Melatonin
Melatonin is a sleep-timing hormone used for jet lag and insomnia. Dose and timing matter more than many expect.
Overview
What is melatonin?
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness. It has powerful antioxidant properties in addition to its sleep-related functions. Melatonin supplements are non-addictive.
Dosage
A typical dose of melatonin is 300 micrograms to 5 mg per day. The optimal dose is not known and benefits are not dose-dependent, so taking more melatonin is not more likely to help compared to a lower dose.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
95 conditions for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Database Snapshot
Most melatonin research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Insomnia accounts for 73 of 415 studies (18%).
- Cancer accounts for 22 of 415 studies (5%).
- Migraine accounts for 15 of 415 studies (4%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Acute kidney injury (AKI), Acute pain, Atopic dermatitis (Eczema).
Dietary Sources
Top dietary sources
Ranked by amount per g
Melatonin is found in relatively high concentrations in pistachios and in negligible amounts in other foods.
- Pistachios233000 ngg
Safety
Oral melatonin appears to be safe for adults but should not be used in children. Doses of up to 8 mg per day appear to be safe when used for up to 6 months. Note that 8 mg is a supraphysiological dose and is very high compared to levels naturally produced by the body.
Special populations
Children
AvoidOral melatonin appears to be safe for adults but should not be used in children.
Frequently Asked Questions
References
Sources364 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
1.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders2013
A meta-analysis of 19 primary sleep disorder trials (1,683 subjects) found melatonin reduced sleep onset latency by 7.1 minutes, increased total sleep time by 8.3 minutes, and improved overall sleep quality.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for the treatment of delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleepiness and cognitive function2013
An RCT in delayed sleep phase disorder found combined bright light and melatonin over 3 months improved daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and cognitive function, with benefits wearing off after treatment ended.
3.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — Melatonin treatment effects on adolescent students' sleep timing and sleepiness in a placebo-controlled crossover study2012
A 5-week crossover study of adolescent students found 1 mg afternoon melatonin advanced sleep onset by 68 minutes, lengthened sleep by 62 minutes, and reduced morning sleepiness vs placebo.
4.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis2010
A meta-analysis of DSPD trials found melatonin advanced endogenous melatonin onset by 1.18 hours, sleep onset by 0.67 hours, and reduced sleep-onset latency by 23 minutes.
5.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — Antidepressant action of melatonin in the treatment of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome2010
An RCT of 20 DSPS patients found 5 mg melatonin for 4 weeks significantly reduced depression scores (CES-D and Hamilton) in the 8 patients with comorbid depressive symptoms.
6.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis2005
A meta-analysis found melatonin decreased sleep onset latency by 11.7 minutes overall, with a clinically important 38.8-minute reduction in delayed sleep phase syndrome but only 7.2 minutes in insomnia.
7.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — Effects of melatonin on the quality of life in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome2000
A study of 43 DSPS patients found 5 mg melatonin for 2–9 months significantly improved all SF-36 quality-of-life scales except role limitations due to emotional problems.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A placebo-controlled cross-over study on the effects of melatonin administered five hours before the individual dim light melatonin onset1998
A crossover study of 30 DSPS patients found 5 mg melatonin given 5 hours before individual DLMO advanced melatonin onset by ~1.5 hours and improved sleep continuity on polysomnography.
9.SupplementDEX Database: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) — Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)1998
A long-term study of 61 DSPS patients found 96.7% reported melatonin helpful for sleep timing, though 91.5% relapsed within 1 year of stopping 5 mg/day treatment.
10.SupplementDEX Database: Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder — The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects2003
In 10 blind subjects with free-running rhythms, melatonin 0.5 mg daily entrained cortisol rhythms and improved subjective sleep versus placebo.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder — Melatonin acutely improves the neuroendocrine architecture of sleep in blind individuals2003
In 12 totally blind subjects, a single 5 mg melatonin dose before bedtime improved sleep and associated neuroendocrine patterns versus placebo.
12.SupplementDEX Database: Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder — Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people2000
In 7 totally blind subjects with free-running rhythms, melatonin 10 mg entrained circadian rhythms to a 24-hour cycle versus placebo in a crossover study.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder — Melatonin in circadian sleep disorders in the blind1999
In 49 blind subjects, those without light perception often had free-running rhythms; melatonin treatment improved non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder symptoms.
14.SupplementDEX Database: Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder — Long-term melatonin treatment in blind children and young adults with circadian sleep-wake disturbances1997
In 8 blind children and young adults, oral melatonin improved circadian sleep-wake timing and reduced non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome.
15.SupplementDEX Database: Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder — Melatonin administration to blind people: phase advances and entrainment1991
In 5 totally blind men, melatonin 5 mg at bedtime for 3 weeks phase-advanced endogenous melatonin rhythms versus placebo.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Beta blocker-induced insomnia — Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial2012
A 3-week RCT of hypertensive patients on beta-blockers found 2.5 mg melatonin nightly increased total sleep time by 36 min and sleep efficiency by 7.6% vs placebo on polysomnography.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Beta blocker-induced insomnia — Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release1999
An RCT of 15 healthy volunteers found beta-blocker enantiomers (S-propranolol, S-atenolol) markedly suppressed nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion by 80–86%, while carvedilol did not.
18.SupplementDEX Database: Beta blocker-induced insomnia — Effect of atenolol on nocturnal sleep and temperature in young men: reversal by pharmacological doses of melatonin1997
A crossover study of 8 young men found atenolol impaired sleep and temperature regulation, both reversed by pharmacological melatonin doses restoring normal sleep architecture.
SupplementDEX Database · Cancer
16 references19.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — The Effect of Melatonin Supplementation on Cancer-Related Fatigue during Chemotherapy Treatment of Breast Cancer Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study2024
A 3-month RCT of 49 breast cancer patients on chemotherapy found 1 mg/day melatonin plus Mediterranean diet reduced cancer-related fatigue and BMI vs placebo, though between-group CRF differences were not significant.
20.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Influence of melatonin supplementation on cancer-related fatigue: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs found melatonin modestly reduced cancer-related fatigue (SMD −0.23), with significant benefit only in studies lasting ≥13 weeks.
21.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Melatonin Aids in Treating Mood and Sleep Problems Resulting from Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial2024
A 4-week RCT of 60 breast cancer patients on hormonal therapy found 6 mg/day melatonin significantly improved PSQI sleep quality scores but did not significantly reduce depression or mood disorder scores.
22.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Long-term Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated With Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments2023
A 2-year RCT of 92 breast cancer patients found 18 mg/day melatonin significantly reduced fatigue scores (5.72 to 1.99 vs 5.56 to 2.93 on placebo) during and after adjuvant treatment.
23.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Effect of melatonin on quality of life and symptoms in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 19 RCTs (2,101 cancer patients) found melatonin significantly reduced stomatitis rate (RR 0.47) and eased depression with >14 days of use, but showed no significant overall effect on QoL, sleep, or fatigue.
24.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Effects of melatonin on physical fatigue and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care: A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial2015
A crossover RCT of 72 palliative cancer patients found 20 mg/day melatonin for 1 week did not significantly improve physical fatigue or other symptom measures vs placebo.
26.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Increased survival time in brain glioblastomas by a radioneuroendocrine strategy with radiotherapy plus melatonin compared to radiotherapy alone1996
An RCT of 30 glioblastoma patients found melatonin plus radiotherapy increased 1-year survival (6/14 vs 1/16) and was well tolerated vs radiotherapy alone.
27.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — A phase II study of tamoxifen plus melatonin in metastatic solid tumour patients1996
A phase II study of 25 metastatic solid tumor patients found tamoxifen plus 20 mg/day melatonin produced partial responses in 12% and stable disease in 52%, with improved performance status.
28.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Modulation of cancer endocrine therapy by melatonin: a phase II study of tamoxifen plus melatonin in metastatic breast cancer patients progressing under tamoxifen alone1995
A phase II study of 14 metastatic breast cancer patients progressing on tamoxifen found adding 20 mg/day melatonin restored partial responses in 4/14 (28%) and lowered IGF-1 levels.
29.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Efficacy of the concomitant administration of the pineal hormone melatonin in cancer immunotherapy with low-dose IL-2 in patients with advanced solid tumors who had progressed on IL-2 alone1994
An RCT of 14 IL-2-resistant advanced cancer patients found adding 40 mg/day melatonin to IL-2 produced partial remission in 21% and stable disease in 43%, with improved 1-year survival.
30.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — A randomized study with the pineal hormone melatonin versus supportive care alone in patients with brain metastases due to solid neoplasms1994
An RCT of 50 brain metastases patients found 20 mg/day melatonin significantly improved 1-year survival and neurological symptom control vs supportive care alone.
31.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — A randomised study with subcutaneous low-dose interleukin 2 alone vs interleukin 2 plus the pineal neurohormone melatonin in advanced solid neoplasms other than renal cancer and melanoma1994
An RCT of 41 advanced solid tumor patients found IL-2 plus 40 mg/day melatonin achieved 27% objective response vs 2.6% with IL-2 alone, with higher 1-year survival (19/41 vs 6/39).
32.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Biological and clinical results of a neuroimmunotherapy with interleukin-2 and the pineal hormone melatonin as a first line treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer1992
A clinical study of 20 advanced NSCLC patients found IL-2 plus 10 mg/day melatonin produced 20% partial response and 50% stable disease as first-line neuroimmunotherapy.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Randomized study with the pineal hormone melatonin versus supportive care alone in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer resistant to a first-line chemotherapy containing cisplatin1992
An RCT of 63 advanced NSCLC patients post-cisplatin failure found 10 mg/day melatonin improved 1-year survival and performance status vs supportive care alone.
34.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Clinical results with the pineal hormone melatonin in advanced cancer resistant to standard antitumor therapies. See external source1991
A clinical study of 54 advanced treatment-resistant cancer patients given 20 mg/day IM melatonin found 1 partial response and 21 stable disease cases, with 33% reporting improved performance status.
View source199125.The efficacy and safety of melatonin in concurrent chemotherapy or radiotherapy for solid tumors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. See external sourceExternal source
No source link
SupplementDEX Database · Cardiovascular health
7 references35.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Effect of melatonin supplementation on body composition and blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and Dose-Response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial2024
A meta-analysis of 28 RCTs (1,543 adults) found melatonin significantly reduced hip circumference (−1.21 cm) and daytime diastolic BP (−1.40 mmHg) but did not significantly change body weight, BMI, or systolic BP.
36.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Melatonin supplementation improves N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Results from MeHR trial, a randomized clinical trial2022
A 24-week RCT of 92 HFrEF patients found 10 mg nightly melatonin significantly reduced NT-proBNP (−111 pg/mL) and improved quality of life and NYHA class vs placebo.
37.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Effect of melatonin supplementation on endothelial function in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial2021
A 24-week double-blind RCT found 10 mg melatonin significantly improved flow-mediated dilation (7.84% vs 5.98%) in HFrEF patients, with benefit not seen in diabetic subgroups.
38.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Consumption of melatonin supplement improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and anthropometric indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2021
An 8-week RCT of 50 type 2 diabetes patients found melatonin (500 mg tablets, ~250 mg elemental) significantly reduced systolic BP, MAP, weight, BMI, and waist circumference vs placebo.
39.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Melatonin Supplementation for Six Weeks Had No Effect on Arterial Stiffness and Mitochondrial DNA in Women Aged 55 Years and Older with Insomnia: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study2021
A 6-week RCT of 38 older women with insomnia found 2 mg/day melatonin improved PSQI sleep scores and reduced systolic BP (135 to 128 mmHg) but did not change arterial stiffness or mitochondrial DNA markers.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Acute effects of melatonin administration on cardiovascular autonomic regulation in healthy men2001
An acute-dose study of 26 healthy men found 2 mg melatonin increased cardiac vagal tone, reduced blood pressure, and lowered plasma norepinephrine in the supine position.
