012n=31
A randomized trial of 31 patients with cardiovascular disease found that 1.6 mg/day for 16 weeks these findings, if confirmed in the general population, could have important implications for the prevention of hypertension.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 1.6 mg/day
- Population
- Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
- Participants
- 31
RCTRiboflavin lowers blood pressure in cardiovascular disease patients homozygous for the 677C-->T polymorphism in MTHFR2010n=60
A randomized trial of 60 found that 1.6 mg/day for 16 weeks among patients taking one or more antihypertensive drugs at recruitment (82%), we observed that target blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) had been achieved in only 37% patients with the TT genotype compared with 59% with the CT and 64% with the CC genotype (P < 0.001).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 1.6 mg/day
- Population
- Cardiovascular disease patients
- Participants
- 60
Olive OilView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Adding extra virgin olive oil to the diet may help lower blood pressure.
- Studies show that eating a diet with a lot of extra virgin olive oil for about six months, together with usual blood pressure medications, can improve blood pressure.
- Some people with mild to moderate high blood pressure have been able to reduce or stop their medications during this time.
Browse 3 studies
RCTOlive oil and reduced need for antihypertensive medications2000
A crossover RCT in 23 hypertensive patients found 6 months on extra-virgin olive oil lowered blood pressure and cut antihypertensive drug needs 48% versus a sunflower oil diet.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
ObservationalConsumption of olive oil, butter, and vegetable oils and coronary heart disease risk factors. The Research Group ATS-RF2 of the Italian National Research Council1990
A cross-sectional study of 4903 Italian adults (ages 20–59) found olive oil intake inversely associated with cholesterol, glucose, and systolic blood pressure, while butter linked to higher risk factors.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 20–59
ObservationalThe diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study1986n=11,579
In 11,579 men across 15 Seven Countries cohorts followed 15 years, higher monounsaturated fat (mainly oleic acid from olive oil) correlated with lower all-cause and coronary death rates.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 11,579
- Ages
- 40–59
Coenzyme Q10View supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Most research shows that taking coenzyme Q10 supplements can lower the top number (systolic) in blood pressure readings.
- This effect is seen with daily doses of 100 to 900 mg, usually over up to 12 weeks.
- On average, a dose of 100 to 200 mg daily for at least 12 weeks lowers systolic blood pressure by about 5 points.
- Coenzyme Q10 does not generally lower the bottom number (diastolic) blood pressure.
- Some studies have mixed results, possibly because people in studies had different starting blood pressures, took other medications, or had other health conditions.
- People with low natural coenzyme Q10 levels might benefit more.
Browse 10 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaDose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2022n=1,831
A dose-response meta-analysis of 26 RCTs in 1831 cardiometabolic patients found CoQ10 lowered systolic BP by 4.77 mmHg, with greatest benefit at about 100–200 mg/day for more than 12 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 1,831
MetaThe Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressures Among Patients with Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2018n=684
A meta-analysis of 17 metabolic-disease RCTs (684 participants) found CoQ10 significantly reduced systolic BP (SMD −0.30) but not diastolic BP.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Heart failure patients
- Participants
- 684
MetaBlood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension2016n=30
An updated Cochrane review of 3 primary hypertension trials (50 participants pooled) found CoQ10 did not significantly lower clinic systolic (−3.68 mmHg) or diastolic BP.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 30
RCTA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of coenzyme Q10 therapy in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndrome2012n=30
In 30 metabolic syndrome patients with inadequate BP control, 200 mg/day CoQ10 for 12 weeks did not reduce 24-hour ambulatory BP, though daytime diastolic BP load was lower.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 30
MetaBlood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension2009n=96
A 2009 Cochrane review of 3 hypertension trials (96 participants) estimated CoQ10 lowered systolic BP by 11 mmHg and diastolic BP by 7 mmHg in hypertensive subjects, but judged evidence unreliable.
- Population
- Heart failure patients
- Participants
- 96
RCTCoenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes2002
In 74 type 2 diabetes patients with dyslipidemia, 200 mg/day CoQ10 for 12 weeks lowered systolic BP by 6.1 mmHg, diastolic BP by 2.9 mmHg, and HbA1c by 0.37% versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
RCTRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertension2001n=46
In 83 adults with isolated systolic hypertension, 120 mg/day CoQ10 for 12 weeks reduced systolic BP by 17.8 ± 7.3 mmHg without orthostatic BP changes.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 120 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 46
RCTEffect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease1999
In 59 hypertensive CAD patients on conventional drugs, 60 mg CoQ10 twice daily for 8 weeks lowered systolic and diastolic BP, fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and lipid peroxides versus B-vitamin placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 60 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Heart failure patients
Clinical trialCoenzyme Q10 in essential hypertension1994n=26
In 26 essential hypertension patients, 50 mg CoQ10 twice daily for 10 weeks lowered systolic BP from 164.5 to 146.7 mmHg and diastolic BP from 98.1 to 86.1 mmHg.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 10 weeks
- Dose
- 50 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Heart failure patients
- Participants
- 26
Clinical trialTreatment of essential hypertension with coenzyme Q101994n=109
In 109 essential hypertension patients followed in clinical practice, adding about 225 mg/day CoQ10 over 1–6 months improved BP and NYHA class, and 51% reduced antihypertensive drugs.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 225 mg/day
- Population
- Heart failure patients
- Participants
- 109
Green TeaView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on green tea and blood pressure shows mixed results.
- Some large studies in China suggest that drinking green or oolong tea every day may lower the risk of developing high blood pressure, especially with larger amounts.
- However, other research has found the opposite, showing more cases of high blood pressure in men who drank green tea daily.
- For people who already have high blood pressure, green tea might help bring it down slightly.
- Research shows it can lower the “top number” (systolic blood pressure) by about 6 points in some cases, while other studies suggest only very small drops of 1–3 points.
- The effect on the “bottom number” (diastolic blood pressure) is less clear.
- Studies have used both brewed green tea and green tea extract capsules.
- The amounts tested range from several cups per day to supplements containing up to 1500 mg of extract daily over a few weeks to months.
- Overall, any benefits appear to be modest and not consistent across all studies.
Browse 11 studies·6 meta-analyses
MetaEffect of Green Tea on Blood Pressure in Healthy Individuals: A Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis of RCTs in healthy adults found green tea produced small but statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Avg age
- ~36
Sex differences in the association between green tea consumption and hypertension in elderly Chinese adults2021n=9,277
In 9,277 elderly Chinese adults from the CLHLS cohort, higher green tea intake was inversely associated with hypertension, with stronger associations in women.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 9,277
- Avg age
- ~81
MetaEffect of green tea supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2020n=1,697
A meta-analysis of randomized trials (1,697 participants) found green tea supplementation modestly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,697
MetaThe effects of regular consumption of green or black tea beverage on blood pressure in those with elevated blood pressure or hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis2020n=408
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (408 adults with elevated BP or hypertension) found regular tea reduced systolic BP by 4.81 mmHg and diastolic by 1.98 mmHg; green tea effects appeared more pronounced than black tea.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 408
MetaEffect of green tea supplementation on blood pressure among overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis2015n=971
A meta-analysis of RCTs in 971 overweight or obese adults found green tea or green tea extract produced modest decreases in blood pressure versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 971
MetaEffects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2014n=1,476
A meta-analysis of 1,476 participants in tea RCTs found black and green tea intake modestly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,476
MetaThe effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2014n=1,536
A meta-analysis of 1,536 participants found green tea produced small blood pressure reductions and favorable changes in lipid parameters in RCTs.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,536
MetaGreen and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease2013n=821
A Cochrane review of 11 short-term RCTs (821 participants) found black tea lowered LDL by 0.43 mmol/L and blood pressure modestly over 6 months; no clinical cardiovascular events were reported.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 821
RCTThe effect of green tea and sour tea on blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial2013
In mildly hypertensive adults with type 2 diabetes, 4 weeks of green tea or sour (hibiscus) tea produced modest blood pressure reductions versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Diabetic patients
RCTGreen tea extract reduces blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, and oxidative stress and improves parameters associated with insulin resistance in obese, hypertensive patients2012
In a 3-month RCT of obese hypertensive adults, 379 mg/day green tea extract lowered blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, and oxidative stress versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 379 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
ObservationalThe protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension2004n=1,507
In 1,507 adults followed about 1 year, habitual tea drinking was associated with lower risk of newly diagnosed hypertension after confounder adjustment.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- ≥120 mL/day green tea
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,507
ArtichokeView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on artichoke supplements for high blood pressure is unclear.
