Ginkgo
Ginkgo biloba is studied for cognition and circulation. Benefits are often small and product-dependent.
Overview
What is ginkgo?
Ginkgo is a tree commonly found in East Asia. The leaves and seeds of the plant are used medicinally to support cognitive health and circulation.
Dosage
A typical dose of ginkgo is 120-360 mg per day, with meals.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
26 conditions for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Database Snapshot
Most ginkgo research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Dementia (Vascular) accounts for 31 of 137 studies (23%).
- Cognitive performance accounts for 13 of 137 studies (9%).
- Age-related cognitive decline accounts for 12 of 137 studies (9%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Anxiety, Cardiovascular disease, Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Safety
Ginkgo supplements and extracts are likely safe for most people.
Frequently Asked Questions
References
Sources128 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
SupplementDEX Database · Acute mountain sickness
6 references1.SupplementDEX Database: Acute mountain sickness — Ginkgo biloba does--and does not--prevent acute mountain sickness2009
In two randomized trials ascending to 4300 m, Ginkgo biloba 240 mg/day from different sources produced conflicting results: one showed no AMS benefit, another showed modest reduction.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Acute mountain sickness — Ginkgo biloba decreases acute mountain sickness in people ascending to high altitude at Ollagüe (3696 m) in northern Chile2007
At 3696 m in Chile, ginkgo 80 mg twice daily for 24 hours significantly reduced acute mountain sickness scores versus placebo, comparable to acetazolamide 250 mg twice daily.
3.SupplementDEX Database: Acute mountain sickness — Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial2005
In 57 unacclimatized adults ascending to 3800 m, acetazolamide significantly reduced AMS incidence; ginkgo biloba did not differ from placebo for AMS prevention.
4.SupplementDEX Database: Acute mountain sickness — Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for prevention of acute mountain sickness among Himalayan trekkers: the prevention of high altitude illness trial (PHAIT)2004
In 614 Himalayan trekkers ascending to ~4900 m, ginkgo biloba did not significantly prevent acute mountain sickness; acetazolamide was effective (NNT 3).
5.SupplementDEX Database: Acute mountain sickness — Ginkgo biloba for the prevention of severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) starting one day before rapid ascent2002
In 26 participants rapidly ascending Mauna Kea (4205 m), ginkgo 60 mg three times daily starting 24 hours before ascent did not significantly reduce acute mountain sickness versus placebo.
6.SupplementDEX Database: Acute mountain sickness — EGb 761 in control of acute mountain sickness and vascular reactivity to cold exposure1996
In 44 Himalayan expedition members, ginkgo EGb 761 160 mg/day significantly reduced acute mountain sickness symptom scores versus placebo during high-altitude exposure.
7.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Effect of Memo®, a natural formula combination, on Mini-Mental State Examination scores in patients with mild cognitive impairment2013
In 66 patients with mild cognitive impairment, Memo (ginkgo 120 mg plus ginseng and royal jelly) for 4 weeks significantly improved MMSE scores versus baseline.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of a daily dose of 240 mg2012
In 410 dementia outpatients, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day for 24 weeks significantly improved cognitive (SKT) and neuropsychiatric (NPI) scores versus placebo.
9.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Effect of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet on vascular cognitive impairment of none dementia2012
In 80 patients with vascular cognitive impairment, ginkgo biloba tablet 57.6 mg three times daily added to aspirin for 3 months improved cognitive scores versus aspirin alone.
10.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial2009
In 3,069 community-dwelling adults aged 72–96, ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily for median 6.1 years did not reduce rate of global cognitive decline versus placebo.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Safety and effectiveness of a traditional ginkgo fresh plant extract - results from a clinical trial2009
In 59 elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment, fresh ginkgo extract 180 mg/day for 6 weeks improved cognitive symptom scores versus baseline with good tolerability.