41.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular health — Effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men1999
A study in healthy men found 1 mg melatonin acutely reduced blood pressure, carotid pulsatility index, and catecholamine levels within 90 minutes of administration.
SupplementDEX Database · Emergence delirium
6 references42.SupplementDEX Database: Emergence delirium — Efficacy and safety of perioperative melatonin for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 16 perioperative RCTs (n=1,981) found melatonin reduced postoperative delirium incidence (RR 0.57), with stronger effects at higher doses.
43.SupplementDEX Database: Emergence delirium — Does melatonin administration reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in adults? Systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of RCTs (n=1,244) found melatonin given before or after surgery lowered postoperative delirium risk compared with placebo or standard care.
44.SupplementDEX Database: Emergence delirium — Melatonin or its analogs as premedication to prevent emergence agitation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 951 children found melatonin or melatonin-analog premedication significantly reduced emergence agitation after general anesthesia.
45.SupplementDEX Database: Emergence delirium — Atomised intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral melatonin in prevention of emergence delirium in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery with sevoflurane: A randomised double-blind study2022
In 120 children undergoing sevoflurane ophthalmic surgery, intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg prevented emergence delirium more effectively than oral melatonin 0.5 mg/kg.
46.SupplementDEX Database: Emergence delirium — Oral melatonin as part of multimodal anxiolysis decreases emergence delirium in children whereas midazolam does not: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2021
In 132 children aged 3–8 undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia, oral melatonin as part of multimodal anxiolysis reduced emergence delirium, while midazolam did not.
47.SupplementDEX Database: Emergence delirium — Effects of melatonin premedication to prevent emergence agitation after general anaesthesia in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis2015
A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of 4 RCTs (n=358) found melatonin premedication significantly reduced emergence agitation in children after general anesthesia.
SupplementDEX Database · High blood pressure
10 references48.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Melatonin supplementation reduces nighttime blood pressure but does not affect blood pressure reactivity in normotensive adults on a high-sodium diet2023
In 22 normotensive adults on a 10-day high-sodium diet (6,900 mg/day), melatonin 10 mg/day lowered nighttime peripheral and central systolic blood pressure but did not change 24-hour mean arterial pressure or blood pressure reactivity during stress tests.
49.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Controlled-release oral melatonin supplementation for hypertension and nocturnal hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs in hypertensive patients found controlled-release melatonin reduced asleep systolic blood pressure by 3.57 mm Hg and improved sleep, though evidence quality was low and no cardiovascular outcomes were reported.
50.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effects of Melatonin Supplementation On Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2019
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (6 arms) found melatonin supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.43 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 3.33 mm Hg compared with control treatment.
51.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — The effects of melatonin supplementation on blood pressure in patients with metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs found melatonin significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with metabolic disorders, with pooled standardized mean differences of −0.87 and −0.85, respectively.
52.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of melatonin on nocturnal blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2011
A meta-analysis of 7 trials (221 participants) found controlled-release melatonin reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure by 6.1 mm Hg and diastolic by 3.5 mm Hg, whereas fast-release melatonin had no effect.
53.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome2010
In 30 metabolic syndrome patients treated 2 months with melatonin 5 mg/day, systolic blood pressure fell from 133 to 121 mm Hg, LDL cholesterol decreased, and antioxidant enzyme activity improved versus baseline.
54.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Melatonin reduces night blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension2006
In 38 treated hypertensive patients with nocturnal hypertension, controlled-release melatonin 2 mg nightly for 4 weeks reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure from 136 to 130 mm Hg and diastolic from 72 to 69 mm Hg versus placebo.
55.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Prolonged melatonin administration decreases nocturnal blood pressure in women2005
In 18 women (ages 47–63) with normal or treated hypertension, slow-release melatonin 3 mg nightly for 3 weeks decreased nocturnal systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure by about 3.7 mm Hg without affecting daytime readings.
56.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Daily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension2004
In 16 men with untreated essential hypertension, melatonin 2.5 mg nightly for 3 weeks reduced nocturnal systolic blood pressure by 6 mm Hg and diastolic by 4 mm Hg and improved sleep, while a single dose had no effect.
57.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Influences of melatonin administration on the circulation of women1998
In 17 healthy young women, daytime melatonin 1 mg lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure and reduced arterial pulsatility index within 90 minutes compared with placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Insomnia
71 references58.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Effect of melatonin on insomnia and daytime sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia (COMISA): A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial2024
In 30 patients with obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia on PAP, melatonin 10 mg for 1 month improved PSQI, insomnia severity, daytime sleepiness, and functional sleep scores versus placebo.
59.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis2024
A dose-response meta-analysis of 26 RCTs (1,689 participants) found melatonin reduced sleep onset latency and increased total sleep time, with peak benefit around 4 mg/day taken about 3 hours before bedtime.
60.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effects of melatonin and magnesium in a novel supplement delivery system on sleep scores, body composition and metabolism in otherwise healthy individuals with sleep disturbances2024
A 4-week crossover RCT of 35 adults with sleep disturbances found a melatonin-magnesium coffee-pod supplement improved PSQI sleep scores and reduced fat mass, though average PSQI remained above 5.
61.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcomes and quality of sleep in epilepsy with idiopathic generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone in adult patients: Cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial2023
In 60 adults with generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy on valproate, add-on melatonin improved sleep quality and reduced seizure severity scores but did not significantly lower seizure frequency.
62.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin for sleep disorders in people with autism: Systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 15 studies in people with autism found melatonin increased total sleep time (SMD 0.78), reduced sleep latency (SMD 1.23), and improved sleep efficiency (SMD −0.70) versus placebo.
63.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin Treatment and Adequate Sleep Hygiene Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial2022
An RCT of 196 children with ASD found 1–4 mg melatonin before bedtime shortened sleep-onset latency by 22–28 minutes vs 5 minutes on placebo under structured sleep hygiene.
64.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin Does Not Improve Sleep Quality in a Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial After Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty2022
In 118 patients after primary hip or knee arthroplasty, melatonin 6 mg daily for 6 weeks did not improve Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores at 2 or 6 weeks compared with placebo.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients2022
In 60 hemodialysis patients with sleep disorders, melatonin 3 mg nightly for 3 months improved PSQI, insomnia severity, depression, anxiety, and quality-of-life scores versus placebo.
69.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin effects on sleep quality and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial2022
An open-label RCT of 96 hospitalized COVID-19 patients found melatonin significantly improved sleep quality (LSEQ scores) and blood oxygen saturation (95.8% vs 93.7%) vs standard care.
66.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and insomnia in patients with cancer: a systematic review study2021
A systematic review of 6 studies in cancer patients found melatonin (3–20 mg nightly for 10 days to 4 months) significantly improved sleep quality and insomnia in four trials, with mixed results in two others.
67.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Neurocognitive effects of melatonin treatment in healthy adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 22 RCTs found >12 weeks of melatonin improved MMSE scores by 1.82 points in Alzheimer's disease, with significant benefit in mild-stage AD (MD 1.89).
68.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Efficacy of dietary supplements on improving sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 31 RCTs found melatonin supplementation improved subjective sleep quality (MD −1.21), alongside amino acids and vitamin D, though melatonin results had high heterogeneity.
70.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial2020
In 97 middle-aged adults with primary insomnia, melatonin 3 mg for 4 weeks reduced early morning wake time by 31 minutes and N2 sleep percentage but did not improve insomnia severity or sleep latency on polysomnography.
71.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality and Assessment of the Serum Melatonin in ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial2020
In 203 ICU patients, melatonin 10 mg nightly improved Richards-Campbell sleep quality scores (69.7 vs 60.7) and raised serum melatonin levels but did not reduce delirium or sedative use versus placebo.
72.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Evaluating the Evidence Base of Melatonin, Light Exposure, Exercise, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Patients with Insomnia Disorder2020
A network meta-analysis of 40 insomnia RCTs found melatonin improved sleep-onset difficulties, though no intervention outperformed cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as first-line treatment.
73.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Efficacy and safety of melatonin for sleep onset insomnia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2020
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (387 children) found melatonin advanced sleep onset by 0.62 hours, reduced sleep latency by 0.36 hours, and increased total sleep time by 0.38 hours in pediatric sleep-onset insomnia.
74.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The Influence of Melatonin on Sleep Quality After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2019
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (250 patients) found melatonin after laparoscopic cholecystectomy did not significantly improve sleep quality, well-being, sleepiness, or postoperative pain versus placebo.
75.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial2018
In 33 adults with traumatic brain injury, prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg for 4 weeks improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, sleep efficiency on actigraphy, and mental health measures versus placebo.
76.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The Effect of Melatonin Upon Postacute Withdrawal Among Males in a Residential Treatment Program (M-PAWS): A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial2018
In 70 men in residential substance-use recovery, melatonin 5 mg for 28 days did not significantly reduce anxiety, depression, stress, or insomnia scores compared with placebo.
77.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder2017
In 125 children with autism or neurogenetic disorders, prolonged-release melatonin increased nightly sleep by 57.5 minutes versus 9 minutes with placebo over 13 weeks and reduced sleep latency by 40 minutes.
78.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease2017
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (n=462) found melatonin prolonged total sleep time in Alzheimer’s disease (SMD 0.26), though effects on cognition were inconsistent across trials.
79.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Exogenous melatonin for sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2016
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs found melatonin improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's patients and reduced REM sleep behavior disorder symptoms, with limited effects on objective sleep measures.
80.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study2015
In 11 children aged 6–11 with epilepsy, 9 mg sustained-release melatonin in a crossover trial improved sleep onset and sleep quality without increasing seizures.
81.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations2015
A 2014 expert consensus review concluded melatonin is most effective for pediatric sleep-onset insomnia and delayed sleep phase when given 3–5 hours before dim light melatonin onset, including in autism and ADHD.
82.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Impact of Melatonin on Sleep and Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty Under Regional Anesthesia With Sedation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study2015
In a pilot study after total knee arthroplasty, melatonin increased sleep time by 29 minutes and sleep efficiency by 4.4% versus placebo, but differences were not statistically significant and pain was unchanged.
83.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Long-term effects of melatonin on quality of life and sleep in haemodialysis patients (Melody study): a randomized controlled trial2013
In 67 hemodialysis patients followed 12 months, melatonin 3 mg/day improved sleep efficiency and sleep time at 3 months versus placebo, but these benefits disappeared by 6–12 months and vitality did not improve.
84.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2012
In 160 children with autism and insomnia, controlled-release melatonin alone or with CBT reduced sleep latency and improved sleep maintenance over 12 weeks, with combination therapy achieving the highest response rate (84%).
85.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial2012
In 146 children with neurodevelopmental disorders, melatonin increased total sleep time by 22 minutes and reduced sleep onset latency by 38 minutes over 12 weeks, though children also woke earlier.
86.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The use of Melatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS)2012
In 275 children with neurodevelopmental disorders and sleep problems, immediate-release melatonin reduced sleep onset latency by 45 minutes on actigraphy versus placebo over 12 weeks, though total sleep gain averaged 23 minutes.
87.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia2011
In 51 children on long-term melatonin for sleep-onset insomnia, pubertal development, sleep quality, and mental health did not differ from the general Dutch population after 6 months of follow-up.
88.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response2011
In 930 adults with primary insomnia, prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg improved sleep latency, quality of life, and morning alertness over 6 months without tolerance, rebound, or withdrawal symptoms.