- Some studies show no effect, while others find a small drop in blood pressure, mainly in people who already have high blood pressure.
- The effect is more noticeable with certain doses and if taken for longer than two months.
Browse 4 studies·2 meta-analyses
RCTAnti-hypertensive Effects of Artichoke Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2022n=472
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (472 adults) found artichoke supplementation reduced systolic BP 2.0 mmHg and diastolic BP 1.5 mmHg, with greater effects at ≤500 mg and >8 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 472
MetaEffects of artichoke on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found no overall BP benefit from artichoke, but hypertensive subgroups showed SBP −3.2 mmHg and DBP −2.3 mmHg, and 12-week use lowered DBP.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Adults
RCTThe Effect of Cynara scolymus on Blood Pressure and BMI in Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial2020n=40
In 40 hypertensive patients on captopril, artichoke 500 mg twice daily for 8 weeks improved BMI versus placebo; systolic BP improvement was noted though diastolic change was not emphasized.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 500 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 40
RCTArtichoke leaf juice contains antihypertensive effect in patients with mild hypertension2009
In mild hypertension (140–159/90–99 mmHg), artichoke leaf juice concentrate 50 or 100 mg/day for 12 weeks reduced systolic and diastolic BP versus baseline and placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 50–100 mg
- Population
- Patients with mild hypertension
Black TeaView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Drinking black tea may slightly lower blood pressure, but the effect is small and not clinically significant.
- Some studies show that having about 3 to 5 cups of black tea each day, or 6 grams of black tea extract, for up to six months can reduce blood pressure by about 1 to 2 mmHg.
- This change is minor and may not help people with high blood pressure.
- Most studies found little or no difference, possibly because they were short or too small to show small effects.
Browse 8 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaThe effect of black tea supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 13 tea RCTs found black tea supplementation significantly lowered systolic BP by 1.04 mmHg and diastolic BP by 0.59 mmHg versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaThe effects of regular consumption of green or black tea beverage on blood pressure in those with elevated blood pressure or hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis2020n=408
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (408 adults with elevated BP or hypertension) found regular tea reduced systolic BP by 4.81 mmHg and diastolic by 1.98 mmHg; green tea effects appeared more pronounced than black tea.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 408
MetaThe effect of black tea on blood pressure: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014n=378
A meta-analysis of 11 black tea RCTs (378 subjects, 4–5 cups/day) found regular intake reduced systolic BP by 1.8 mmHg and diastolic by 1.3 mmHg versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 378
MetaGreen and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease2013n=821
A Cochrane review of 11 short-term RCTs (821 participants) found black tea lowered LDL by 0.43 mmol/L and blood pressure modestly over 6 months; no clinical cardiovascular events were reported.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 821
RCTRegular ingestion of black tea improves brachial artery vasodilator function2002n=21
In 21 adults with mild hyperlipidemia, 5 cups/day black tea for 4 weeks increased endothelium-dependent brachial artery dilation by 2.3% and endothelium-independent dilation by 4.2% versus hot water control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 21
RCTEffects on blood pressure of drinking green and black tea1999n=13
In normotensive and hypertensive adults, black and green tea caused acute BP increases after ingestion versus caffeine alone, but 7 days of 5 cups/day tea did not significantly change 24-h ambulatory BP versus caffeine.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 7 days
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 13
RCTEffect of black tea drinking on blood lipids, blood pressure and aspects of bowel habit1997
In 65 adults in a 4-week crossover trial, 6 mugs/day black tea did not significantly change serum cholesterol, blood pressure, or bowel habit versus a caffeine-matched placebo drink.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Women
ObservationalTea consumption: relationship to cholesterol, blood pressure, and coronary and total mortality1992n=9,856
In 19,089 Norwegian adults aged 35–49 followed 12 years, ≥1 cup/day tea drinkers had lower serum cholesterol and systolic BP; coronary death RR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.38–1.07) versus <1 cup/day.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 9,856
- Ages
- 35–49
BlueberryView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Most studies show that eating freeze-dried blueberries or blueberry powder does not significantly lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure or at risk for heart disease.
- However, blueberries can improve blood vessel health and may slightly lower the bottom number of blood pressure (diastolic pressure) by about 2 points.
- People who smoke might see bigger benefits, with more noticeable drops in both the top and bottom blood pressure numbers.
- Blueberries are safe to eat and may help heart health by improving how blood vessels work, but they do not consistently lower blood pressure in most people.
Browse 3 studies·1 meta-analysis
RCTA Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Low Dose Enhanced Wild Blueberry Powder and Wild Blueberry Extract (ThinkBlue™) in Maintenance of Episodic and Working Memory in Older Adults2018n=30
In 122 older adults (65–80 years), 6 months of wild blueberry extract (100 mg/day WBE111) improved delayed word recognition on RAVLT at 3 months and lowered systolic BP versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 100 mg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 30
- Ages
- 65–80
MetaEffects of blueberry supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2016n=204
A meta-analysis of 6 blueberry RCTs (204 participants) found no significant overall effect on systolic (−0.28 mmHg) or diastolic (−0.50 mmHg) blood pressure versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 204
RCTDaily blueberry consumption improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial2015
In 48 postmenopausal women with pre- or stage 1 hypertension, 22 g/day freeze-dried blueberry for 8 weeks lowered systolic and diastolic BP and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and increased nitric oxide versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 22 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Ages
- 50+
Casein ProteinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It’s not yet clear whether casein protein lowers blood pressure.
- In one study, overweight adults who took 54 grams a day for 12 weeks saw a small drop in the lower blood pressure number (diastolic), but not the top number (systolic).
- Another small study found that obese women who took 30 grams of casein daily while also exercising for 4 weeks had a noticeable drop in the top blood pressure number, but not the bottom one.
- Overall, casein might have some effect on blood pressure, but the evidence is mixed and more studies are needed.
Browse 4 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaImpacts of Milk Protein Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2025
A meta-analysis of 65 milk-protein RCTs found supplementation modestly improved lipids, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and liver enzymes in adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaEffects of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 63 RCTs found soy, milk, whey, and casein proteins each modestly lowered blood pressure and improved some lipid measures in metabolic disease.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Pregnant women
RCTEffects of milk proteins and combined exercise training on aortic hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in young obese women with high blood pressure2014n=11
In 33 obese hypertensive women over 4 weeks, whey or casein plus exercise lowered brachial/aortic BP and arterial stiffness vs carbohydrate control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 11
- Avg age
- 30±1
RCTThe chronic effects of whey proteins on blood pressure, vascular function, and inflammatory markers in overweight individuals2010n=70
In 70 overweight adults over 12 weeks, whey and casein each lowered systolic and diastolic BP vs glucose control; lipid and inflammatory effects were modest.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 70
Flaxseed OilView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that people who eat more linolenic acid, a fatty acid found in flaxseed oil, tend to have a reduced risk of high blood pressure.