12.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Ginkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial2007
In 400 patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, ginkgo EGb 761 for 22 weeks significantly improved cognitive and behavioral scores versus placebo in a double-blind trial.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults2000
In 40 cognitively intact adults over 55, ginkgo EGb 761 180 mg/day for 6 weeks did not significantly improve neuropsychological test performance versus placebo.
14.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Treatment of age-related memory complaints with Ginkgo biloba extract: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study1998
In 241 cognitively intact older adults with memory complaints, ginkgo biloba extract for 24 weeks did not significantly improve memory or concentration versus placebo.
15.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group1997
In 309 patients with Alzheimer or multi-infarct dementia, ginkgo EGb 761 120 mg/day for 52 weeks showed modest cognitive benefits on ADAS-Cog versus placebo in intent-to-treat analysis.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia1996
In 216 outpatients with Alzheimer-type or multi-infarct dementia, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day for 24 weeks significantly improved cognitive and clinical global scores versus placebo.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — A double-blind, placebo controlled study of Ginkgo biloba extract ('tanakan') in elderly outpatients with mild to moderate memory impairment1991
In 27 elderly patients with mild memory impairment, ginkgo extract 120 mg/day for 24 weeks produced modest improvements on some psychometric tests versus placebo.
18.A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tanakan in the treatment of idiopathic cognitive impairment in the elderly. See external sourceExternal source
SupplementDEX Database · Anxiety
2 references19.SupplementDEX Database: Anxiety — Medicinal herbs for the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review and network meta-analysis2022
A network meta-analysis of medicinal herbs for anxiety found ginkgo biloba among herbs with significant HAMA score reductions versus placebo, though evidence quality varied.
20.SupplementDEX Database: Anxiety — Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2007
In 107 patients with generalized anxiety or adjustment disorder, ginkgo EGb 761 significantly reduced anxiety scores versus placebo over 4 weeks in a double-blind trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Alzheimer's disease
3 references21.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Long-term use of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial2012
In 2,854 elderly adults with memory complaints followed 5 years, ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily did not reduce incidence of Alzheimer disease versus placebo (GuidAge trial).
22.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Efficacy and tolerability of a once daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: results from a randomised controlled trial2011
In 404 dementia outpatients, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day for 24 weeks significantly improved SKT cognitive scores by 1.7 points in Alzheimer disease versus placebo.
23.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R), donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, double-blind, exploratory trial2009
In 96 Alzheimer patients with neuropsychiatric features, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day was comparable to donepezil for cognitive improvement over 22 weeks in an exploratory trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Dementia (Vascular)
27 references24.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is safe and effective in the treatment of mild dementia - a meta-analysis of patient subgroups in randomised controlled trials2025
A meta-analysis of ginkgo EGb 761 trials in mild dementia (782 patients) found significant improvements in cognitive (SKT) and functional (ADL) scores versus placebo.
25.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Efficacy and safety of ginkgo biloba extract combined with donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Chinese patients with vascular dementia: A systematic review meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 1,309 vascular dementia patients found ginkgo biloba extract plus donepezil significantly improved cognitive scores versus donepezil alone.
26.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Efficacy and safety of herbal medicine on dementia and cognitive function: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis2023
An umbrella review found ginkgo biloba among herbal medicines with moderate evidence for improving cognitive function in dementia, though 65% of included reviews were critically low quality.
27.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Effectiveness and safety of ginkgo biloba preparations in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 1,642 Alzheimer disease patients found ginkgo biloba plus donepezil significantly improved cognitive outcomes versus donepezil alone with acceptable safety.
28.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo Biloba Extract Is Comparable With Donepezil in Improving Functional Recovery in Alzheimer's Disease: Results From a Multilevel Characterized Study Based on Clinical Features and Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging2021
In 50 Alzheimer patients, ginkgo biloba extract 150 mg/day for 6 months produced functional recovery comparable to donepezil on resting-state fMRI and clinical measures.
29.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba Preparation for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease2020
A meta-analysis of ginkgo biloba trials in Alzheimer disease (939 patients) found significant improvements in cognitive scores and daily functioning versus placebo.