89.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis2011
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs in children with autism found melatonin significantly improved sleep duration, latency, and efficiency compared with placebo.
90.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease2011
An MDS evidence review found melatonin 3–5 mg or 50 mg may help insomnia in Parkinson's disease, alongside evidence for modafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness.
91.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT2010
In 72 children with sleep-onset insomnia, melatonin 0.05–0.15 mg/kg for 1 week advanced dim light melatonin onset and reduced sleep latency in a dose-dependent manner.
92.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety2010
In elderly insomnia patients, prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg nightly for 6 months reduced sleep latency regardless of low melatonin excretion, with sustained benefits and good safety.
93.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin improves sleep and reduces nitrite in the exhaled breath condensate in cystic fibrosis--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study2010
In 10 cystic fibrosis patients, melatonin 3 mg for 21 days improved sleep and reduced nitrite in exhaled breath condensate versus placebo.
94.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia2009
In 40 adults over 55 with primary insomnia, prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg reduced sleep onset latency by 9 minutes and improved next-day psychomotor performance versus placebo.
95.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Exogenous melatonin for sleep problems in individuals with intellectual disability: a meta-analysis2009
A meta-analysis of RCTs in people with intellectual disabilities found melatonin significantly improved sleep problems compared with placebo.
96.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effect of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial2009
In 121 patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, melatonin 5 mg for 3 nights reduced sleep latency to 14 minutes versus 28 minutes with placebo.
97.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effects of melatonin on sleep-wake rhythm of daytime haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study (EMSCAP study)2009
In hemodialysis patients in a crossover trial, melatonin 3 mg nightly for 6 weeks improved subjective sleep and raised nocturnal melatonin levels versus placebo.
98.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease2008
In 50 institutionalized Alzheimer's patients, morning light plus melatonin 5 mg improved rest-activity rhythms compared with light plus placebo or usual care.
99.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects2007
In 170 primary insomnia outpatients, prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg for 3 weeks improved sleep quality and morning alertness versus placebo.
100.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes2007
In 354 insomnia patients aged 55–80, prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg shortened sleep latency by 24 minutes and improved morning alertness and quality of life versus placebo.
101.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin in schizophrenic outpatients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study2007
In 40 schizophrenic outpatients with insomnia, flexibly dosed melatonin 3–12 mg improved sleep measures versus placebo without worsening psychiatric symptoms.
102.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study2007
In 18 Parkinson's patients, melatonin 3 mg improved subjective sleep quality but did not significantly change motor UPDRS scores versus placebo.
103.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised pilot study of nocturnal melatonin in tracheostomised patients2006
In 32 tracheostomized ICU patients, melatonin 3 mg at 20:00 did not significantly increase observed nocturnal sleep hours versus placebo in this pilot study.
104.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Add-on melatonin improves sleep behavior in children with epilepsy: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2005
In 31 children aged 3–12 on valproate, add-on melatonin for 4 weeks significantly improved sleep behavior scores (24.4% vs 14.0% reduction in total sleep score) versus placebo.
105.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin for sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease2005
In 40 Parkinson's patients, melatonin 50 mg improved total nighttime sleep on actigraphy and subjective sleep disturbance versus placebo, though the actigraphic gain was about 10 minutes.
106.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Nocturnal 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in insomnia and its relation to the response to melatonin replacement therapy2004
In 517 insomnia patients aged 55+, lower nocturnal 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion predicted greater sleep-latency improvement with melatonin 2 mg therapy.
107.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin improves sleep in asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2004
In 22 women with asthma, melatonin 3 mg for 4 weeks improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and daytime somnolence versus placebo without impairing lung function.
108.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin in wake-sleep disorders in children, adolescents and young adults with mental retardation with or without epilepsy: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial2004
In 25 youths with intellectual disability and sleep-wake disorders, melatonin 3–9 mg improved sleep onset and sleep quality in a double-blind crossover trial.
109.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin improves health status and sleep in children with idiopathic chronic sleep-onset insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2003
In 62 children with chronic sleep-onset insomnia, melatonin 5 mg at 7 pm for 4 weeks improved health status and sleep versus placebo.
110.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2001
In 40 children with chronic sleep-onset insomnia, melatonin 5 mg for 4 weeks advanced sleep onset and improved sleep quality versus placebo.
111.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia2001
In 15 older adults with age-related insomnia, physiological melatonin doses restored nocturnal melatonin levels and improved sleep efficiency versus placebo.
112.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin in medically ill patients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study2001
In 33 medically ill patients with insomnia, flexible-dose melatonin (mean 5.4 mg) hastened sleep onset, improved sleep quality, and increased sleep duration versus placebo.
113.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders in children with developmental disabilities2001
In 20 children with developmental disabilities, melatonin significantly reduced sleep latency, with greater benefit in those with longer baseline latency.
114.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Effect of melatonin on sleep quality of COPD intensive care patients: a pilot study2000
In 8 COPD ICU patients, exogenous melatonin showed a trend toward improved sleep quality versus placebo in this small pilot study.
115.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin improves sleep quality of patients with chronic schizophrenia2000
In 19 patients with chronic schizophrenia, melatonin 2 mg improved sleep quality scores versus baseline, supporting melatonin replacement in low-output patients.
116.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin add-on in manic patients with treatment resistant insomnia2000
A 1-month pilot of 11 manic patients with treatment-resistant insomnia found 3 mg/day melatonin add-on significantly lengthened sleep duration and reduced mania severity.
117.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep-wake cycle disorders2000
In 42 children with neurodevelopmental sleep-wake disorders, controlled-release melatonin improved sleep timing and was preferred over fast-release melatonin.
118.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Effect of melatonin in selected populations of sleep-disturbed patients1999
In an open pilot study, melatonin 3 mg for 21 days improved sleep quality and reduced awakenings in patients with primary insomnia and in those with depression.
119.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Use of melatonin to treat sleep disorders in tuberous sclerosis1999
In 7 patients with tuberous sclerosis, melatonin increased total sleep time by 0.55 hours versus placebo in a crossover trial.
120.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The role of melatonin and circadian phase in age-related sleep-maintenance insomnia: assessment in a clinical trial of melatonin replacement1998
In patients with age-related sleep-maintenance insomnia, three melatonin 0.5 mg delivery strategies showed modest sleep benefits versus placebo in a crossover trial.
121.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Effect of sustained nocturnal transbuccal melatonin administration on sleep and temperature in elderly insomniacs1998
In elderly insomniacs, sustained transbuccal melatonin 0.5 mg improved sleep quality and reduced wake after sleep onset versus placebo.
122.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder1998
In 19 outpatients with MDD on fluoxetine, adding slow-release melatonin for 4 weeks improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores but did not accelerate mood improvement versus placebo.
123.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Sleep dysfunction in Rett syndrome: a trial of exogenous melatonin treatment1998
In 9 girls with Rett syndrome, melatonin 2.5–7.5 mg improved sleep efficiency from 68% at baseline in a crossover trial.
124.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment1998
In 10 elderly adults with mild cognitive impairment, melatonin 6 mg improved rest-activity rhythm and reduced sleep onset latency but did not significantly increase total sleep time.
125.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin and insomnia1996
In 15 adults with psychophysiological insomnia, melatonin 5 mg for 1 week did not alter self-reported sleep timing, duration, or quality versus placebo.
126.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin1995
In 12 elderly insomniacs on chronic medications, controlled-release melatonin improved sleep quality and raised nocturnal 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion.
127.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs1995
In melatonin-deficient elderly insomniacs, 2 mg melatonin as sustained- or fast-release tablets improved sleep versus run-in baseline in a crossover study.
128.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Melatonin administration in insomnia1990
In 10 adults with persistent insomnia, melatonin 1–5 mg did not change sleep onset or duration on EEG, though 1 mg increased REM latency; patients reported less sleep but similar quality.
129.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study2023
In 136 IBS patients, melatonin 6 mg/day for 2 months improved IBS scores, GI symptoms, quality of life, and sleep in both patients with and without sleep disorders versus placebo.
130.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — The efficacy of exogenous melatonin supplement in ameliorating irritable bowel syndrome severity: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs (115 IBS patients) found exogenous melatonin significantly reduced IBS severity scores versus placebo.
131.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — Influence of melatonin on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in postmenopausal women2013
In 80 postmenopausal women with IBS, melatonin 3 mg nightly improved abdominal pain and bowel symptoms versus placebo over 8 weeks.
132.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — The effects of melatonin on colonic transit time in normal controls and IBS patients2009
In 17 healthy controls and 17 IBS patients, melatonin 3 mg daily for 30 days did not significantly change colonic transit time in either group.
133.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — A preliminary study of melatonin in irritable bowel syndrome2007
In 18 IBS patients, melatonin 3 mg for 8 weeks improved overall IBS and quality-of-life scores versus placebo in this small preliminary trial.
134.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — Melatonin improves abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome patients who have sleep disturbances: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study2005
In 40 IBS patients with sleep disturbance, melatonin 3 mg for 2 weeks reduced abdominal pain and improved sleep versus placebo.
135.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — Melatonin improves bowel symptoms in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study2005
In 17 women with IBS in a crossover trial, melatonin 3 mg for 8 weeks improved GI symptom scores versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Jet lag
11 references136.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Melatonin treatment for eastward and westward travel preparation2010
In a jet-lag preparation trial, 3 mg regular-release, sustained-release, or surge-sustained melatonin advanced circadian phase for eastward and westward travel adaptation.
137.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis2006
A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (651 participants) found no evidence that exogenous melatonin improved sleep onset latency in secondary sleep disorders or sleep restriction conditions, though it appeared safe short-term.
138.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Melatonin and zopiclone as facilitators of early circadian sleep in operational air transport crews2004
In 30 transport aircrew, melatonin 2 mg or zopiclone 5 mg facilitated early circadian sleep after transatlantic missions without impairing post-sleep psychomotor performance.
139.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag2002
A Cochrane systematic review concluded melatonin near destination bedtime can reduce jet lag after crossing five or more time zones, with larger eastward shifts benefiting most.
140.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Jet lag: clinical features, validation of a new syndrome-specific scale, and lack of response to melatonin in a randomized, double-blind trial1999
In 257 physicians after a 6-hour eastward return flight, none of four melatonin regimens (5 mg, 0.5 mg bedtime, or shifting 0.5 mg) clearly outperformed placebo on jet lag ratings.
141.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Melatonin: aeromedical, toxicopharmacological, and analytical aspects1999
A review of melatonin aeromedical use concluded it modulates circadian rhythms and is widely self-administered for sleep disorders, though optimal dosing remains debated.
142.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag1998
In 320 travelers after eastward flights, melatonin 5 mg fast-release reduced jet lag symptoms more than 0.5 mg fast-release, 2 mg controlled-release, or placebo over 4 days.
143.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew1993
In 52 international cabin crew, late-start melatonin 5 mg for 5 days showed a trend toward faster jet lag recovery versus early-start or placebo regimens.
144.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Melatonin and jet lag: confirmatory result using a simplified protocol1992
In 30 travelers on eastward flights, melatonin 8 mg on return day and for 3 days improved global efficacy, morning fatigue, and evening sleepiness versus placebo by day 8.
146.SupplementDEX Database: Jet lag — Effect of melatonin on jet lag after long haul flights1989
In 20 volunteers after long-haul flights, melatonin 5 mg before, during, and after travel reduced jet lag symptoms versus placebo in a crossover trial.