- Small studies suggest that flaxseed oil taken daily for a few weeks can slightly lower both the top (systolic) and bottom (diastolic) blood pressure numbers by up to 4 points.
- One analysis found that in people with conditions like metabolic syndrome or high cholesterol, flaxseed oil lowered systolic blood pressure by nearly 4 points but didn’t change the diastolic blood pressure level.
- These studies are small and varied, so more research is needed, especially in people with high blood pressure alone.
Browse 6 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaEffect of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review, and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2023n=2,427
A meta-analysis of 33 trials (2,427 participants) found flaxseed supplementation reduced systolic BP by 3.19 mmHg and diastolic BP by 1.96 mmHg, with larger effects at higher doses and longer duration.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 30 g/day
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 2,427
MetaThe effect of flaxseed oil consumption on blood pressure among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2022
A meta-analysis of 5 trials in metabolic syndrome found flaxseed oil reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.86 mmHg (p=0.04) but did not significantly change diastolic BP versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with metabolic syndrome
MetaEffects of flaxseed supplements on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial2015n=1,302
A meta-analysis of 15 flaxseed trials (1,302 participants) found supplementation reduced systolic BP 2.85 mmHg and diastolic BP 2.39 mmHg, with greater effects in trials ≥12 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,302
RCTDHA-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial2014n=130
In 130 adults with abdominal obesity in a 5-diet crossover, DHA-enriched high-oleic canola oil improved lipid profiles and predicted 10-year CVD risk compared with conventional canola and other test oils.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 60 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 130
RCTEffects of diets high in walnuts and flax oil on hemodynamic responses to stress and vascular endothelial function2010n=12
In hypercholesterolemic adults, diets enriched with walnuts and flax oil (6.5% ALA energy) improved flow-mediated dilation and blunted blood pressure and stress hormone responses to acute stress versus average American diet.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 12
ObservationalDietary linolenic acid is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension in the NHLBI Family Heart Study2005n=4,594
Observational study of 4594 adults linked higher dietary linolenic acid to lower hypertension prevalence and lower systolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0.35 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 4,594
- Ages
- 25–93
L-CitrullineView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Small studies show mixed results about whether L-citrulline supplements help lower blood pressure.
- One study in people with slightly high blood pressure found that taking 2 grams daily combined with fruit extracts for 6 weeks didn't lower blood pressure.
- Another study in postmenopausal women saw no change after a single 6-gram dose.
- Some reviews suggest that higher doses (6 grams or more daily) might lower blood pressure a little, but the evidence is not strong yet.
- More research is needed to know if L-citrulline really helps with blood pressure in different groups of people.
Browse 8 studies
RCTAcute Effects of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping After Exercise in Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial2024
In 20 hypertensive adults, a single 6 g citrulline malate dose did not significantly alter nocturnal blood pressure dipping after exercise versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 6 g
- Population
- Adults
- Avg age
- ~55±16
RCTAcute Citrulline Blunts Aortic Systolic Pressure during Exercise and Sympathoactivation in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women2022
In 15 hypertensive postmenopausal women, acute 6 g L-citrulline attenuated aortic systolic pressure during exercise plus cold pressor test versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 6 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTSex May Modulate the Effects of Combined Polyphenol Extract and L-citrulline Supplementation on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults with Prehypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial2021n=35
In 73 adults with prehypertension, 6 weeks of polyphenol extract plus L-citrulline (548 mg/day) did not significantly lower ambulatory blood pressure versus placebo, with sex-specific differences.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 548 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 35
- Ages
- 18–75
Citrulline malate supplementation might potentiate post-exercise hypotension in hypertensives: A 24-hour analysis2019
A 24-hour blood pressure analysis suggested citrulline malate may potentiate post-exercise hypotension in hypertensive individuals versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTInter-Individual Responses to Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Hypertensives: A 24-Hour Analysis2019
In 40 hypertensives in a four-group trial, acute 6 g citrulline malate showed inter-individual variation in post-exercise hypotension response with and without exercise.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 6 g
- Population
- Adults
- Avg age
- ~58±16
Clinical trialOral l-citrulline malate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and Eisenmenger Syndrome: a clinical trial2014n=25
In 25 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or Eisenmenger syndrome, L-citrulline malate 1 g three times daily for 2 weeks reduced pulmonary hypertension versus baseline.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Dose
- 1 g 3×/day
- Population
- Hypertension patients
- Participants
- 25
Clinical trial509 L-CITRULLINE SUPPLEMENTATION REDUCED PERIPHERAL BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHINESE ADULTS WITH PREHYPERTENSION2012
A clinical trial in prehypertensive Chinese adults reported L-citrulline supplementation reduced peripheral blood pressure versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
RCTShort-term effects of L-citrulline supplementation on arterial stiffness in middle-aged men2010n=8
In 15 healthy middle-aged men, 5.6 g/day L-citrulline for 7 days reduced arterial stiffness versus placebo in subset analysis.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 7 days
- Dose
- 5.6 g/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 8
- Avg age
- 58.3±4.4
LycopeneView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Studies show that lycopene levels in the blood are not linked to a reduced risk of high blood pressure.
- Taking lycopene supplements does not lower blood pressure in people without high blood pressure or with slightly elevated levels.
- However, in people with high blood pressure, some tomato extracts containing lycopene may lower blood pressure by a small amount (about 8 points systolic and 4 points diastolic).
Browse 7 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaEffect of carotenoid supplementation on blood pressure in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2025n=1,151
A meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials (total N = 1,151) showing that carotenoid supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (WMD ≈ –2.49 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD ≈ –1.60 mmHg) in adults, with stronger effects in participants aged > 50 yrs, baseline SBP ≥ 130 mmHg/DBP ≥ 80 mmHg, and doses >10 mg.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0-20 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,151
MetaEffect of tomato, lycopene and related products on blood pressure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis2021n=617
A network meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (n=617 for SBP) found standardized tomato extract reduced systolic BP by 5.89 mmHg overall and by 8.09 mmHg in hypertensive subgroups vs placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 617
Systematic reviewEffect of Dietary and Supplemental Lycopene on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2020
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 lycopene intervention trials (doses 1.44–75 mg/day) found no significant pooled effects on blood pressure or lipids compared with control groups.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 1.44–75 mg/day
RCTEffect of Tomato Nutrient Complex on Blood Pressure: A Double Blind, Randomized Dose-Response Study2019n=130
An 8-week double-blind RCT of 130 adults aged 35–60 found tomato nutrient complex at 15 or 30 mg lycopene/day significantly reduced systolic BP, while 5 mg lycopene or synthetic lycopene alone did not.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 15 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 130
- Ages
- 35–60
ObservationalCirculating carotenoid concentrations and incident hypertension: the CARDIA study2009n=4,412
A 20-year prospective cohort of 4,412 young adults in CARDIA found higher sum of four carotenoids (not lycopene alone) associated with 9–16% lower hypertension incidence.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 4,412
- Ages
- 18–30
RCTThe effects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients2009
A 6-week crossover RCT of 50 treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients found tomato extract reduced systolic BP from ~146 to 132 mmHg and diastolic BP from ~82 to 78 mmHg vs no change on placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Population
- Adults
RCTDark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomized controlled trial2008n=31
In 36 prehypertensive adults over 12 weeks, 50 g/day dark chocolate or tomato extract did not significantly lower blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 50 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 31
- Ages
- 22–73
NattokinaseView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough evidence to determine if nattokinase has any benefit for high blood pressure.