30.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb761), Cholinesterase Inhibitors, and Memantine for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis2019
A network meta-analysis found ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day ranked comparably to cholinesterase inhibitors for cognitive benefit in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease.
31.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2018
A meta-analysis of 1,628 dementia patients found ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day significantly reduced behavioral and psychological symptoms (NPI scores) versus placebo.
32.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of dementia2015
A meta-analysis of 2,381 dementia patients found ginkgo biloba significantly improved SKT cognitive scores and ADL versus placebo across 12–52 week trials.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Efficacy and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis2015
A meta-analysis of 2,561 patients found standardized ginkgo EGb 761 significantly improved cognition in dementia and was well tolerated with low adverse event rates versus placebo.
34.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — A systematic review on natural medicines for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease with meta-analyses of intervention effect of ginkgo2014
A systematic review with ginkgo meta-analysis found ginkgo biloba significantly improved cognitive outcomes in Alzheimer disease RCTs versus placebo, though overall herbal evidence was heterogeneous.
35.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Efficacy of rivastigmine in comparison to ginkgo for treating Alzheimer's dementia2012
In 56 Alzheimer patients over 24 weeks, ginkgo biloba 120 mg/day produced comparable cognitive improvements to rivastigmine 4.5 mg/day on MMSE and Seven Minute test.
37.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis2010
A meta-analysis found ginkgo biloba produced a small but significant improvement in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale cognition scores versus placebo in dementia trials ≥12 weeks.
38.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Effectiveness of standardized ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive symptoms of dementia with a six-month treatment: a bivariate random effect meta-analysis2010
A bivariate meta-analysis found standardized ginkgo biloba extract significantly improved cognitive symptoms in dementia after approximately 6 months versus placebo.
39.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review2010
A systematic review of ginkgo for Alzheimer disease found inconsistent evidence across 6 RCTs; overall benefit on patient-relevant outcomes was uncertain due to heterogeneity.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Baseline neuropsychiatric symptoms are effect modifiers in Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761®) treatment of dementia with neuropsychiatric features. Retrospective data analyses of a randomized controlled trial2010
Retrospective analysis of a 410-patient dementia trial found ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day was most effective in patients with higher baseline neuropsychiatric symptom burden.
41.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia2009
A Cochrane meta-analysis of ginkgo for cognitive impairment and dementia (2,016 participants) found significant but modest cognitive benefits versus placebo with good safety.
42.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial2008
In 2,587 elderly adults with normal cognition or MCI followed median 6.1 years, ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily did not reduce all-cause dementia or Alzheimer incidence versus placebo.
43.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: findings from a randomised controlled trial2007
In 400 dementia patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day for 22 weeks significantly improved cognitive and behavioral scores versus placebo.
44.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Vasodilators and nootropics as predictors of dementia and mortality in the PAQUID cohort2007
In 3,534 elderly PAQUID cohort participants over 13 years, ginkgo biloba extract use was not associated with reduced dementia incidence or mortality after adjustment.
45.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba and donepezil: a comparison in the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study2006
In Alzheimer patients aged 50–80, ginkgo EGb 761 was comparably effective to donepezil for slowing cognitive decline over 24 weeks in a double-blind trial versus placebo.
46.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of two doses of Ginkgo biloba extract in dementia of the Alzheimer's type2005
In 513 Alzheimer disease outpatients, ginkgo biloba extract at two doses for 26 weeks did not significantly improve ADAS-Cog scores versus placebo in the primary analysis.
47.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo biloba compared with cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia: a review based on meta-analyses by the cochrane collaboration2004
A Cochrane-based comparison found ginkgo biloba and cholinesterase inhibitors produced similar modest cognitive benefits in dementia at 6 months, with ginkgo having fewer dropouts.
48.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: a randomized clinical trial2003
In 87 patients with dementia or age-associated memory impairment, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day for 24 weeks significantly improved cognitive test scores versus placebo.