145.The effect of 6, 9 and 11 hour time shifts on circadian rhythms adaptation of sleep parameters and hormonal patterns following the intake of melatonin or placebo. See external sourceExternal source
SupplementDEX Database · Migraine
11 references147.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Fixed combination of palmitoylethanolamide and melatonin in preventive therapy of migraine: results from a randomized clinical trial2025
In 60 migraine patients, PEA plus melatonin 0.2 mg for 3 months reduced migraine frequency and severity versus placebo.
148.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — The Effect of Melatonin on Reducing the Frequency and Severity of Migraine Attacks: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial2024
In 60 adults with episodic migraine on propranolol, melatonin 3 mg for 2 months reduced attack frequency and duration versus placebo.
149.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin as Prophylaxis for Migraine in Adults: A Meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 3 adult migraine prophylaxis trials found melatonin reduced migraine frequency versus placebo, though evidence was limited.
150.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — The association between melatonin and episodic migraine: A pilot network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the prophylactic effects with exogenous melatonin supplementation and pharmacotherapy2020
A network meta-analysis found melatonin ranked among effective episodic migraine prophylactics versus placebo, though head-to-head drug comparisons were indirect.
151.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Melatonin for Acute Treatment of Migraine in Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Randomized Trial2020
In a pediatric pilot trial, neither high- nor low-dose melatonin clearly outperformed the other for acute migraine treatment in children aged 4–17.
152.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Randomised clinical trial comparing melatonin 3 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg and placebo for migraine prevention2016
In 196 adults with migraine, melatonin 3 mg nightly for 3 months reduced migraine days similarly to amitriptyline 25 mg and better than placebo.
153.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Melatonin 4 mg as prophylactic therapy for primary headaches: a pilot study2016
In 49 patients with migraine or tension headache, melatonin 4 mg for 6 months reduced headache frequency, with significant benefit in tension-type headache.
154.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Safety and efficacy of melatonin in pediatric migraine prophylaxis2015
In 60 children with migraine, melatonin 3 mg for 8 weeks reduced headache frequency and severity with good tolerability versus pretreatment baseline.
155.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Prophylaxis of migraine with melatonin: a randomized controlled trial2010
In 48 adults with migraine, extended-release melatonin 2 mg for 8 weeks reduced migraine attack frequency versus placebo in a crossover trial.
156.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Melatonin, 3 mg, is effective for migraine prevention2004
An open trial reported melatonin 3 mg was effective for migraine prevention, though detailed outcome data were not provided in the available abstract.
157.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Nocturnal melatonin excretion is decreased in patients with migraine without aura attacks associated with menses1995
In 19 women with menstrual migraine, mean nocturnal melatonin excretion was lower than in controls and did not rise normally from follicular to luteal phase.
SupplementDEX Database · Preoperative anxiety
5 references158.SupplementDEX Database: Preoperative anxiety — Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults2020
A Cochrane review found melatonin may reduce preoperative and postoperative anxiety compared with placebo, with effects similar to some benzodiazepines at lower sedation risk.
159.SupplementDEX Database: Preoperative anxiety — Melatonin and clonidine premedication has similar impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol target controlled-infusions2015
In 32 sinus surgery patients, melatonin premedication altered propofol pharmacokinetics similarly to clonidine without worsening hemodynamic stability.
160.SupplementDEX Database: Preoperative anxiety — Premedication with oral alprazolam and melatonin combination: a comparison with either alone--a randomized controlled factorial trial2014
In 80 preoperative patients, alprazolam plus melatonin improved anxiolysis more than either drug alone or placebo before anesthesia.
161.SupplementDEX Database: Preoperative anxiety — Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery2009
In children undergoing surgery, oral melatonin 0.05–0.4 mg/kg reduced preoperative anxiety similarly to midazolam 0.5 mg/kg in a randomized trial.
162.SupplementDEX Database: Preoperative anxiety — Melatonin vs. midazolam premedication in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study2005
In 105 children, melatonin premedication reduced anxiety without the cognitive impairment seen with midazolam in this dose-ranging trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Tinnitus
7 references163.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Comparison of Melatonin and Sertraline Therapies on Tinnitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial2017
An RCT of 70 tinnitus patients found 3 mg/day melatonin for 3 months reduced Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores more than 50 mg/day sertraline.
164.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?2011
A crossover RCT of 61 chronic tinnitus patients found 3 mg/night melatonin for 30 days significantly reduced tinnitus intensity and improved sleep vs placebo.
165.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Management of tinnitus: oral treatment with melatonin and sulodexide2009
An RCT of 102 tinnitus patients found melatonin plus sulodexide improved Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and acufenometry scores more than melatonin alone, while the untreated control group did not improve.
166.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Treatment of central and sensorineural tinnitus with orally administered Melatonin and Sulodexide: personal experience from a randomized controlled study2009
An RCT of 102 tinnitus patients found melatonin plus sulodexide improved Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and acufenometry scores more than melatonin alone, with no improvement in the untreated control group.
167.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Sulpiride and melatonin decrease tinnitus perception modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway2007
An RCT of 99 tinnitus patients found 3 mg/day melatonin for 1 month reduced tinnitus perception by 40%, while sulpiride plus melatonin reduced it by 81% vs 22% with placebo.
168.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — The effects of melatonin on tinnitus and sleep2006
An open-label study of 24 tinnitus patients found 3 mg/day melatonin for 4 weeks significantly improved Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores.
169.SupplementDEX Database: Tinnitus — Effect of melatonin on tinnitus1998
A crossover RCT of 30 subjective tinnitus patients found 3 mg/night melatonin did not change overall THI scores but improved outcomes in patients with sleep-related tinnitus (46.7% vs 20% with placebo).
SupplementDEX Database · Thrombocytopenia
6 references170.SupplementDEX Database: Thrombocytopenia — Chemoneuroendocrine therapy of metastatic breast cancer with persistent thrombocytopenia with weekly low-dose epirubicin plus melatonin: a phase II study1999
A study of 14 metastatic breast cancer patients on weekly epirubicin found adding 20 mg/day melatonin normalized platelet counts in 9 of 12 evaluable patients and produced tumor regression in 41%.
171.SupplementDEX Database: Thrombocytopenia — Treatment of cancer chemotherapy-induced toxicity with the pineal hormone melatonin1997
An RCT of 80 metastatic solid tumor patients found 20 mg/day melatonin with chemotherapy reduced thrombocytopenia, malaise, and asthenia vs chemotherapy alone.
172.SupplementDEX Database: Thrombocytopenia — A randomized study of chemotherapy with cisplatin plus etoposide versus chemoendocrine therapy with cisplatin, etoposide and the pineal hormone melatonin as a first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients in a poor clinical state1997
In 70 advanced NSCLC patients, cisplatin-etoposide plus melatonin improved tumor response and 1-year survival versus chemotherapy alone in poor-performance patients.
173.SupplementDEX Database: Thrombocytopenia — The pineal hormone melatonin in hematology and its potential efficacy in the treatment of thrombocytopenia1996
A pilot study of 14 patients with persistent thrombocytopenia found 20 mg/day melatonin for 2 months normalized platelet counts in 57% and significantly increased mean platelet number.
174.SupplementDEX Database: Thrombocytopenia — A biological study on the efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin in the treatment of cancer-related thrombocytopenia1995
A pilot study of 20 advanced cancer patients on low-dose IL-2 found adding 40 mg/day melatonin normalized platelet counts in 70% of patients.
175.SupplementDEX Database: Thrombocytopenia — Prevention of interleukin-2-induced thrombocytopenia during the immunotherapy of cancer by a concomitant administration of the pineal hormone melatonin1995
An RCT in lung cancer patients found IL-2 plus melatonin prevented IL-2-induced thrombocytopenia (0 of 8 vs 3 of 7 with IL-2 alone) and maintained higher platelet counts.
176.SupplementDEX Database: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) — Analgesic and sedative effects of melatonin in temporomandibular disorders: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study2013
In 32 women with myofascial temporomandibular disorder, melatonin 5 mg for 4 weeks reduced pain and improved sleep versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Appetite
1 reference177.SupplementDEX Database: Appetite — Effects of melatonin supplementation on eating habits and appetite-regulating hormones: a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical and preclinical trials2021
A systematic review of 15 trials found exogenous melatonin may modulate leptin, ghrelin, and insulin and influence eating behavior, though evidence remains heterogeneous and inconclusive.
SupplementDEX Database · Athletic performance
6 references178.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Melatonin Supplementation Enhances Next-Day High-Intensity Exercise Performance and Recovery in Trained Males: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study2025
A crossover RCT of 12 trained males found 6 mg melatonin the night before improved next-day shuttle test distance, fatigue index, and perceived recovery up to 72 hours vs placebo.
179.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Professional Football Player Performance: A Systematic Review2023
A systematic review of 8 studies in professional soccer players found 5–8 mg melatonin reduced oxidative stress and muscle damage markers but did not consistently improve physical performance.
180.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Melatonin supplementation alleviates cellular damage and physical performance decline induced by an intensive training period in professional soccer players2022
An RCT of 20 soccer players during 6-day intensive training found daily 5 mg melatonin prevented rises in oxidative protein products and attenuated declines in jump and sprint performance vs placebo.
181.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Consumption of a 5-mg Melatonin Supplement Does Not Affect 32.2-km Cycling Time Trial Performance2018
A crossover RCT of 10 trained cyclists found 5 mg melatonin taken before sleep did not affect next-day 32.2-km time-trial performance or power output in a thermoneutral environment.
182.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Effects of resistance exercise session after oral ingestion of melatonin on physiological and performance responses of adult men2006
An RCT of 10 men found 6 mg melatonin before resistance exercise lowered GH area-under-curve during and after training without impairing strength performance.
183.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Are there hangover-effects on physical performance when melatonin is ingested by athletes before nocturnal sleep?2001
A double-blind crossover study of 12 athletes found 5 mg melatonin before sleep produced no meaningful hangover effects on grip strength, cycling time trial, or sleep quality the next morning.
SupplementDEX Database · Cachexia
1 reference184.SupplementDEX Database: Cachexia — Effects of melatonin on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and cachexia: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial2013
A 28-day double-blind RCT of 48 advanced cancer patients with cachexia found 20 mg/day melatonin did not improve appetite, weight, or quality of life vs placebo and was stopped for futility.
SupplementDEX Database · Dementia
8 references185.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Comparative Efficacy, Tolerability, and Acceptability of Donanemab, Lecanemab, Aducanumab, Melatonin, and Aerobic Exercise for a Short Time on Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (4,599 MCI/mild AD patients) found melatonin significantly more effective than donanemab, lecanemab, aducanumab, and placebo for cognitive function, with excellent tolerability.
186.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to enhance sleep in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review2021
A systematic review of 18 interventional studies in MCI/mild AD found adapted CBT-I, suvorexant, and melatonin each significantly improved sleep parameters, with melatonin reducing sleep latency in two small studies.
187.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Melatonin effects on EEG activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer´s disease: a pilot study2021
In 8 mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s patients, a crossover trial of 5 mg fast-release melatonin altered NREM EEG: increased theta power in the left-central hemisphere and reduced beta/gamma coherence in the right hemisphere during deep sleep.
188.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Dietary Melatonin Therapy Alleviates the Lamina Cribrosa Damages in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study2020
In 40 patients with mild cognitive impairment, double-blind melatonin treatment reduced thinning of the lamina cribrosa compared with placebo, a structural ocular marker linked to neurodegeneration.
189.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Effects of a diet integration with an oily emulsion of DHA-phospholipids containing melatonin and tryptophan in elderly patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment2012
In 25 elderly adults with MCI, 12 weeks of DHA-phospholipid emulsion with melatonin and tryptophan did not significantly improve cognition versus placebo.
190.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Effectiveness of melatonin treatment on circadian rhythm disturbances in dementia. Are there implications for delirium? A systematic review2010
A systematic review of 9 studies (330 dementia patients) found melatonin improved sundowning/agitated behavior and suggested a role in delirium prevention through circadian stabilization.