Browse 4 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaSoy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 17 soy RCTs found consumption reduced systolic BP by 1.70 mmHg and diastolic BP by 1.27 mmHg vs control, with stronger effects in shorter trials.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaEffect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012
A meta-analysis of 11 soy isoflavone trials found nonsignificant BP reductions overall, but hypertensive subjects had SBP lowered by 5.94 mmHg and DBP by 3.35 mmHg vs placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTEffects of nattokinase on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial2008n=86
In 86 adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension, nattokinase 2000 FU/day for 8 weeks reduced SBP by 5.55 mmHg and DBP by 2.84 mmHg vs placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 86
- Ages
- 20–80
RCTEffect of soybean protein on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial2005n=302
In 302 Chinese adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension, 40 g/day isolated soybean protein for 12 weeks reduced systolic BP by 4.31 mmHg and diastolic BP by 2.76 mmHg vs carbohydrate control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 302
- Ages
- 35–64
Panax GinsengView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Oral Panax ginseng’s effectiveness for lowering high blood pressure is uncertain.
- In general, studies show it does not significantly reduce blood pressure, but it might slightly lower systolic blood pressure in people with mild high blood pressure or related conditions.
- Some studies found moderate blood pressure improvements with higher doses or when combined with American ginseng.
- These combinations also improved blood sugar and cholesterol levels, but it’s not clear which component caused these effects.
Browse 6 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 23 studies found Panax ginseng significantly reduced glucose, insulin, body fat, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C versus placebo across metabolic conditions.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4–24 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
RCTEffect of coadministration of enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) on cardiometabolic outcomes in type-2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial2021n=80
In 80 type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension, 12 weeks of combined Rg3-enriched Korean red ginseng plus American ginseng 2.25 g/day lowered 24-hour systolic BP 4 mmHg and HbA1c 0.35% versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 2.25 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 80
RCTVascular effects of combined enriched Korean Red ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius) administration in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial2020n=80
In 80 type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension over 12 weeks, combined Rg3-KRG plus American ginseng 2.25 g/day reduced central systolic BP and pulse waveform area versus placebo on standard therapy.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 2.25 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 80
RCTBlood pressure lowering effect of Korea ginseng derived ginseol K-g12014n=90
In 90 adults with elevated blood pressure, high-dose Ginseol K-g1 (300 mg/day) for 8 weeks lowered seated systolic and diastolic BP from baseline (p<0.05), though between-group differences were not significant.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 300 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 90
- Ages
- 20+
RCTEffect of Korean red ginseng on arterial stiffness in subjects with hypertension2011n=34
In 80 hypertensive patients on antihypertensives, Korean red ginseng 3 g/day for 3 months did not improve arterial stiffness (baPWV) or blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Patients with hypertension
- Participants
- 34
Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension1998n=26
In 26 essential hypertension patients, red ginseng 4.5 g/day for 8 weeks lowered 24-hour mean systolic BP (p=0.03), mainly daytime and dawn; no effect in white-coat hypertension.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 4.5 g/day
- Population
- Patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension
- Participants
- 26
QuercetinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if taking quercetin helps lower blood pressure significantly.
- Studies show that taking 100 to 1000 mg daily for several weeks can lower blood pressure by about 2 to 4 points (systolic) and 2 to 3 points (diastolic) compared to placebo.
- In people with mild high blood pressure, one dose of 1095 mg lowered blood pressure by 7 points systolic and 3 points diastolic after 10 hours.
- The overall effects are small, and it is not clear if this is enough to make a real difference for people with high blood pressure.
Browse 5 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaThe Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Blood Pressure - Meta-Analysis2022n=841
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (841 adults) found quercetin supplementation modestly lowered systolic blood pressure overall and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 841
MetaEffect of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glucose levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis2020n=896
A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (896 participants) found quercetin significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure over about 8 weeks, but did not significantly change lipid profiles or glucose.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Participants
- 896
MetaEffects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2016n=587
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (587 patients) found quercetin at ≥500 mg/day significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Participants
- 587
RCTNo evidence for a thermic effect of the dietary flavonol quercetin: a pilot study in healthy normal-weight women2010
In 6 healthy women, a single 150 mg dose of quercetin did not increase resting energy expenditure or change blood pressure over 3 hours or 24 hours.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 150 mg quercetin
- Population
- Women
- Avg age
- ~26
RCTQuercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects2007n=22
In 22 adults with stage 1 hypertension, 730 mg/day quercetin for 28 days reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure versus placebo; prehypertensive adults showed no benefit.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 28 days
- Dose
- 730 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 22
American GinsengView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on American ginseng for high blood pressure has mixed results.
- Some studies found that taking 1500 mg twice daily for 12 weeks did not lower blood pressure in people with hypertension.
- Another study showed that 1000 mg taken three times daily for 12 weeks lowered the top blood pressure number by 12% in people with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.
- Taking American and Panax ginseng together lowered central top blood pressure by about 5 mmHg but did not affect the bottom number.
- Differences in effects might be due to varying amounts of active ingredients.
Browse 4 studies
RCTVascular effects of combined enriched Korean Red ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius) administration in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial2020n=80
In 80 type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension over 12 weeks, combined Rg3-KRG plus American ginseng 2.25 g/day reduced central systolic BP and pulse waveform area versus placebo on standard therapy.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 2.25 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 80
RCTEffect of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on arterial stiffness in subjects with type-2 diabetes and concomitant hypertension2013n=64
In 64 hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients, American ginseng extract 3 g/day for 12 weeks lowered radial augmentation index 5.3% and systolic BP 11.7% versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 64
- Avg age
- 63±9.3
RCTLong-term intake of North American ginseng has no effect on 24-hour blood pressure and renal function2006n=40
In 37 hypertensive adults over 12 weeks, North American ginseng 3 g/day had no effect on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure or serum cystatin C versus placebo in a crossover trial.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 40
RCTNorth American ginseng exerts a neutral effect on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension2005
In 16 hypertensive adults, single morning doses of six North American ginseng batches up to 3 g did not change overall 160-minute mean blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Avg age
- ~61
Beta-GlucanView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if beta-glucans help lower blood pressure.
- Some studies show that eating oat cereal with beta-glucans for about 6 weeks can reduce blood pressure, while others found no effect except in people with higher body weight.
Browse 3 studies
RCTEffects of consuming foods containing oat beta-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure2007n=97
In 97 adults with elevated blood pressure, 12 weeks of oat beta-glucan foods improved post-meal insulin responses versus control; in obese participants (BMI >31.5), systolic BP fell 8.3 mmHg and diastolic 3.9 mmHg.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 97
RCTOat ingestion reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with mild or borderline hypertension: a pilot trial2002
In 18 hypertensive, hyperinsulinemic adults, 6 weeks of oat cereal (5.52 g/day beta-glucan) reduced systolic BP by 7.5 mmHg and diastolic by 5.5 mmHg versus low-fiber cereal, and lowered total cholesterol by 9% and LDL by 14%.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 5.52 g/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTAcute effects of oats and vitamin E on endothelial responses to ingested fat2001n=50
In 50 healthy adults, consuming oatmeal with 3 g beta-glucan before a high-fat meal prevented the 13.4% decline in brachial artery flow seen with wheat cereal; vitamin E had a similar protective effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 50
Red Yeast RiceView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking red yeast rice along with blood pressure medicine does not appear to lower blood pressure any more than taking the medicine by itself.