49.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — Cholinesterase inhibitors and Gingko extracts--are they comparable in the treatment of dementia? Comparison of published placebo-controlled efficacy studies of at least six months' duration2000
A comparison of published placebo-controlled trials found ginkgo EGb 761 produced ADAS-Cog improvements similar in magnitude to donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine at 6 months.
50.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia (Vascular) — A 26-week analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia2000
At 26-week intent-to-treat analysis of 309 dementia patients, ginkgo EGb 761 120 mg/day showed modest but significant ADAS-Cog improvement versus placebo.
36.Meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.. See external sourceExternal source
51.SupplementDEX Database: Intermittent claudication — Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent claudication: a meta-analysis of randomized trials2000
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found ginkgo biloba extract significantly increased pain-free walking distance in intermittent claudication versus placebo.
52.SupplementDEX Database: Intermittent claudication — Demonstration of the efficacy of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on intermittent claudication--a placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial1998
In 111 patients with peripheral arterial disease stage IIb, ginkgo EGb 761 120 mg/day significantly increased pain-free walking distance versus placebo in a multicenter trial.
53.SupplementDEX Database: Intermittent claudication — A clinical trial of Gingkco Biloba Extract in patients with intermittent claudication1990
In 37 patients with stage 2 peripheral vascular disease, ginkgo biloba extract for 6 months significantly increased claudication distance and reduced pain severity versus placebo.
54.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome2009
In a single-blind RCT, Ginkgo biloba reduced premenstrual syndrome symptom severity versus placebo over the treatment cycles.
55.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — [Value of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the management of congestive symptoms of premenstrual syndrome]1993
In a double-blind RCT of 165 women with congestive premenstrual syndrome, EGb 761 reduced breast symptoms and neuropsychological complaints versus placebo over 2 cycles.
SupplementDEX Database · Schizophrenia
6 references56.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce2022
WFSBP/CANMAT 2022 guidelines rated acetyl-L-carnitine as not recommended for ADHD based on Grade A evidence from meta-analyses and RCTs.
57.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — Efficacy and safety of extract of Ginkgo biloba as an adjunct therapy in chronic schizophrenia: A systematic review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with meta-analysis2015
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (1033 patients) found Ginkgo biloba extract as adjunct to antipsychotics reduced negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia versus placebo.
58.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — Review and meta-analysis of usage of ginkgo as an adjunct therapy in chronic schizophrenia2010
A meta-analysis found Ginkgo biloba as adjunct therapy modestly improved total and negative schizophrenia symptoms versus antipsychotics alone.
59.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — A placebo-controlled study of extract of ginkgo biloba added to clozapine in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia2008
In a 12-week RCT of 42 treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients on clozapine, adding EGb 761 120 mg/day did not significantly improve psychiatric rating scores versus placebo.
60.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — The effect of extract of ginkgo biloba addition to olanzapine on therapeutic effect and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia2005
In an RCT of schizophrenia patients on olanzapine, adding Ginkgo biloba extract did not significantly improve symptom scores versus olanzapine alone.
61.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extract of Ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia2001
In a double-blind RCT of 109 treatment-resistant schizophrenia inpatients, adding EGb 761 to haloperidol reduced positive and negative symptoms versus haloperidol alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Stroke
9 references62.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine for functional recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis2025
A meta-analysis of RCTs (4041 AIS patients) found ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine improved functional recovery after acute ischemic stroke versus control.
63.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Chinese herbal medicine Ginkgo biloba L. preparations for ischemic stroke: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses2024
An overview of systematic reviews found Ginkgo biloba preparations as adjunct therapy may improve functional outcomes in ischemic stroke, but review quality was variable.