191.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Melatonin fails to improve sleep or agitation in double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of institutionalized patients with Alzheimer disease2009
In 24 institutionalized Alzheimer’s patients, 8.5 mg melatonin nightly for 10 days did not improve actigraphy-measured sleep or reduce agitation versus placebo.
192.SupplementDEX Database: Dementia — Melatonin for cognitive impairment2006
A Cochrane review of melatonin for dementia/cognitive impairment (n=157) found limited evidence for cognitive benefit, though some trials reported improved sleep and circadian regulation.
SupplementDEX Database · Endometriosis
3 references193.SupplementDEX Database: Endometriosis — The effect of antioxidant supplementation on dysmenorrhea and endometriosis-associated painful symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2024
A meta-analysis of 10 antioxidant RCTs found antioxidant supplements including melatonin significantly reduced dysmenorrhea severity (SMD −0.48) and endometriosis-related pelvic pain.
194.SupplementDEX Database: Endometriosis — Adjuvant use of melatonin for pain management in endometriosis-associated pelvic pain—A randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial2023
In 40 women with endometriosis, 20 mg melatonin daily for two menstrual cycles significantly reduced pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea on an 11-point scale versus placebo.
195.SupplementDEX Database: Endometriosis — Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2013
In 40 women with endometriosis, 10 mg melatonin nightly for 8 weeks significantly reduced chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, and daily analgesic use versus placebo.
196.SupplementDEX Database: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) — The potential therapeutic effect of melatonin in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease2010
In 60 GERD patients, melatonin alone or with omeprazole improved reflux symptoms and supported esophageal mucosal protection compared with omeprazole alone in a controlled trial.
197.SupplementDEX Database: Helicobacter pylori infection (H. pylori) — Effects of melatonin and tryptophan on healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers with Helicobacter pylori infection in humans2011
In 42 H. pylori–positive adults (ages 28–50) with gastric or duodenal ulcers, omeprazole plus melatonin 5 mg twice daily or tryptophan 250 mg twice daily healed all ulcers by day 21 versus only 3 of 7 per ulcer type with omeprazole alone.
198.SupplementDEX Database: Helicobacter pylori infection (H. pylori) — Melatonin or L-tryptophan accelerates healing of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients treated with omeprazole2011
In 42 patients with gastroduodenal ulcers on omeprazole, melatonin or L-tryptophan accelerated ulcer healing versus omeprazole plus placebo over 21 days.
SupplementDEX Database · Infertility
8 references199.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Oral melatonin supplementation during in vitro fertilization treatment: a systematic PRISMA review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 7 IVF RCTs found oral melatonin increased mature oocyte count by 1.82 per cycle and showed a nonsignificant trend toward higher clinical pregnancy rates, with most studies small or moderate quality.
200.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Effect of myo-inositol and melatonin versus myo-inositol, in a randomized controlled trial, for improving in vitro fertilization of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome2016
In 526 PCOS women undergoing IVF, myo-inositol plus melatonin 3 mg/day improved oocyte and embryo quality versus myo-inositol alone, with higher fertilization, implantation, and clinical pregnancy rates.
201.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Melatonin supplementation during controlled ovarian stimulation for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (680 women) found melatonin during ovarian stimulation did not significantly improve clinical pregnancy (RR 1.21), live birth, or miscarriage rates, with low-quality evidence.
202.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Oral melatonin supplementation improves oocyte and embryo quality in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer2014
In IVF patients taking melatonin 3 mg/day for at least 2 weeks, ICSI fertilization and good-quality embryo rates improved in a second cycle, especially among those with prior fertilization rates below 60%.
203.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Does supplementation of in-vitro culture medium with melatonin improve IVF outcome in PCOS?2013
In PCOS patients undergoing IVM IVF, melatonin-supplemented culture medium raised pregnancy and implantation rates compared with standard medium, particularly after hCG priming.
204.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — The efficacy of melatonin administration on oocyte quality2012
In 85 women undergoing IVF, melatonin increased the proportion of mature MII oocytes and class 1 embryos versus no melatonin, though fertilization rates did not differ between groups.
205.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Melatonin improves the oocyte and the embryo in IVF patients with sleep disturbances, but does not improve the sleeping problems2011
In 60 IVF patients with sleep disturbances, melatonin increased retrieved and MII oocyte counts and grade-1 embryo ratio versus no melatonin but did not significantly improve sleep symptoms.
206.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Effect of the treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid plus melatonin in comparison with a treatment with myo-inositol plus folic acid on oocyte quality and pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles. A prospective, clinical trial2010
In 65 women undergoing IVF, myo-inositol plus folic acid plus melatonin yielded more mature oocytes (6.56 vs 5.76) and higher-quality embryos than myo-inositol plus folic acid alone, with 13 versus 9 pregnancies.
207.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The effect of melatonin supplementation on liver indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2020
A meta-analysis of NAFLD RCTs found melatonin significantly reduced liver enzymes compared with placebo, though included trials were heterogeneous.
208.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The effect of melatonin on treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized double blind clinical trial2020
In 45 NAFLD patients, melatonin 6 mg nightly for 3 months improved liver enzymes and metabolic markers versus placebo.
209.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Effects of treatment with melatonin and tryptophan on liver enzymes, parameters of fat metabolism and plasma levels of cytokines in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease--14 months follow up2014
In NAFLD patients, melatonin and tryptophan reduced liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers versus baseline in a controlled study.
210.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The effects of long-term melatonin treatment on plasma liver enzymes levels and plasma concentrations of lipids and melatonin in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study2012
In 42 NASH patients, 12 additional weeks of melatonin maintained earlier improvements in liver enzymes after an initial 12-week course versus placebo.
211.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — Plasma insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, and melatonin in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients treated with melatonin2012
In 16 NASH patients, melatonin 10 mg/day for 28 days improved liver enzymes and adipokine profiles versus baseline.
212.SupplementDEX Database: Acute kidney injury (AKI) — PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MELATONIN FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS2024
A meta-analysis of 6 RCTs found melatonin increased eGFR and inhibited acute kidney injury occurrence, though effects on serum creatinine and urea were not statistically significant.
213.SupplementDEX Database: Acute kidney injury (AKI) — Effects of melatonin against acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 5 studies found melatonin improved GFR in AKI RCTs but did not significantly reduce AKI incidence vs control in the pooled analysis.
SupplementDEX Database · Acute pain
2 references214.SupplementDEX Database: Acute pain — Role of melatonin in attenuation of hemodynamic response to intubation and anesthetic requirements: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study2023
An RCT of 64 laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients found preoperative 6 mg melatonin reduced post-intubation heart rate rise (10.6% vs 37.1%) and lowered propofol induction dose and intraoperative fentanyl use.
215.SupplementDEX Database: Acute pain — Comparison between oral melatonin and 24% sucrose for pain management during retinopathy of prematurity screening: a randomized controlled trial2022
An RCT of 60 preterm infants found oral melatonin (4 mg/kg) comparable to 24% sucrose for ROP screening pain, with significantly lower PIPP scores at 1 minute post-procedure (7 vs 9.5).
216.SupplementDEX Database: Atopic dermatitis (Eczema) — The effects of melatonin administration on disease severity and sleep quality in children with atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial2018
A 6-week RCT of 70 children with atopic dermatitis found 6 mg/day melatonin significantly improved SCORAD severity index (−3.55), objective SCORAD (−3.23), and sleep habit scores vs placebo.
217.SupplementDEX Database: Atopic dermatitis (Eczema) — Melatonin Supplementation for Children With Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial2016
A 4-week crossover RCT of 48 children with atopic dermatitis found 3 mg/day melatonin reduced SCORAD by 9.1 points and shortened sleep-onset latency vs placebo.
218.SupplementDEX Database: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Effects of chronotherapy on circadian rhythm and ADHD symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and delayed sleep phase syndrome: a randomized clinical trial2021
A 3-week RCT of 51 adults with ADHD and delayed sleep phase found 0.5 mg/day melatonin advanced dim-light melatonin onset by 1h28 and reduced self-reported ADHD symptoms vs placebo.
219.SupplementDEX Database: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Sleep hygiene and melatonin treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD and initial insomnia2006
A study of 27 stimulant-treated ADHD children found sleep hygiene helped 5 cases; among non-responders, 5 mg melatonin further reduced sleep-onset latency by 16 minutes (effect size 0.6) without changing ADHD symptoms.
220.SupplementDEX Database: Autism spectrum disorder — Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life2019
A 13-week RCT of 125 children with ASD found prolonged-release melatonin (2–5 mg) improved externalizing behavior (53.7% vs 27.6% clinically improved) and caregiver quality of life vs placebo.
221.SupplementDEX Database: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement2004
A 4-week crossover RCT of 20 men with BPE found 2 mg controlled-release melatonin reduced nocturia episodes by 0.32/night (p=0.07) and nocturia bother by 0.51 points (p=0.008) vs placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Bipolar disorder
4 references222.SupplementDEX Database: Bipolar disorder — Melatonin In Acute Mania Investigation (MIAMI-UK). A randomized controlled trial of add-on melatonin in bipolar disorder2021
An RCT of 21 bipolar patients with acute mania found add-on melatonin did not reduce YMRS manic scores but significantly lowered depression scores on QIDS-SR16 vs placebo.
223.SupplementDEX Database: Bipolar disorder — Melatonin attenuates antipsychotic metabolic effects: an eight-week randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial2014
An 8-week RCT of 24 patients on atypical antipsychotics found 5 mg/day melatonin attenuated weight gain (1.5 vs 2.2 kg) and reduced diastolic BP vs placebo, with greater fat-mass benefits in bipolar disorder.
224.SupplementDEX Database: Bipolar disorder — Effects of exogenous melatonin administration and withdrawal in five patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder1997
A 12-week double-blind study of 5 rapid-cycling bipolar patients found melatonin had no mood benefit and one patient developed a free-running sleep-wake cycle after withdrawal.
225.SupplementDEX Database: Bipolar disorder — Negative effects of melatonin on depression1976
An early study of 6 depressed patients and 2 with Huntington's chorea found melatonin exacerbated dysphoric symptoms, caused weight loss, sleep disruption, and lowered oral temperature.
SupplementDEX Database · Insulin resistance
3 references226.SupplementDEX Database: Insulin resistance — The effect of melatonin on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles after a late evening meal in healthy young males2021
In 9 healthy men in a crossover study, exogenous melatonin before a late evening meal did not significantly alter glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity versus light-only conditions.
227.SupplementDEX Database: Insulin resistance — Effects of daily administration of melatonin before bedtime on fasting insulin, glucose and insulin sensitivity in healthy adults and patients with metabolic diseases. A systematic review and meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis of RCTs in 603 adults found daily bedtime melatonin did not significantly change fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, or insulin sensitivity versus placebo.
228.SupplementDEX Database: Insulin resistance — Effects of melatonin supplementation on diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2021
A meta-analysis of diabetes RCTs found melatonin supplementation did not significantly improve insulin resistance or glycated hemoglobin compared with placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Breast cancer
1 reference229.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found melatonin supplementation moderately improved sleep quality in breast cancer patients (Hedges' g −0.79, p<0.001) during treatment.
230.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia — Evaluation of melatonin efficacy in prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm newborn infants2022
An RCT of 80 preterm infants with respiratory distress found melatonin 5 mg/kg/day for 3 days reduced BPD incidence (45% vs 60%), mortality, and hospital stay vs surfactant alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Cerebral palsy
1 reference231.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral palsy — The Effect of Melatonin on Sleep Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial2024
An RCT of children with cerebral palsy aged 2–12 found 3 mg/day melatonin significantly reduced time to fall asleep and increased sleep duration vs placebo.