- Studies in people with high blood pressure, some of whom had previous heart attacks, found that using a specific red yeast rice product (Xuezhikang) daily for up to two years did not provide extra benefit for blood pressure control when added to regular medications.
Browse 4 studies
RCTEffects of combined therapy of Xuezhikang Capsule and Valsartan on hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and heart rate turbulence2010n=32
In 32 hypertensive patients with LVH over 24 months, combined Xuezhikang (1200 mg/day) and valsartan improved heart rate turbulence and LV mass index more than valsartan alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 24 months
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with LVH were randomly assigned to three groups
- Participants
- 32
RCTLong-term effects of Xuezhikang on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with previous myocardial infarction: data from the Chinese Coronary Secondary Prevention Study (CCSPS)2010n=1,363
In 1363 hypertensive post-MI patients over 4.5 years, Xuezhikang did not significantly change blood pressure versus placebo in this CCSPS subgroup analysis.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 4.5 years
- Population
- Surgical patients
- Participants
- 1,363
RCTEffects of Xuezhikang and pravastatin on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension2009
In 88 hypertensive patients over 8 weeks, Xuezhikang or pravastatin with antihypertensive drugs increased circulating endothelial progenitor cell count and function similarly.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Population
- Patients with essential hypertension
RCTPotential protective effect of long-term therapy with Xuezhikang on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension2009n=28
In 28 hypertensive patients over 72 weeks, 1200 mg/day Xuezhikang with nifedipine improved left ventricular diastolic function versus placebo plus nifedipine.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 72 weeks
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Patients with essential hypertension
- Participants
- 28
ResveratrolView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that resveratrol is unlikely to lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure or related health conditions.
- More studies are needed to confirm effects in people with hypertension.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Blood Pressures Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2019
A meta-analysis in metabolic syndrome found resveratrol improved endothelial function in some trials but did not consistently lower blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with metabolic syndrome
Vitamin B9 (Folate)View supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking folic acid supplements at higher doses (5 to 10 mg daily) may slightly lower blood pressure and improve blood vessel health in people with high blood pressure.
- However, for people already taking the blood pressure medicine enalapril, taking additional folic acid at lower doses does not seem to lower blood pressure further.
- In people with kidney problems who have high blood pressure and protein in their urine, adding folic acid to enalapril may help lower the risk of death.
Browse 4 studies·2 meta-analyses
RCTA Meta-Analysis of Folic Acid in Combination with Anti-Hypertension Drugs in Patients with Hypertension and Hyperhomocysteinemia2017n=7,887
A meta-analysis of 7887 participants found that in addition, folic acid supplementation obviously reduced the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (CVCE) by 12.9% compared with control groups.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia
- Participants
- 7,887
RCTFolic acid therapy reduces the risk of mortality associated with heavy proteinuria among hypertensive patients2017n=10
A randomized trial of 10 hypertensive patients found that however, eGFR levels did not significantly modify the effect of folic acid supplementation in reducing the risk of all-cause mortality (P for interaction = 0.228).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0.8 mg/day folic acid
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 10
RCTHigh-dose folic acid supplementation effects on endothelial function and blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials2009
A meta-analysis of 12 studies found that the pooled estimate of effect of folic acid supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was -2.03 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.63 to -0.43; P = .04) and 0.01 mm Hg (95% CI, -1.12 to 1.13; not significant), respectively.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2–16 weeks
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
RCTEfficacy of folic acid and enalapril combined therapy on reduction of blood pressure and plasma glucose: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, clinical trial2008n=80
A randomized trial of 80 women found that 0.4–0.8 mg folic acid + 10 mg enalapril/day for 8 weeks there was no significant difference in BP or FPG reduction among the three treatment groups.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 0.4–0.8 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 80
- Ages
- 27–75
Alpha-Lipoic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is uncertain if taking alpha-lipoic acid helps lower high blood pressure.
- One small study found that adding 600 mg daily to a blood pressure medicine for 8 weeks did not lower blood pressure more than the medicine alone.
- A review of several studies showed a small average reduction in blood pressure with alpha-lipoic acid doses under 800 mg daily for up to 12 weeks, but results varied widely.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
RCTThe effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on blood pressure in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023n=674
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (674 adults) found alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduced systolic BP by 5.46 mmHg and diastolic BP, with effects at doses under 800 mg/day and durations up to 12 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 674
RCTThe impact of lipoic acid on endothelial function and proteinuria in quinapril-treated diabetic patients with stage I hypertension: results from the QUALITY study2012
In 40 diabetic hypertensive patients on quinapril 40 mg/day, adding alpha-lipoic acid 600 mg/day for 8 weeks further reduced 24-hour urinary albumin 53% and improved flow-mediated dilation 116% versus quinapril alone.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 40 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
BilberryView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A small study in people with high blood pressure showed that drinking 500 mL daily of a juice containing bilberry, red grape, chokeberry, and black currant fruit for 12 weeks slightly reduces blood pressure more than a placebo.
Browse 1 study
RCTPolyphenol-rich juices reduce blood pressure measures in a randomised controlled trial in high normal and hypertensive volunteers2015n=134
In 134 adults with high-normal or stage 1 hypertension, 8–12 weeks of polyphenol-rich juice (245–305 mg/100 g polyphenols, including bilberry) reduced systolic BP by 6.9–7.3 mmHg in the first measurement versus placebo, especially in hypertensive subjects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 245–305 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 134
- Ages
- 50–70
EleutheroView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- No summary is available.
Browse 2 studies
RCTThe fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms improves arterial stiffness and blood pressure: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial2020n=76
In 76 healthy adults over 12 weeks, 500 mg/day Acanthopanax senticosus fruit significantly reduced systolic BP (−7.7 vs +0.1 mmHg), arterial stiffness (baPWV), and increased eNOS phosphorylation versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 76
- Ages
- 20–64
RCTEffects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus maxim.) on elderly quality of life: a randomized clinical trial2004n=10
In 20 elderly hypertensive patients over 8 weeks, 300 mg/day E. senticosus improved social functioning at 4 weeks (p = 0.02), though benefits attenuated by 8 weeks; no blood pressure or digitalemia changes occurred.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 300 mg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 10
- Ages
- ≥65
Gamma-Linolenic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- GLA has only been tested together with other ingredients, so its effect by itself is not clear.
- In one small study, a combination of GLA and fish oil did not lower diastolic blood pressure compared to olive oil in people with slightly high blood pressure.
- Another small study showed that taking an oil rich in GLA and fish oils for 6 weeks lowered diastolic blood pressure more than sunflower seed oil.
- It is not known if these benefits were due to GLA or other ingredients.
Browse 2 studies
RCTA trial of omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of hypertension2004
In a randomized trial of adults with high-normal diastolic blood pressure, a novel omega-3 fatty acid supplement did not significantly reduce blood pressure versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
Controlled trialThe antihypertensive effect of dietary supplementation with a 6-desaturated essential fatty acid concentrate as compared with sunflower seed oil1992n=18
In 18 volunteers with elevated blood pressure, 4 g/day of a 6-desaturated essential fatty acid concentrate (GLA, EPA, DHA) lowered blood pressure compared with 4 g/day sunflower oil over 6 weeks.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 4 g/day
- Participants
- 18
Gamma-OryzanolView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Gamma-oryzanol has mostly been studied as part of a cooking-oil blend with sesame oil, not by itself.