64.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Efficacy of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine on cognitive function in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a predefined exploratory analysis of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial2024
In a predefined analysis of 3163 acute ischemic stroke patients, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine improved MoCA cognitive scores versus placebo.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Efficacy and safety of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract as adjuvant therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 19 RCTs found standardized Ginkgo biloba extract as adjunct therapy improved neurological function in intracerebral hemorrhage versus conventional treatment alone.
66.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Meglumine in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial2023
In a multicenter RCT of 3448 acute ischemic stroke patients, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine for 14 days improved 90-day functional outcomes versus placebo.
67.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — The Clinical Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Preparation on Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
A systematic review of RCTs found Ginkgo biloba leaf preparations as adjunct therapy improved neurological deficit scores in ischemic stroke versus control.
68.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Ginkgol Biloba extract as an adjunctive treatment for ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2020
A meta-analysis of RCTs (1829 ischemic stroke patients) found Ginkgo biloba extract during convalescence improved neurological function versus control.
69.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo biloba in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2020
A meta-analysis of RCTs (1466 patients) found Ginkgo biloba improved neurological deficit scores in acute ischemic stroke versus control, with acceptable safety.
70.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Ginkgo biloba for acute ischaemic stroke2005
A Cochrane meta-analysis of RCTs (792 patients) found Ginkgo biloba extract did not improve functional outcome at 1 month in acute ischemic stroke versus control.
SupplementDEX Database · Tardive dyskinesia
1 reference71.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and its Val66Met gene polymorphism predict tardive dyskinesia treatment response to Ginkgo biloba2012
In a 12-week RCT of 563 schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia, EGb 761 240 mg/day did not reduce TD severity despite raising serum BDNF in Val/Val carriers.
SupplementDEX Database · Vertigo
5 references72.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — Effectiveness and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE50) in the treatment of dizziness caused by cerebral arteriosclerosis: a multi-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial2022
In a multicenter double-blind RCT of 404 patients with arteriosclerotic dizziness, Ginkgo biloba extract GBE50 for 6 weeks improved TCM symptom scores similarly to the active comparator.
73.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — Balance Training With Vibrotactile Neurofeedback and Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Age-Related Vertigo2021
In a 12-week RCT of 20 older adults with vertigo, balance training plus Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 80 mg twice daily improved balance and dizziness versus training alone.
74.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications2000
A narrative review concluded Ginkgo biloba may help cognitive and vascular symptoms in some conditions, but clinical evidence remained mixed across indications.
75.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders1998
In an open controlled study of 44 patients with vascular vertigo, Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 80 mg twice daily and betahistine 16 mg twice daily similarly improved vertigo over 3 months.
76.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — [Treatment of equilibrium disorders with Ginkgo biloba extract. A multicenter double-blind drug vs. placebo study]1986
In a 3-month double-blind RCT of 70 patients with vertigo of undetermined origin, Ginkgo biloba extract reduced vertigo intensity and frequency versus placebo (47% vs 18% symptom-free).
SupplementDEX Database · Vitiligo
2 references77.SupplementDEX Database: Vitiligo — Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of vitilgo vulgaris: an open label pilot clinical trial2011
In an open-label pilot of 12 vitiligo patients (ages 12–35), Ginkgo biloba 60 mg twice daily for 12 weeks halted progression in most participants but repigmentation was limited.
78.SupplementDEX Database: Vitiligo — Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo2003
In a double-blind RCT of 47 vitiligo patients, Ginkgo biloba 40 mg three times daily arrested disease progression and induced repigmentation versus placebo.
79.SupplementDEX Database: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. A randomized, placebo-controlled, trial2015
In children with ADHD on methylphenidate, adding ginkgo 80–120 mg/day for 6 weeks significantly improved parent-rated inattention scores versus placebo adjunct.
80.SupplementDEX Database: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba added to risperidone in patients with autistic disorders2012
In autistic disorder patients on risperidone, adding ginkgo extract significantly improved ABC behavioral scores versus risperidone plus placebo over the trial period.