232.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic fatigue syndrome (Myalgic encephalomyelitis) — Effect of Melatonin Plus Zinc Supplementation on Fatigue Perception in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial2021
A 16-week RCT of 26 ME/CFS patients found melatonin plus zinc significantly reduced fatigue perception and improved quality of life vs placebo.
233.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic fatigue syndrome (Myalgic encephalomyelitis) — Influence of melatonin on fatigue severity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and late melatonin secretion2006
A 3-month study of 29 CFS patients with late melatonin onset found 5 mg/day melatonin significantly reduced fatigue scores, normalizing fatigue in 8 of 27 patients vs 2 of 29 pre-treatment.
234.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic fatigue syndrome (Myalgic encephalomyelitis) — Therapy of circadian rhythm disorders in chronic fatigue syndrome: no symptomatic improvement with melatonin or phototherapy2002
An RCT of 30 CFS patients found neither 5 mg/day melatonin nor bright-light phototherapy improved fatigue, sleep quality, or circadian temperature/melatonin rhythms vs placebo over 12 weeks.
235.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — Melatonin supplementation enhances pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2023
An RCT of 39 COPD patients in pulmonary rehabilitation found 3 mg/day melatonin improved 6-minute walk distance by 71 m vs 25 m on placebo and improved health status and quality of life.
236.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — Melatonin reduces lung oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2012
A 3-month RCT of 36 COPD patients found 3 mg melatonin reduced exhaled 8-isoprostane oxidative stress markers and improved dyspnea vs placebo, without changing lung function.
SupplementDEX Database · Chronic pain
1 reference237.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic pain — Analgesic Efficacy of Melatonin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials2020
A meta-analysis of 30 RCTs (1,967 participants) found melatonin significantly reduced chronic pain (SMD −0.65) but showed no significant benefit for acute postoperative pain in high-quality trials.
238.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Melatonin supplementation and oxidative DNA damage repair capacity among night shift workers: a randomised placebo-controlled trial2024
A 4-week RCT of 40 night shift workers found melatonin before day sleep associated with a 1.8-fold increase in urinary 8-OHdG excretion, suggesting improved oxidative DNA damage repair capacity.
239.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — 12-week melatonin administration had no effect on diabetes risk markers and fat intake in overweight women night workers2024
A 12-week crossover RCT of 27 overweight female night workers found 3 mg melatonin on days off did not improve fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, or HOMA-IR vs placebo.
240.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Efficacy of Dietary Supplements on Sleep Quality and Daytime Function of Shift Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (917 shift workers) found dietary supplements including melatonin significantly improved sleep quality (SMD −0.45) and daytime function (SMD −0.50).
241.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — The efficacy of combined bright light and melatonin therapies on sleep and circadian outcomes: A systematic review2021
A systematic review of 8 studies found combined bright light and melatonin outperformed either alone for circadian phase shifting, with greater benefit in elderly populations than in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder.
242.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Randomized placebo-controlled field study of the effects of bright light and melatonin in adaptation to night work2007
A field RCT of 17 oil-rig night workers found melatonin (3 mg) and bright light both modestly aided circadian adaptation, with melatonin increasing sleep by 15–20 min/day and reducing sleepiness at work.
243.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Melatonin treatment of pediatric residents for adaptation to night shift work2005
An RCT of pediatric residents on night shift found 3 mg melatonin significantly reduced omission errors on the Conners Continuous Performance Test vs placebo, but showed no significant sleep or alertness improvements.
244.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Effects of melatonin administration on daytime sleep after simulated night shift work2001
An RCT of 21 subjects after simulated night shift found 1.8 mg sustained-release melatonin increased daytime sleep time on the first day only, without improving next-night alertness or performance.
245.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Randomized clinical trial of melatonin after night-shift work: efficacy and neuropsychologic effects1998
An RCT of 15 emergency physicians found 5 mg melatonin after night shifts did not improve recovery sleep quality, tiredness, or neuropsychological performance vs placebo.
246.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Can melatonin improve adaptation to night shift?1998
An RCT of 22 EMS personnel found 6 mg melatonin did not significantly improve night-shift adaptation, sleep, or alertness, though some secondary measures suggested modest benefit.
247.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Does exogenous melatonin improve day sleep or night alertness in emergency physicians working night shifts?1998
An RCT of 18 emergency physicians found 10 mg melatonin did not significantly affect daytime sleep or next-night alertness, though gestalt scores showed a non-significant trend toward benefit.
248.SupplementDEX Database: Circadian rhythm disruption (Shift work) — Improving adaptation to simulated night shift: timed exposure to bright light versus daytime melatonin administration1995
A controlled study of simulated night shift found bright light produced stronger circadian phase shifts than melatonin (4 mg/day), though melatonin improved sleep quality without enhancing daytime performance.
SupplementDEX Database · COVID-19
5 references249.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Efficacy and safety of oral melatonin in patients with severe COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial2023
An RCT of 226 severe COVID-19 patients found oral melatonin reduced mortality (67% vs 94%), intubation need (51% vs 71%), and hospital stay (15 vs 21 days) vs standard care.
250.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The Effect of Melatonin on Thrombosis, Sepsis and Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients2022
An RCT of 158 hospitalized COVID-19 patients found 10 mg/day melatonin for 14 days significantly reduced thrombosis and sepsis incidence and lowered mortality vs standard care.
251.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The safety and efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 6 COVID-19 RCTs (338 patients) found melatonin adjuvant therapy improved overall effective rate (OR 3.05) vs control, though CRP, SaO2, and WBC differences were not significant.
252.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — A Pilot of a Randomized Control Trial of Melatonin and Vitamin C for Mild-to-Moderate COVID-192022
A pilot RCT of 98 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients found 10 mg/day melatonin for 14 days accelerated symptom resolution and improved quality of life vs placebo and vitamin C.
253.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Efficacy of a Low Dose of Melatonin as an Adjunctive Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial2022
An RCT of 44 hospitalized COVID-19 patients found 3 mg melatonin three times daily for 14 days improved cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and CRP vs standard care alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Delirium
10 references254.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Melatonin does not reduce delirium severity in hospitalized older adults: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial2024
An RCT of 120 hospitalized older adults found 5 mg melatonin for 5 nights did not reduce delirium severity (MDAS change 4.9 vs 5.4) vs placebo, though length of stay was shorter in the melatonin group.
255.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Efficacy of melatonin in decreasing the incidence of delirium in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial2024
An RCT of 108 critically ill adults found enteral 3 mg melatonin daily for 7 days did not significantly reduce 24-hour delirium incidence (29.6% vs 46.2%, RR 0.60, p=0.11) vs standard care.
256.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Melatonin intervention to prevent delirium in the intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023
A meta-analysis of 6 ICU trials (2,374 patients) found melatonin did not significantly reduce overall delirium incidence (OR 0.71) but did reduce it in cardiovascular care unit patients (OR 0.52).
257.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Melatonin and Ramelteon for the treatment of delirium: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A systematic review of 3 RCTs and 6 observational studies (1,211 patients) found melatonin/ramelteon may shorten delirium duration by 1.72 days, though data quality remains limited.
258.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Prophylactic melatonin for delirium in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 12 ICU trials (2,538 patients) with trial sequential analysis found melatonin associated with lower delirium prevalence (RR 0.77), though high-quality subgroup analysis and TSA did not confirm conclusive benefit.
259.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Effects of Melatonin for Delirium in Elderly Acute Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized, Single-Center, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial2022
An RCT of 497 elderly acute heart failure patients found 3 mg/day melatonin for 7 days reduced delirium incidence (27.0% vs 36.9%, p=0.021) and shortened hospital stay.
260.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Melatonin for delirium prevention in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 14 studies (1,712 hospitalized patients) found melatonin/ramelteon reduced delirium incidence by 39% overall (RR 0.61), with 49% reduction in surgical and 34% in ICU patients.
261.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Effect of Melatonin on Delirium After on-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial2021
An RCT of 60 on-pump CABG patients found 3 mg melatonin reduced postoperative delirium on day 1 (13.3% vs 36.6%) and day 2 (10% vs 46.6%) and lowered delirium severity vs placebo.
262.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Effects of Melatonin on Postoperative Delirium After PCI in Elderly Patients: A Randomized, Single-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial2021
An RCT of 297 elderly PCI patients found 3 mg/day melatonin for 7 days reduced postoperative delirium (27.0% vs 39.6%, p=0.02) and shortened hospital stay vs placebo.
263.SupplementDEX Database: Delirium — Effect of Exogenous Melatonin Administration in Critically Ill Patients on Delirium and Sleep: A Randomized Controlled Trial2020
An RCT of 33 critically ill ICU patients found a sustained-release melatonin regimen achieved high plasma levels but did not improve sleep architecture or reduce delirium prevalence vs placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Depression
5 references264.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Effects of melatonin intake on depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of RCTs in postmenopausal women found melatonin supplementation significantly reduced depression and anxiety scores compared with placebo.
265.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Effects of melatonin supplementation on BDNF concentrations and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of adult RCTs found melatonin did not significantly raise serum BDNF (WMD −5.61) despite some trials reporting lower depression scores.
266.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — The therapeutic or prophylactic effect of exogenous melatonin against depression and depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis2014
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (n=486) found melatonin had modest antidepressant effects, particularly when depressive symptoms were linked to sleep disturbance.
267.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — An exploratory study of combination buspirone and melatonin SR in major depressive disorder (MDD): a possible role for neurogenesis in drug discovery2012
An exploratory RCT of buspirone 15 mg plus sustained-release melatonin 3 mg suggested antidepressant activity in major depressive disorder, building on preclinical neurogenesis findings.
268.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of treatment as usual plus exogenous slow-release melatonin (6 mg) or placebo for sleep disturbance and depressed mood2010
In 33 adults with MDD and early-morning waking, 6 mg slow-release melatonin for 4 weeks improved sleep but did not significantly reduce depressive symptoms versus placebo.
269.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic nephropathy — Effects of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial2025
A double-blind randomized controlled trial in diabetic patients with CKD stages 3-4 found that 10 weeks of melatonin (5 mg twice daily) led to reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation markers (including TOS, MDA, IL-6, hs-CRP), but these changes were not statistically significant.
SupplementDEX Database · Diabetic neuropathy
1 reference270.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic neuropathy — Adjuvant use of melatonin for relieving symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: results of a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial2021
In this randomized double-blind trial with 103 patients suffering from painful diabetic neuropathy, nightly melatonin (3 mg for 1 week then 6 mg for 7 weeks) as an adjunct to pregabalin significantly reduced pain scores (mean NRS pain reduction: 4.2 ± 1.83 vs. 2.9 ± 1.56 with placebo; p < 0.001), increased the responder rate (63.5% vs. 43.1%), and improved sleep-interference, global impressions and quality of life.
SupplementDEX Database · Dry mouth
1 reference271.SupplementDEX Database: Dry mouth — Beneficial Effects of Adjuvant Melatonin in Minimizing Oral Mucositis Complications in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Concurrent Chemoradiation2017
In 39 head-and-neck cancer patients on chemoradiation, adjuvant melatonin 20 mg (gargle plus nightly capsule) for 7 weeks reduced oral mucositis severity versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Dysmenorrhea
1 reference272.SupplementDEX Database: Dysmenorrhea — Adjuvant use of melatonin for pain management in dysmenorrhea - a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial2021
In 40 women with severe dysmenorrhea without endometriosis, 10 mg melatonin nightly during menstruation for 2 cycles did not reach the prespecified 1.3-point pain reduction versus placebo.