- In one study, that oil blend helped lower blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels in people with mild to moderate hypertension, but it is not clear how much of the benefit came from gamma-oryzanol alone.
Browse 1 study
RCTA blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients2016
In a 60-day open-label study of 300 hypertensive and 100 normotensive adults, a sesame–rice bran oil blend (20% sesame, 80% rice bran) lowered blood pressure, with additive benefit when combined with nifedipine.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 60 days
- Dose
- 20 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
GingerView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if ginger can help lower blood pressure.
- In one small study, people with diabetes and high blood pressure who drank black tea with ginger three times a day for 8 weeks did not see any meaningful blood pressure improvement compared with those who drank plain black tea.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger consumption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial2016n=204
In 204 type 2 diabetes patients, 3 g/day cinnamon for 8 weeks did not differ from other herbal arms on blood pressure or endothelial markers, though ginger reduced systolic blood pressure within group.
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 204
HawthornView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Studies on hawthorn extract and blood pressure provide mixed results.
- One small study using doses up to 2,500 mg daily for a few days did not lower blood pressure, while another study found a specific hawthorn extract lowered the bottom blood pressure number after four months in people with diabetes and high blood pressure.
- More research is needed for clearer evidence.
Browse 2 studies
RCTEffect of hawthorn standardized extract on flow mediated dilation in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults: a randomized, controlled cross-over trial2012
In a crossover RCT in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults, hawthorn standardized extract (250 mg/day) improved flow-mediated dilation versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3.5 days
- Dose
- 250 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 18+
RCTHypotensive effects of hawthorn for patients with diabetes taking prescription drugs: a randomised controlled trial2006n=79
In 79 type 2 diabetes patients on prescription drugs over 16 weeks, hawthorn extract (1,200 mg/day) produced additional blood pressure reductions versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 79
KudzuView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if kudzu helps with high blood pressure.
- An early study in adults with hypertension found that taking kudzu powder twice daily for 12 weeks lowered systolic blood pressure by 16% and diastolic blood pressure by 12%.
- The study had limitations because there was no placebo group for comparison.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffect of Pueraria tuberosa DC. (Indian Kudzu) on blood pressure, fibrinolysis and oxidative stress in patients with stage 1 hypertension2012n=15
In 15 healthy adults, Pueraria tuberosa 3 g/day improved fibrinolysis and blood pressure parameters versus baseline over the study period.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Hypertension patients
- Participants
- 15
LysineView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Early research in undernourished people in West Africa found that taking 500 mg of lysine twice a day for 16 weeks lowered blood pressure in those who already had high blood pressure.
- On average, systolic blood pressure dropped by 17 mmHg in men and 12 mmHg in women.
- For people with normal blood pressure, lysine had no effect on systolic blood pressure.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffect of lysine supplementation on hypertensive men and women in selected peri-urban community in Ghana2017n=90
A 112-day RCT of 50 hypertensive adults in Ghana found lysine supplementation (1,000 mg/day) reduced systolic BP from 146 to 129 mmHg vs minimal change on placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 90
- Ages
- 18–45
Nicotinamide RibosideView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not certain that nicotinamide riboside lowers blood pressure.
- In a small study, people took 500 mg twice daily for 6 weeks and had small, non-significant drops in blood pressure.
- The effect seemed stronger in people with higher blood pressure, but more research is required.
Browse 1 study
RCTChronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults2018
A crossover trial in healthy middle-aged and older adults found chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation was well tolerated and effectively raised NAD+ metabolism.
- Population
- Older adults
- Ages
- 55–79
Oleic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if taking oleic acid helps lower blood pressure.
- A study in people with central obesity and other heart risk factors found that taking high-oleic acid canola oil for 4 weeks did not lower blood pressure.
Browse 1 study
RCTDHA-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial2014n=130
In 130 adults with abdominal obesity in a 5-diet crossover, DHA-enriched high-oleic canola oil improved lipid profiles and predicted 10-year CVD risk compared with conventional canola and other test oils.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 60 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 130
Vitamin DView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Vitamin D supplements generally do not prevent or lower high blood pressure in most people.
- Observational studies show people with low vitamin D levels are more likely to develop high blood pressure, but clinical evidence finds that taking vitamin D doesn't help to prevent it.
- Most research in people who already have high blood pressure shows that taking vitamin D does not lower blood pressure.
- However, in people with both high blood pressure and low vitamin D levels, taking vitamin D can lower the top blood pressure number (systolic) by about 6 to 7 points and the bottom number (diastolic) by about 3 points.
- This benefit is stronger in older adults when vitamin D is taken in higher doses over several weeks.
Browse 12 studies·6 meta-analyses
MetaEffect of vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid in adults with essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis2024n=2,218
A network meta-analysis of 23 hypertension trials (2,218 participants) found only vitamin E significantly lowered systolic BP; vitamin C did not.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,218
MetaEffect of Vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals with hypovitaminosis D: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in hypertensive adults with hypovitaminosis D found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, with greater effects in older adults and Asian populations.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 60+
MetaThe Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-Reactive Protein and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials2024
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs in postmenopausal women found vitamin D supplementation reduced CRP by 0.65 mg/L but did not significantly lower systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1000 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
Open-labelEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Regulation of Blood Pressure in Iranian Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Clinical Trial2021n=173
In an 8-week open-label trial of 173 Iranian adults with essential hypertension, vitamin D supplementation (50,000 IU/week or 1,000 IU/day) reduced systolic BP by 5.5 mmHg and mean arterial pressure by 3.7 mmHg.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 173
RCT200.000 IU of vitamin D does not reduce resting Blood Pressure and Inhibit Post-Exercise Hypotension in elderly women: a pilot study2020n=11
In 11 hypertensive elderly women, a single 200,000 IU vitamin D megadose did not lower resting blood pressure and only partially blunted post-exercise systolic hypotension versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 200000 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 11
- Avg age
- ~70
RCTEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial2020n=275
The DO-HEALTH RCT in 2157 adults aged 70+ found 3 years of omega-3 (1 g/day), vitamin D, or exercise did not significantly improve blood pressure, cognition, fractures, or infection rates versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 275
- Avg age
- ~70
MetaThe effect of vitamin D3 on blood pressure in people with vitamin D deficiency: A system review and meta-analysis2019n=1,687
A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (1,687 participants with vitamin D deficiency) found overall vitamin D3 did not lower blood pressure, though systolic BP fell in subgroups over age 50 or with hypertension.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,687
- Ages
- 50+
MetaThe effect of vitamin D supplementation on hypertension in non-CKD populations: A systemic review and meta-analysis2017n=917
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (917 participants) found vitamin D supplementation slightly reduced systolic BP by 1.96 mmHg but did not meaningfully lower diastolic BP in non-CKD populations.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 917
RCTVitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial2015n=55
The DAYLIGHT trial of 534 adults aged 18–50 with low vitamin D found 4,000 IU/day for 6 months did not reduce 24-hour systolic blood pressure versus 400 IU/day.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 4000 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 55
- Ages
- 18–50
MetaEffect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis2009
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs found vitamin D produced a small diastolic BP reduction (−3.1 mmHg) in hypertensive patients but no significant systolic effect; normotensive groups showed no benefit.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
RCTEffect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial2008
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women, median 7 years), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D did not lower blood pressure or incident hypertension vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 7 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
ObservationalPrevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2007n=7,902
In 15,088 NHANES III adults, lowest quartile 25(OH)D was associated with higher odds of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high triglycerides in cross-sectional analysis.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 7,902
Whey ProteinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if whey protein lowers blood pressure.