81.SupplementDEX Database: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Ginkgo biloba for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a double blind, randomized controlled trial2009
In children with ADHD, ginkgo biloba 120 mg/day was significantly less effective than methylphenidate for reducing ADHD symptoms in a 6-week double-blind trial.
82.SupplementDEX Database: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study2001
In an open-label study of 36 children with ADHD, a ginseng-ginkgo combination for 4 weeks improved parent-rated ADHD symptoms versus baseline.
83.SupplementDEX Database: Autism spectrum disorder — First preliminary results of an observation of Ginkgo Biloba treating patients with autistic disorder2009
In 3 autistic patients, ginkgo EGb 761 200 mg/day for 4 weeks showed improvement on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in an observational study.
SupplementDEX Database · Cardiovascular disease
2 references84.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Does Ginkgo biloba reduce the risk of cardiovascular events?2010
In 3,069 GEM study participants over 75, ginkgo biloba 240 mg/day for median 6.1 years did not significantly reduce total cardiovascular events or mortality versus placebo.
85.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Reduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in cardiovascular high-risk patients2007
In cardiovascular high-risk patients, ginkgo EGb 761 120 mg/day significantly reduced atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size versus baseline in an ellipsometry study.
SupplementDEX Database · Cognitive performance
11 references86.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with 'Optimal' and 'Sub-Optimal' Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial2022
A 12-week RCT of 141 middle-aged adults found a multinutrient formula with bacopa raised B vitamin status but did not improve memory overall, though attention improved in those with optimal baseline diets.
87.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Specific memory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in middle-aged healthy volunteers2011
In 188 healthy adults aged 45–56, ginkgo EGb 761 240 mg/day for 6 weeks significantly improved free-recall memory performance versus placebo.
88.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine2007
In 28 healthy young adults, acute ginkgo 120 mg did not significantly improve cognitive or mood outcomes versus placebo regardless of phosphatidylserine complexation.
89.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans2004
In 85 healthy adults, a ginkgo (120 mg) plus Bacopa monniera (300 mg) combination for 2–4 weeks did not significantly improve cognitive performance versus placebo.
90.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Gincosan (a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng): the effects on mood and cognition of 6 and 12 weeks' treatment in post-menopausal women2004
In 57 post-menopausal women, Gincosan (ginkgo 120 mg plus ginseng 200 mg) for 12 weeks improved memory and mood scores versus placebo.
91.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula) and Bai guo (Gingko biloba) enhance learning and memory2004
In 60 healthy adults, ginkgo biloba combined with Codonopsis pilosula for several weeks improved memory acquisition and retention versus placebo in a double-blind trial.
92.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Ginkgo biloba2003
In 48 men aged 60–70, ginkgo biloba extract for several months improved some cognitive test scores and SPECT perfusion patterns versus placebo.
93.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand2002
In healthy young adults, acute ginkgo, ginseng, and their combination produced task-dependent improvements in serial arithmetic performance versus placebo.
94.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults2002
In 20 healthy young adults, single doses of ginkgo 360 mg, ginseng 400 mg, or combined product produced modest acute improvements in some cognitive and mood measures versus placebo.
95.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings2002
In 131 cognitively intact older adults, ginkgo EGb 761 180 mg/day for 6 weeks did not significantly improve neuropsychological test performance versus placebo.
96.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers2000
In 256 healthy middle-aged volunteers, a ginkgo (60 mg) plus ginseng (100 mg) combination for 14 weeks significantly improved memory and cognitive test performance versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · High blood pressure
3 references97.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Acute effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular function and blood pressure2011
In 14 healthy men, a single ginkgo biloba extract dose slightly increased digital volume pulse stiffness at 2 hours but did not significantly improve vascular function overall versus placebo.
98.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of Ginkgo biloba on blood pressure and incidence of hypertension in elderly men and women2010
In 3,069 GEM study participants, ginkgo biloba 240 mg/day for median 6.1 years did not significantly reduce blood pressure or incident hypertension versus placebo.