273.SupplementDEX Database: Dyspepsia (Indigestion) — Therapeutic effect of melatonin in patients with functional dyspepsia2007
In 60 adults aged 19–39 with functional dyspepsia, 5 mg melatonin nightly for 12 weeks resolved symptoms completely in 56.6% versus placebo, with partial improvement in 30%.
SupplementDEX Database · Epilepsy
9 references274.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Safety and efficacy of melatonin supplementation as an add-on treatment for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial2024
In 35 infants with epileptic spasms on ACTH plus magnesium, add-on melatonin 3 mg for 2 weeks improved sleep and oxidative/inflammatory markers but did not reduce spasm frequency.
275.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Effect of melatonin on sleep quality and EEG features in childhood epilepsy: a possible non-conventional treatment2023
In 20 children with focal idiopathic epilepsy, 4 mg melatonin for 6 months improved sleep-wake cycles and EEG features without increasing seizure frequency.
276.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcome, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and quality of life in generalized epilepsy with generalized onset motor seizures in adults: A randomized controlled trial2021
In 104 adults with generalized motor seizures on valproate, add-on melatonin 3 mg/day reduced oxidative stress and improved quality of life without significant change in seizure frequency.
277.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Effect of melatonin on seizure frequency in intractable epilepsy: a pilot study2012
In 10 patients aged 9–32 with intractable epilepsy, 10 mg melatonin nightly for 3 weeks significantly reduced diurnal seizures versus placebo in a small crossover pilot.
278.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Normalization of the sleep-wake pattern and melatonin and 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy2011
In 10 children with severe epilepsy, 3 mg melatonin nightly for 3 months normalized sleep-wake patterns and restored physiological melatonin and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels.
279.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy2010
In 23 children with intractable epilepsy, oral melatonin for 3 months improved sleep latency and sleep quality without worsening seizure control.
280.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders2001
In 6 children with severe intractable seizures, adding 3 mg melatonin nightly for 3 months led to significant clinical seizure improvement in 5 of 6 per parent diaries.
281.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Melatonin in epilepsy: first results of replacement therapy and first clinical results1999
Early clinical observations in children with sleep disturbances suggested 5–10 mg evening melatonin may reduce seizure frequency and normalize sleep, with a favorable safety profile.
282.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Utility of high doses of melatonin as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in a child with severe myoclonic epilepsy: two years' experience1997
A long-term case report in a child with severe myoclonic epilepsy refractory to multiple anticonvulsants found high-dose melatonin adjunct therapy reduced seizures and improved sleep over 2 years.
SupplementDEX Database · Fibromyalgia
3 references283.SupplementDEX Database: Fibromyalgia — Melatonin in the treatment of fibromyalgia symptoms: A systematic review2020
A systematic review of 4 studies (n=98) found melatonin reported positive effects on fibromyalgia symptoms including pain, sleep, and fatigue, though evidence quality was limited.
284.SupplementDEX Database: Fibromyalgia — Adjuvant use of melatonin for treatment of fibromyalgia2011
In 101 fibromyalgia patients, 20 mg melatonin alone or combined with fluoxetine significantly improved pain and tenderness scores versus placebo over 8 weeks.
285.SupplementDEX Database: Fibromyalgia — The effect of melatonin in patients with fibromyalgia: a pilot study2000
In 19 of 21 fibromyalgia patients completing a 4-week open pilot, 3 mg melatonin at bedtime reduced tender point count and improved symptom severity on visual analogue scales.
SupplementDEX Database · Kidney health
1 reference286.SupplementDEX Database: Kidney health — Protective Effects of Melatonin on Kidney Function Against Contrast Media-Induced Kidney Damage in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial2025
In CKD patients undergoing coronary angiography, melatonin 10 mg twice daily for 6 days starting 48 hours pre-procedure did not significantly reduce contrast-induced acute kidney injury versus placebo.
287.SupplementDEX Database: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation — Comparative evaluation of oral melatonin and oral clonidine for the attenuation of haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation – A prospective randomised double-blind study2020
In 60 surgical patients, oral melatonin attenuated hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation similarly to clonidine in this randomized trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Lung cancer
1 reference288.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — Adjuvant melatonin for the prevention of recurrence and mortality following lung cancer resection (AMPLCaRe): A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial2021
In resected NSCLC patients, melatonin 20 mg nightly for 1 year did not significantly reduce recurrence or mortality versus placebo in this randomized trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Lupus
1 reference289.SupplementDEX Database: Lupus — Effects of melatonin supplementation on serum oxidative stress markers and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2021
In 32 SLE women, melatonin 10 mg/day for 12 weeks reduced malondialdehyde and disease activity index versus placebo without changing total antioxidant capacity.
SupplementDEX Database · Memory
1 reference290.SupplementDEX Database: Memory — Melatonin improves memory acquisition under stress independent of stress hormone release2008
In 27 healthy men under psychosocial stress, melatonin 3 mg improved memory acquisition under stress independent of cortisol or catecholamine changes versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Menopause
3 references291.SupplementDEX Database: Menopause — Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep quality and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of menopause RCTs found melatonin modestly improved sleep quality and some menopausal symptoms, though evidence quality was limited.
292.SupplementDEX Database: Menopause — Melatonin osteoporosis prevention study (MOPS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examining the effects of melatonin on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women2012
In 18 perimenopausal women, melatonin 3 mg nightly for 6 months did not significantly change bone density or menopause-specific quality-of-life scores versus placebo.
293.SupplementDEX Database: Menopause — Soy isoflavones and melatonin for the relief of climacteric symptoms: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study2004
In 388 climacteric women, soy isoflavones plus melatonin 3 mg for 3 months reduced Greene Climacteric Scale scores more than either alone or placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Multiple sclerosis
5 references294.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Impact of oral melatonin supplementation on urine and serum melatonin concentrations and quality-of-life measures in persons with relapsing multiple sclerosis2024
In MS patients, melatonin supplementation produced dose-dependent rises in urine and serum melatonin, with exploratory improvements in patient-reported outcomes.
295.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — 12-week melatonin intake attenuates cardiac autonomic dysfunction and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized controlled trial2024
In 30 MS patients, 12 weeks of melatonin improved heart rate variability and reduced oxidative stress markers versus placebo.
296.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — 12-week melatonin supplementation improved dynamic postural stability and walking performance in persons living with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial2024
In MS patients, 12-week melatonin supplementation improved dynamic postural stability and walking performance versus placebo.
297.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Effects of melatonin on sleep disturbances in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, controlled pilot study2021
In 30 MS patients in a crossover trial, melatonin for 2 weeks did not significantly improve actigraphy-measured total sleep time versus placebo.
298.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Impact of Melatonin on Motor, Cognitive and Neuroimaging Indices in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis2015
In relapsing-remitting MS patients on interferon beta, melatonin 3 mg/day for 12 months reduced relapse number and EDSS progression versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Muscle recovery
1 reference299.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle recovery — Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage after Strength Exercise: A Systematic Review2022
A systematic review found antioxidant supplements including melatonin may reduce exercise-induced muscle damage markers, though evidence varied by compound and dose.
300.SupplementDEX Database: Myocardial infarction (MI) — Melatonin and Cardioprotection in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021
A meta-analysis found melatonin reduced markers of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in human cardiac surgery and PCI studies versus placebo.
301.SupplementDEX Database: Myocardial infarction (MI) — Usefulness of Early Treatment With Melatonin to Reduce Infarct Size in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Receiving Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Melatonin Adjunct in the Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Angioplasty Trial)2017
In STEMI patients, earlier melatonin administration before primary PCI was associated with smaller infarct size in post hoc analysis of the Melatonin Adjunct trial.
302.SupplementDEX Database: Neonatal encephalopathy (HIE) — Melatonin for neuroprotection in neonatal encephalopathy: A systematic review & meta-analysis of clinical trials2021
A systematic review found melatonin shows neuroprotective potential in neonatal encephalopathy, especially alongside therapeutic hypothermia, though clinical data remain limited.
SupplementDEX Database · Nicotine withdrawal
1 reference303.SupplementDEX Database: Nicotine withdrawal — Melatonin treatment attenuates symptoms of acute nicotine withdrawal in humans2020
In regular smokers during acute nicotine withdrawal, melatonin 0.3 mg improved mood ratings and blunted stress-related performance decrements versus placebo.
304.SupplementDEX Database: Nocturnal enuresis (Bedwetting) — Melatonin treatment in children with therapy-resistant monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis2012
In 24 children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, melatonin reduced wet-night frequency and normalized delayed melatonin profiles versus placebo over 6 months.
SupplementDEX Database · Obesity
2 references305.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — Melatonin Supplementation and Anthropometric Indices: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial2021
In 38 overweight adults on a weight-loss diet, melatonin 3 mg did not significantly reduce body weight, BMI, waist circumference, or body fat versus placebo.
306.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — Melatonin supplementation and anthropometric indicators of obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis found melatonin supplementation had no significant effect on body weight, BMI, or waist circumference in obesity trials.
SupplementDEX Database · Oral health
2 references307.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — A Randomized Clinical Study of a Curcumin and Melatonin Toothpaste Against Periodontal Bacteria2024
In a trial of curcumin-melatonin toothpaste versus placebo, the active toothpaste modulated oral microbiome composition in periodontal patients.
308.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — Clinical efficacy of melatonin as adjunctive therapy to non-surgical treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis found adjunctive melatonin after non-surgical periodontal treatment improved clinical attachment and reduced inflammation versus standard care alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Oral mucositis
1 reference309.SupplementDEX Database: Oral mucositis — Randomized placebo-controlled phase II trial of high-dose melatonin mucoadhesive oral gel for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy concurrent with systemic treatment2021
In head and neck cancer patients, 3% melatonin oral gel did not significantly reduce grade 3–4 oral mucositis versus placebo in this phase II trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Osteopenia
1 reference310.SupplementDEX Database: Osteopenia — Melatonin improves bone mineral density at the femoral neck in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized controlled trial2015
In 81 postmenopausal osteopenic women, melatonin 1 or 3 mg nightly for 1 year improved femoral neck bone mineral density versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Parkinson's disease
1 reference311.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Significant potential of melatonin therapy in Parkinson's disease - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023
A meta-analysis found melatonin improved sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease, with benefits varying by dose, formulation, and treatment duration.
312.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effect of melatonin supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors, oxidative stress and hormonal profile in PCOS patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2024
A meta-analysis in PCOS patients found melatonin improved cardiometabolic markers and oxidative stress versus placebo, though outcomes were heterogeneous.
313.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Metabolic and hormonal effects of melatonin and/or magnesium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2021
In 84 PCOS women, melatonin, magnesium, or their combination for 8 weeks improved metabolic profile and sex hormone levels versus placebo.
314.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effects of Melatonin and/or Magnesium Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial2021
In 84 PCOS women, melatonin 6 mg/day for 8 weeks reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress markers versus placebo.
315.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Melatonin Treatment May Be Able to Restore Menstrual Cyclicity in Women With PCOS: A Pilot Study2018
In 40 normal-weight PCOS women, melatonin for 6 months restored menstrual cyclicity and improved endocrine profiles versus baseline.
316.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) — The Effect of Preoperative Oral Melatonin on Postoperative Pain after Lumbar Disc Surgery: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial2022
In 80 lumbar discectomy patients, preoperative melatonin 3–10 mg reduced postoperative pain scores versus lower doses or placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Postoperative pain
10 references317.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Efficacy and Safety of Preoperative Melatonin for Women Undergoing Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials2023
A meta-analysis found preoperative melatonin reduced post-cesarean pain and anxiety versus placebo without increasing adverse events.