- One study found that drinking 2.6 grams of whey protein daily for 12 weeks did not reduce blood pressure in people with mild hypertension compared to placebo.
- However, another study showed that taking 28 grams of whey protein twice daily for 8 weeks lowered blood pressure by about 3 mmHg systolic and 2 mmHg diastolic.
- This higher dose also improved blood vessel function.
- More research is needed to confirm these benefits.
Browse 2 studies
RCTWhey protein lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function and lipid biomarkers in adults with prehypertension and mild hypertension: results from the chronic Whey2Go randomized controlled trial2016n=38
In an RCT of 38 participants, 56 g/day, for 8 weeks, these results may have important implications for public health.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 56 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 38
- Ages
- 30–77
RCTEffect of a milk drink supplemented with whey peptides on blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension2007
In an RCT in hypertensive patients, for 12 weeks, in the control group systolic (p = 0.0431) and diastolic (p = 0.0081) blood pressure was significantly reduced 140.6 +/- 11.7/90.3 +/- 5.8 mmHg at baseline vs.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 125 ml/day whey peptide milk drink
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
Alpha-Linolenic AcidView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eating foods rich in alpha-linolenic acid may lower the risk of developing high blood pressure by about one-third in adults.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalDietary linolenic acid is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension in the NHLBI Family Heart Study2005n=4,594
Observational study of 4594 adults linked higher dietary linolenic acid to lower hypertension prevalence and lower systolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0.35 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 4,594
- Ages
- 25–93
ChromiumView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Chromium might slightly lower diastolic blood pressure in some people, particularly those with diabetes, but the effect is small and not well established.
Browse 3 studies·3 meta-analyses
MetaThe effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2022n=624
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (624 adults) found chromium supplementation did not significantly change systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 624
MetaEffects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure, body mass index, liver function enzymes and malondialdehyde in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found chromium 200–1,000 µg/day significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes without affecting BMI or liver enzymes.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 1000 mcg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
MetaThe Impact of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials2021n=637
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (637 participants) found chromium supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 2.5 mmHg and diastolic by 1.0 mmHg.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 400 mcg/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 637
L-CarnitineView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A review of studies found that taking oral L-carnitine (0.5 to 3 grams per day for up to 1 year) did not lower blood pressure but the evidence is weak so more studies are required.
Browse 3 studies·2 meta-analyses
MetaThe Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis2024n=1,412
A meta-analysis of 1,412 adults found L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,412
MetaEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019
A meta-analysis found L-carnitine 2 g/day lowered blood pressure modestly in adults, possibly via improved insulin sensitivity.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Adults
RCTBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled Trial2018n=29
The DIABASI RCT in 229 hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients found acetyl-L-carnitine 1000 mg twice daily for 6 months did not improve blood pressure, glycemic control, lipids, or insulin sensitivity versus placebo on statin therapy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 29
- Ages
- 40+
ReishiView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research on reishi mushroom for high blood pressure is mixed.
- Some studies show no effect, while others report that taking 330 to 1440 mg daily for up to 6 months may lower blood pressure in people with more severe hypertension but not in those with mild high blood pressure or diabetes.
Browse 4 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaGanoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors2015n=398
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (398 adults) found Ganoderma lucidum 1.4–3 g/day for 12–16 weeks did not significantly improve blood glucose, blood pressure, or lipids versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12–16 weeks
- Dose
- 3 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 398
RCTStudy of potential cardioprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): results of a controlled human intervention trial2012n=26
In 26 adults with borderline hypertension or hyperlipidemia over 12 weeks, Lingzhi 1.44 g/day did not significantly improve blood pressure, lipids, glucose, or antioxidant markers versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Dose
- 1.44 g/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 26
Treatment of hypertension by Linzhi combined with hypotensor and its effects on arterial, arteriolar and capillary pressure and microcirculation1996
A Chinese study of Lingzhi combined with antihypertensive drugs on blood pressure and microcirculation; the available abstract provides no quantitative outcome data.
- Effect
- Benefit
[Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. I. Efficacy against hypertension and side effects]1985
An early Chinese study of Ganoderma lucidum for hypertension reported efficacy and side effects; the available abstract provides no further quantitative details.
GinkgoView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A large study in older adults aged 75 years or older showed that taking ginkgo extract daily (240 mg) for several years did not lower blood pressure or prevent high blood pressure compared with a placebo.
Browse 3 studies
RCTAcute effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular function and blood pressure2011n=14
In 14 healthy men, a single ginkgo biloba extract dose slightly increased digital volume pulse stiffness at 2 hours but did not significantly improve vascular function overall versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 14
RCTEffect of Ginkgo biloba on blood pressure and incidence of hypertension in elderly men and women2010n=3,069
In 3,069 GEM study participants, ginkgo biloba 240 mg/day for median 6.1 years did not significantly reduce blood pressure or incident hypertension versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 240 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,069
- Avg age
- ~79
RCTEffects of a Ginkgo biloba extract on forearm haemodynamics in healthy volunteers2002n=16
In 16 healthy adults, ginkgo biloba extract for 6 weeks did not significantly change forearm blood flow or venous capacity versus placebo in a crossover trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 16
- Avg age
- ~32
InositolView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough evidence to know whether inositol helps with high blood pressure.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe effect of inositol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of RCTs found inositol supplementation (~4,000 mg/day) did not significantly change blood pressure versus control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 4000 mg/day
MultivitaminView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A review of research studies found that taking a multivitamin every day—even for several years—does not reduce the chance of developing high blood pressure in healthy adults.
- Still, two small studies showed that people who took a multivitamin every day for 1 to 2 months saw their top blood pressure number (systolic) drop by 8 units, and their bottom number (diastolic) drop by 3 units, compared to those who did not.
- More research is needed to find out if this benefit is clinically relevant and who it might help most.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaEffects of Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Controlled Trials2018n=22,852
A meta-analysis of 22,852 participants found multivitamin/multimineral supplementation did not significantly lower blood pressure.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 22,852
SeleniumView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Some evidence suggests that taking selenium supplements might slightly raise systolic blood pressure by about 2 mmHg, but it doesn't affect diastolic pressure.
- Most studies were small and done in Iran, so more research is needed to understand if selenium affects blood pressure in other populations.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaThe effects of selenium supplementation on blood lipids and blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized control trials2022
A meta-analysis of selenium RCTs found supplementation slightly lowered total cholesterol but raised systolic blood pressure and LDL in some subgroups without improving triglycerides or HDL overall.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
Acetyl-L-CarnitineView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking acetyl-L-carnitine by mouth does not seem to lower blood pressure in adults with high blood pressure.
- In one study, people with high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol saw no improvement after 6 months of acetyl-L-carnitine.
- Most were also taking blood pressure and other medications.
- It is unknown if acetyl-L-carnitine helps people with uncontrolled high blood pressure.