99.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effects of a Ginkgo biloba extract on forearm haemodynamics in healthy volunteers2002
In 16 healthy adults, ginkgo biloba extract for 6 weeks did not significantly change forearm blood flow or venous capacity versus placebo in a crossover trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Microangiopathy
1 reference100.SupplementDEX Database: Microangiopathy — A new ginkgo fresh plant extract increases microcirculation and radical scavenging activity in elderly patients2011
In a 30-day trial of 32 elderly patients, Ginkgo fresh plant extract 90 mg twice daily increased skin and liver microcirculation and antioxidant capacity versus untreated controls.
SupplementDEX Database · Multiple sclerosis (MS)
5 references101.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis (MS) — A randomized controlled pilot trial: the effects of EGb 761 on information processing and executive function in multiple sclerosis2013
A pilot RCT examining EGb 761 for information processing and executive function in multiple sclerosis found no significant cognitive improvement versus placebo.
102.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis (MS) — Ginkgo biloba does not improve cognitive function in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2012
In a 12-week RCT of 59 MS patients with cognitive impairment, Ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily did not improve cognitive test scores versus placebo.
103.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis (MS) — Ginkgo biloba for the improvement of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial2007
In a 12-week RCT of 20 MS patients, Ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily did not improve cognitive test battery scores versus placebo.
104.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis (MS) — Double blind placebo controlled multicentre study of ginkgolide B in treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. The Ginkgolide Study Group in multiple sclerosis1995
In a double-blind RCT of 104 MS patients during acute exacerbation, ginkgolide B 240–360 mg/day for 7 days did not improve disability scores versus placebo.
105.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis (MS) — [Pilot study of Ginkgolide B, a PAF-acether specific inhibitor in the treatment of acute outbreaks of multiple sclerosis]1992
In a pilot study of 10 MS patients in acute relapse, IV ginkgolide B for 5 days improved neurological scores in 8 patients, though response was not sustained in all.
SupplementDEX Database · Sexual dysfunction
4 references106.SupplementDEX Database: Sexual dysfunction — Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in women2008
In an RCT of women with sexual arousal disorder, a single 300 mg Ginkgo biloba dose modestly increased physiological arousal, but 8 weeks of daily GBE did not improve sexual function versus placebo.
107.SupplementDEX Database: Sexual dysfunction — Triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba in sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant drugs2004
In a 12-week triple-blind RCT of 24 patients with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, Ginkgo biloba 240 mg/day did not improve sexual function scores versus placebo.
108.SupplementDEX Database: Sexual dysfunction — A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction2002
In a 2-month double-blind RCT of 37 patients with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, Ginkgo biloba did not improve sexual function scores versus placebo at weeks 2, 4, or 8.
109.SupplementDEX Database: Sexual dysfunction — A double-blind placebo-controlled study of ArginMax, a nutritional supplement for enhancement of female sexual function2001
In a 4-week study of 77 women, ArginMax (ginseng, Ginkgo, damiana, and arginine) improved sexual satisfaction and desire versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Tinnitus
10 references110.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Efficacy and Safety of Co-Administered St. John's Wort and Ginkgo biloba Extracts in Patients with Subjective Tinnitus: A Preliminary Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial2023
In a 12-week RCT of 46 tinnitus patients, co-administration of St. John's wort and Ginkgo biloba did not reduce tinnitus severity more than Ginkgo alone.
111.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Ginkgo biloba Administered Singly and Combined With Antioxidants in Tinnitus Patients2023
In an RCT of tinnitus patients, Ginkgo biloba alone or with antioxidants did not significantly improve tinnitus severity versus placebo over 14 weeks.
112.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus2022
A Cochrane review of RCTs found no reliable evidence that Ginkgo biloba improves tinnitus severity or quality of life versus placebo.
113.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus2013
An updated Cochrane meta-analysis found Ginkgo biloba did not improve tinnitus symptoms versus placebo across included RCTs.