318.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Effect of Melatonin on Postoperative Pain and Perioperative Opioid Use: A Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis2021
A meta-analysis found melatonin reduced postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption versus placebo across surgical trials.
319.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Effects of preoperative melatonin on postoperative pain following cesarean section: A randomized clinical trial2021
In 204 cesarean section patients, preoperative melatonin reduced postoperative pain intensity versus placebo under spinal anesthesia.
320.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — The effects of melatonin prophylaxis on sensory recovery and postoperative pain following orthognathic surgery: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial and biochemical analysis2020
In 30 orthognathic surgery patients, melatonin for 21 days improved sensory recovery and reduced postoperative pain versus placebo.
321.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — The effects of melatonin on anxiety and pain scores of patients, intraocular pressure, and operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia2013
In cataract surgery patients, sublingual melatonin 3 mg reduced preoperative anxiety and intraocular pressure versus placebo.
322.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Effect of melatonin and gabapentin on anxiety and pain associated with retrobulbar eye block for cataract surgery: a randomized double-blind study2013
In 130 cataract patients, melatonin 6 mg reduced preoperative anxiety similarly to gabapentin 600 mg and better than placebo.
323.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Effects of preoperative oral melatonin medication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality, and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial2010
In 52 prostatectomy patients, preoperative melatonin 6 mg improved postoperative analgesia and sleep quality versus placebo alongside tramadol PCA.
324.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study2009
In 59 abdominal hysterectomy patients, preoperative melatonin was as effective as clonidine and both reduced postoperative pain better than placebo.
325.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia2009
In 40 cataract surgery patients, melatonin 10 mg premedication reduced anxiety, pain scores, and intraocular pressure versus placebo.
326.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative pain — The clinical impact of preoperative melatonin on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy2007
In 33 hysterectomy patients, melatonin 5 mg improved anxiolysis and circadian rest-activity rhythm versus placebo without major adverse effects.
SupplementDEX Database · Postoperative recovery
3 references327.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative recovery — Effects of melatonin on postoperative sleep quality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis2023
A meta-analysis found melatonin modestly improved postoperative sleep quality versus placebo, though overall evidence remained inconclusive.
328.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative recovery — Effectiveness of melatonin treatment for sleep disturbance in orthopaedic trauma patients: A prospective, randomized control trial2022
In 84 orthopedic trauma patients 2 weeks postoperatively, melatonin 5 mg for 2 weeks improved sleep and quality of life versus placebo.
329.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative recovery — Midazolam reduction with pre-operative melatonin in abdominal hysterectomy: double-blind randomized clinical trial2022
In women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy, preoperative melatonin reduced intraoperative midazolam requirements versus placebo in a double-blind trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Preeclampsia
1 reference330.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Melatonin improves endothelial function in vitro and prolongs pregnancy in women with early-onset preeclampsia2018
In preeclampsia patients, melatonin improved endothelial function in vitro and prolonged pregnancy versus placebo in a combined lab and clinical study.
331.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Effects of the PREMEN-CALM® in the Management of the Premenstrual Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study2024
In women with premenstrual syndrome, a phytotherapeutic supplement including GABA and plant extracts reduced symptom scores versus placebo over 3 months.
332.SupplementDEX Database: Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) — Melatonin reduces tachycardia in postural tachycardia syndrome: a randomized, crossover trial2014
In 78 POTS patients, melatonin 3 mg acutely reduced standing heart rate versus placebo in a crossover trial, though long-term symptom effects were modest.
SupplementDEX Database · Prostate cancer
2 references333.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer — Melatonin in the Management of Mood and Sleep Problems Induced by Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer Patients: A Randomized Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial2022
In prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy, melatonin improved sleep and mood symptoms versus placebo over the treatment period.
334.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer — Reversal of clinical resistance to LHRH analogue in metastatic prostate cancer by the pineal hormone melatonin: efficacy of LHRH analogue plus melatonin in patients progressing on LHRH analogue alone1997
In metastatic prostate cancer, melatonin added to LHRH analogue therapy increased hormone receptor expression and improved clinical response versus LHRH alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Pruritus
2 references335.SupplementDEX Database: Pruritus — A Pilot Randomized, Clinical Trial of the Anti-pruritus Effect of Melatonin in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease2021
In CLD patients with pruritus, melatonin reduced itch severity versus placebo in a crossover pilot trial, possibly via autotaxin suppression.
336.SupplementDEX Database: Pruritus — Evaluation of Antipruritic Effect of Melatonin on Hemodialysis Patients with Uremic Pruritus, A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial2021
In hemodialysis patients with uremic pruritus, melatonin 5 mg twice daily for 2 weeks reduced pruritus scores versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Psoriasis
1 reference337.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Efficacy and safety of topical rosuvastatin & melatonin vs. placebo in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis: A preliminary randomized double-blinded clinical trial2024
In mild-to-moderate psoriasis, topical rosuvastatin plus melatonin cream improved PASI scores versus placebo over the treatment period.
SupplementDEX Database · Radiation dermatitis
3 references338.SupplementDEX Database: Radiation dermatitis — Effect of melatonin cream on acute radiation dermatitis in patients with primary breast cancer: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2023
In breast cancer radiotherapy patients, topical melatonin cream did not significantly reduce acute radiation dermatitis severity versus placebo.
339.SupplementDEX Database: Radiation dermatitis — Quality-of-life outcomes following topical melatonin application against acute radiation dermatitis in patients with early breast cancer: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2023
In breast cancer radiotherapy patients, topical melatonin during treatment did not significantly improve quality-of-life scores versus placebo.
340.SupplementDEX Database: Radiation dermatitis — Melatonin for Prevention of Breast Radiation Dermatitis: A Phase II, Prospective, Double-Blind Randomized Trial2016
In 47 breast cancer radiotherapy patients, melatonin emulsion did not significantly reduce acute radiation dermatitis versus placebo in this phase II trial.
341.SupplementDEX Database: REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) — A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder2010
In 8 men with REM sleep behavior disorder, melatonin 3 mg reduced RBD symptoms versus placebo in a crossover trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Reperfusion injury
1 reference342.SupplementDEX Database: Reperfusion injury — Evaluation of Melatonin Therapy in Patients with Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis found melatonin therapy improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion patients, though trials were heterogeneous.
343.SupplementDEX Database: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) — Effects of melatonin and bright light administration on motor and sensory symptoms of RLS2010
In 8 restless legs syndrome patients, melatonin worsened RLS symptoms while bright-light suppression of melatonin improved them, supporting a melatonin-linked mechanism.
SupplementDEX Database · Rheumatoid arthritis
2 references344.SupplementDEX Database: Rheumatoid arthritis — Melatonin supplementation improves rheumatological disease activity: A systematic review2023
A systematic review found melatonin supplementation improved disease activity in some rheumatologic conditions, though evidence varied by diagnosis.
345.SupplementDEX Database: Rheumatoid arthritis — Effects of melatonin supplementation on disease activity, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and metabolic parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial2021
In 64 RA patients, melatonin 6 mg/day for 12 weeks reduced disease activity and oxidative stress markers versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Sarcoidosis
1 reference346.SupplementDEX Database: Sarcoidosis — Melatonin is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis2006
In 18 chronic sarcoidosis patients, melatonin 10–20 mg/day for 2 years improved pulmonary function, ACE levels, and skin involvement.
SupplementDEX Database · Schizophrenia
1 reference347.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — Melatonin for prevention of metabolic side-effects of olanzapine in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study2014
In 48 first-episode schizophrenia patients starting olanzapine, melatonin 3 mg for 8 weeks prevented weight gain and metabolic worsening versus placebo.
348.SupplementDEX Database: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) — Melatonin treatment of winter depression following total sleep deprivation: waking EEG and mood correlates2005
In 16 women with seasonal affective disorder after sleep deprivation, timed melatonin phase-advanced circadian rhythms and reduced sleepiness versus placebo.
349.SupplementDEX Database: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) — Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour2003
In 58 adults with subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder, sustained-release melatonin 2 mg for 3 weeks improved sleep quality and well-being versus placebo.
350.SupplementDEX Database: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) — Melatonin treatment of winter depression: a pilot study1998
In 10 patients with winter depression, low-dose afternoon melatonin significantly reduced depression ratings versus placebo in a pilot study.
SupplementDEX Database · Sepsis
4 references351.SupplementDEX Database: Sepsis — A phase II, single-center, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial to explore the efficacy and safety of intravenous melatonin in surgical patients with severe sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit2023
In surgical patients with severe sepsis, IV melatonin 60 mg daily did not significantly improve redox status or inflammatory markers versus placebo.
352.SupplementDEX Database: Sepsis — A pilot study on the melatonin treatment in patients with early septic shock: results of a single-center randomized controlled trial2022
In 40 early septic shock patients, melatonin 50 mg for 5 nights did not significantly improve SOFA score or organ dysfunction versus placebo.
353.SupplementDEX Database: Sepsis — Beneficial effect of melatonin in the treatment of neonatal sepsis2018
In 40 neonates with sepsis, a single melatonin 20 mg dose plus antibiotics reduced sepsis markers versus antibiotics alone in a nonrandomized study.
354.SupplementDEX Database: Sepsis — Use of melatonin as an adjuvant therapy in neonatal sepsis2015
In 50 neonates with sepsis, melatonin 20 mg as adjuvant therapy improved clinical outcomes versus antibiotics alone in a prospective trial.
SupplementDEX Database · Tardive dyskinesia
3 references355.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Effectiveness of melatonin in tardive dyskinesia2011
In tardive dyskinesia patients, melatonin reduced dyskinesia severity versus placebo in a randomized double-blind trial.
356.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Melatonin treatment for tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study2001
In schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia, melatonin 10 mg for 6 weeks reduced abnormal movements versus placebo.
357.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Is melatonin treatment effective for tardive dyskinesia?2000
In 19 elderly schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia, melatonin did not significantly improve dyskinesia versus placebo over 6 weeks.
SupplementDEX Database · Tension headache
1 reference358.SupplementDEX Database: Tension headache — Safety and Efficacy of Melatonin in Chronic Tension-Type Headache: A Post-Marketing Real-World Surveillance Program2020
A post-marketing surveillance study of 61 chronic tension-type headache patients found 3 mg/night melatonin for 30 days reduced headache days, pain intensity, anxiety, and depression scores with no adverse events.
359.SupplementDEX Database: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) — Sleep Problems and Melatonin Prescription After Concussion Among Youth Athletes2020
A longitudinal study of 225 concussed youth athletes found melatonin prescription was not associated with faster symptom recovery despite higher baseline symptom severity in those with sleep problems.
360.SupplementDEX Database: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) — Efficacy of Melatonin in Children With Postconcussive Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial2020
An RCT of 99 children with persistent postconcussive symptoms found 3 or 10 mg melatonin for 28 days did not improve symptom scores vs placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Type 2 diabetes
4 references361.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Glycemic Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): The Role of Melatonin in a Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study2023
A crossover RCT of 30 type 2 diabetes patients found 3 mg/night melatonin for 7 days increased post-breakfast glycemic variability vs placebo.
362.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Insulin Levels and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (376 participants) found melatonin supplementation reduced insulin levels and HOMA-IR and increased QUICKI vs control.
363.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Effect of Bedtime Melatonin Administration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial2019
An 8-week RCT of 70 type 2 diabetes patients found 6 mg/night melatonin did not improve fasting glucose, HbA1c, or insulin resistance indices vs placebo.
364.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2018
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found melatonin supplementation significantly reduced fasting glucose and increased QUICKI, but did not significantly change HOMA-IR or HbA1c.