Browse 1 study
RCTBlood pressure and metabolic effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in type 2 diabetes: DIABASI randomized controlled trial2018n=29
The DIABASI RCT in 229 hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients found acetyl-L-carnitine 1000 mg twice daily for 6 months did not improve blood pressure, glycemic control, lipids, or insulin sensitivity versus placebo on statin therapy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Diabetic patients
- Participants
- 29
- Ages
- 40+
Algal OilView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking algal oil omega-3s does not seem to lower blood pressure in older adults, including those with high blood pressure.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial2020n=275
The DO-HEALTH RCT in 2157 adults aged 70+ found 3 years of omega-3 (1 g/day), vitamin D, or exercise did not significantly improve blood pressure, cognition, fractures, or infection rates versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 275
- Avg age
- ~70
ApigeninView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eating more apigenin-rich foods like parsley over many years is linked to about a 5% lower risk of high blood pressure, and eating berries like blueberries and strawberries is linked to an 8% lower risk.
- But taking apigenin supplements for a short time (84 mg/day) didn't change blood clotting measures.
- Apigenin's heart benefits likely come from long-term eating habits rather than short-term effects.
Browse 2 studies
ObservationalHabitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults2011n=156,957
A 14-year prospective study including 156,957 participants found a 5% (95% CI: 091, 0.99, P = 0.005) reduction in hypertension risk for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of apigenin intake. Participants in the highest quintile of anthocyanin intake (blueberries and strawberries) had an 8% (RR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98) reduction in hypertension risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 156,957
RCTEffects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study1998n=18
In 18 healthy volunteers, 2 weeks of 84 mg/day apigenin from 5 g dried parsley did not affect platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2, factor VII, or other hemostatic variables versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Dose
- 84 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 18
EchinaceaView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- No summary is available.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffects of echinacea on electrocardiographic and blood pressure measurements2007n=17
In 16 healthy adults, a single 350 mg dose of E. purpurea did not significantly change electrocardiographic intervals or systolic/diastolic blood pressure versus placebo over 8 hours.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Healthy adults
- Participants
- 17
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)View supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if eating niacin (vitamin B3) helps prevent high blood pressure.
- A study in Chinese adults found the lowest risk of high blood pressure in people who ate about 14 to 17 mg of niacin daily.
- Eating less or more than this amount might increase the risk.
Browse 2 studies
ObservationalEvaluation of Dietary Niacin and New-Onset Hypertension Among Chinese Adults2021n=4,306
An observational study of 4306 adults found that 16.7 mg/day when dietary niacin was assessed in quartiles, the lowest risk of new-onset hypertension was found in participants in quartile 3 (14.3 to <16.7 mg/d; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.90) compared with those in quartile 1 (<12.4 mg/d).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6.1 years
- Dose
- 16.7 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 4,306
RCTEffects of nicotinic acid on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in healthy subjects2000
A randomized trial in healthy adults found that 500 mg/day for 7 days nA did not significantly alter 24-h mean systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 7 days
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
AsparagusView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is uncertain if asparagus helps lower blood pressure.
- One early study found that taking a supplement combining asparagus root and parsley leaf daily for 6 weeks did not change blood pressure in people with hypertension.
Browse 1 study
Clinical trialAsparagus P(R) cannot compete with first-line diuretics in lowering the blood pressure in treatment-requiring antihypertensives2009n=163
In 163 hypertensive patients monitored 6 weeks, Asparagus P proprietary root and parsley preparation showed no clinically useful blood pressure reduction and renal-related adverse events in 7 patients.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Hypertensive patients
- Participants
- 163
InulinView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Long-term studies show that adults who eat more inulin in their diet have about a 20% lower chance of developing high blood pressure compared with those who eat less.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalInulin intake and the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases: a prospective cohort study2022
A prospective cohort study examined whether habitual dietary inulin intake is associated with incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in adults.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 100 g/day
- Population
- Adults
IronView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Early research on high blood pressure is limited.
- A cohort analysis examining whether regular iron supplementation is linked to a higher risk of chronic kidney disease among individuals taking antihypertensive medications.
- More studies are needed before any benefit can be considered reliable.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalHabitual Iron Supplementation Associated with Elevated Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Individuals with Antihypertensive Medication2024n=427,939
In 427,939 UK Biobank adults, habitual iron supplementation was associated with higher chronic kidney disease risk among users of antihypertensive medication after multivariable adjustment.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 427,939
- Ages
- 40–69
TyrosineView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is unclear if tyrosine helps reduce mild high blood pressure.
- A small study showed that taking tyrosine three times a day for two weeks did not change blood pressure compared to no treatment.
Browse 1 study
Clinical trialChronic dietary tyrosine supplements do not affect mild essential hypertension1985n=13
An RCT of 13 patients with mild essential hypertension found that 2.5 g tyrosine three times daily for 2 weeks did not affect blood pressure or plasma norepinephrine versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Dose
- 2.5 g 3×/day
- Population
- Patients With Mild Essential Hypertension
- Participants
- 13
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | ★★★★★68% | 23 | 8 | 8% |
| Cocoa | ★★★★★68% | 19 | 6 | 7% |
| Potassium | ★★★★★68% | 18 | 7 | 6% |
| Fish Oil | ★★★★★68% | 16 | 4 | 6% |
| Garlic | ★★★★★68% | 16 | 7 | 6% |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★44% | 12 | 6 | 4% |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★56% | 11 | 6 | 4% |
| Melatonin | ★★★★★68% | 11 | 4 | 4% |
| Coenzyme Q10 | ★★★★★56% | 10 | 2 | 4% |
| Black Tea | ★★★★★52% | 8 | 3 | 3% |
| L-Citrulline | ★★★★★52% | 8 | 0 | 3% |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★52% | 7 | 3 | 3% |
| Flaxseed Oil | ★★★★★52% | 6 | 3 | 2% |
| Panax Ginseng | ★★★★★52% | 6 | 1 | 2% |
| Vitamin C | ★★★★★72% | 6 | 3 | 2% |
| Flaxseed | ★★★★★72% | 5 | 4 | 2% |
| Quercetin | ★★★★★52% | 5 | 3 | 2% |
| Taurine | ★★★★★72% | 5 | 1 | 2% |
| American Ginseng | ★★★★★48% | 4 | 0 | 1% |
| Artichoke | ★★★★★52% | 4 | 2 | 1% |
| Casein Protein | ★★★★★52% | 4 | 2 | 1% |
| Cassia Cinnamon | ★★★★★68% | 4 | 4 | 1% |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★52% | 4 | 2 | 1% |
| Red Yeast Rice | ★★★★★48% | 4 | 0 | 1% |
| Reishi | ★★★★★40% | 4 | 1 | 1% |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | ★★★★★64% | 4 | 0 | 1% |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★48% | 4 | 2 | 1% |
| Beta-Glucan | ★★★★★48% | 3 | 0 | 1% |
| Blueberry | ★★★★★52% | 3 | 1 | 1% |
| Chromium | ★★★★★40% | 3 | 3 | 1% |
| Ginkgo | ★★★★★36% | 3 | 0 | 1% |
| L-Carnitine | ★★★★★40% | 3 | 2 | 1% |
| Olive Oil | ★★★★★60% | 3 | 0 | 1% |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 1 | <1% |
| Apigenin | ★★★★★32% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Eleuthero | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Gamma-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Hawthorn | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | ★★★★★32% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Whey Protein | ★★★★★44% | 2 | 0 | <1% |
| Acetyl-L-Carnitine | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Algal Oil | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Asparagus | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Berberine | ★★★★★64% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Bilberry | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Echinacea | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Gamma-Oryzanol | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Ginger | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Inositol | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Inulin | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Iron | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Kudzu | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Lysine | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Nicotinamide Riboside | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Oleic Acid | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Resveratrol | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Selenium | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | <1% |
| Tyrosine | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | <1% |