114.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Clonazepam quiets tinnitus: a randomised crossover study with Ginkgo biloba2012
In a crossover study of 38 tinnitus patients, clonazepam reduced tinnitus severity but Ginkgo biloba 40 mg/day for 3 weeks did not.
115.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Ginkgo biloba does not benefit patients with tinnitus: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial and meta-analysis of randomized trials2004
A meta-analysis of 6 double-blind RCTs found Ginkgo biloba did not improve tinnitus handicap or loudness scores versus placebo.
116.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — The efficacy of Ginkgo special extract EGb 761 in patients with tinnitus2002
In an RCT of 60 chronic tinnitus patients, EGb 761 infusion then 160 mg/day oral treatment for 12 weeks reduced tinnitus volume in the more affected ear versus placebo.
117.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial2001
In a double-blind postal RCT of 978 adults with tinnitus, Ginkgo biloba 150 mg/day for 12 weeks did not reduce tinnitus loudness or distress versus placebo.
118.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of tinnitus1994
In an open study of 80 tinnitus patients followed by a double-blind phase in 20 responders, Ginkgo biloba did not outperform placebo on tinnitus outcomes.
119.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — [Multicenter randomized double-blind drug vs. placebo study of the treatment of tinnitus with Ginkgo biloba extract]1986
In a 13-month multicenter double-blind RCT of 103 tinnitus patients, Ginkgo biloba extract improved tinnitus severity across prognostic subgroups versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Type 2 diabetes
2 references120.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Effects and safety of Ginkgo biloba on blood metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis found Ginkgo biloba supplementation modestly improved fasting glucose and lipids in type 2 diabetes without increasing adverse events versus control.
121.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Effect of Ginkgo leaf extract on vascular endothelial function in patients with early stage diabetic nephropathy2009
In an 8-week RCT of 64 early diabetic nephropathy patients, ginkgo leaf extract added to conventional diabetes care improved vascular endothelial function versus control.
SupplementDEX Database · Cataracts
1 reference122.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts in the prevention of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery: A randomized clinical trial2025
In 144 cataract surgery patients, ginkgo biloba extract 200 mg/day for 6 months significantly reduced posterior capsule opacification progression versus placebo over 3-year follow-up.
123.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic kidney disease — The efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves extract combined with ACEI/ARB on diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials2025
A meta-analysis of 41 RCTs (3,269 patients) found ginkgo biloba extract combined with ACEI/ARB significantly improved kidney function markers in diabetic kidney disease versus ACEI/ARB alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Glaucoma
4 references124.SupplementDEX Database: Glaucoma — Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on macula and peripapillary perfusion examined using optical coherence tomography angiography2025
In 34 primary open-angle glaucoma patients, ginkgo biloba extract 240 mg/day for 4 months did not significantly change OCT-A macular or peripapillary perfusion versus matched controls.
125.SupplementDEX Database: Glaucoma — Effect of Ginkgo biloba on visual field and contrast sensitivity in Chinese patients with normal tension glaucoma: a randomized, crossover clinical trial2014
In 35 normal tension glaucoma patients, ginkgo biloba 120 mg/day for two 4-week phases significantly improved visual field indices versus placebo in a crossover trial.
126.SupplementDEX Database: Glaucoma — Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on visual field progression in normal tension glaucoma2013
In 42 normal tension glaucoma patients followed 4+ years, ginkgo biloba 160 mg/day slowed visual field mean deviation decline versus pre-treatment progression rates.
127.SupplementDEX Database: Glaucoma — Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma2003
In 27 normal tension glaucoma patients, ginkgo biloba 120 mg/day for 4 weeks significantly improved pre-existing visual field damage versus placebo in a crossover trial.
128.SupplementDEX Database: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis — Efficacy of ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2025
A meta-analysis of 1,043 IPF patients found ginkgo biloba extract combined with conventional therapy significantly improved total effective rate and pulmonary function versus control.