Magnesium
Magnesium is essential for hundreds of enzymes. Supplements help most when intake is low, with form affecting GI tolerance.
Overview
What is magnesium?
Magnesium is an element that is required to maintain bodily functions including protein synthesis, muscle contraction and DNA repair.
A large percentage of the population, in both first world and developing countries, is magnesium deficient.
Supplements can increase levels of magnesium in the body, however may also cause side effects, including diarrhea.
A magnesium deficiency may impair the body's natural vitamin D production.
Dosage
The daily value for magnesium is up to 420 mg/day for men and up to 360 mg for women and girls.
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances: Men 400–420 mg; Women 310–320 mg; Pregnant 350–400 mg; Lactating 310–360 mg. Children: 30 mg (0–6 months), 75 mg (7–12 months), 80 mg (1–3 years), 130 mg (4–8 years), 240 mg (9–13 years), 360 mg (males 14–18 years), 410 mg (females 14–18 years).
Dosages used in studies vary by type and purpose. A typical dose for general health is around 100–200 mg/day. For constipation, studies use magnesium oxide 400–1500 mg per day for up to 4 weeks. For premenstrual syndrome, 200–360 mg per day. For indigestion, magnesium hydroxide around 165 mg per day. Where possible, dietary sources should be preferred to supplements.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
21 conditions for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Database Snapshot
Most magnesium research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) accounts for 26 of 136 studies (19%).
- Type 2 Diabetes accounts for 21 of 136 studies (15%).
- Cerebral Palsy accounts for 15 of 136 studies (11%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Menopause, Seizures, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.
Dietary Sources
Top dietary sources
Daily Value: 420 mg per day
Ranked by amount per 100 g
Daily Value is 420 mg for men and 360 mg for women. Do not exceed 350 mg magnesium from supplements per day.
- Pumpkin seeds550 mg100 g131% DV
- Almonds270 mg100 g64% DV
- Dark chocolate (70–85%)228 mg100 g54% DV
- Spinach87 mg100 g21% DV
- Milk85 mg100 g20% DV
- Lima beans74 mg100 g18% DV
- Tuna64 mg100 g15% DV
- Brown rice44 mg100 g10% DV
Safety
Magnesium is generally well tolerated. Higher doses of magnesium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate are more likely to have a laxative effect. Oral magnesium is likely safe when used below the tolerable upper intake level of 350 mg per day. Common side effects include diarrhea, gastrointestinal upset, nausea and abdominal pain. Magnesium bisglycinate (glycinate) and magnesium malate are less likely to cause adverse effects. IV magnesium may result in hypotension, lethargy, dizziness, flushing or bradycardia. Organic forms (citrate, malate, gluconate, glycinate) are better absorbed and less likely to cause laxative effects than inorganic forms (oxide, chloride, carbonate, sulfate).
Side effects
- Diarrhea
- Gastrointestinal upset
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
Special populations
Pregnancy & breastfeeding
Likely safeIn pregnancy or lactation, magnesium is likely safe at up to 350 mg per day.
Frequently Asked Questions
References
Sources130 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
SupplementDEX Database · Constipation
3 references1.SupplementDEX Database: Constipation — American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacological Management of Chronic Idiopathic Constipation2023
An AGA/ACG clinical practice guideline made strong recommendations for polyethylene glycol, sodium picosulfate, linaclotide, plecanatide, and prucalopride for chronic idiopathic constipation, with conditional recommendations for fiber, lactulose, senna, magnesium oxide, and lubiprostone.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Constipation — Senna Versus Magnesium Oxide for the Treatment of Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial2021
A 4-wk study of 90 patients (93% women) found that 1.5 g/day magnesium oxide led to significant overall improvements in frequency of spontaneous bowel movements (68.3% vs. Placebo 11.7%) and quality of life compared to placebo. Magnesium oxide exhibited a similar rate of global improvement to 1 g senna (Senokot).
3.SupplementDEX Database: Constipation — A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial on the Effect of Magnesium Oxide in Patients With Chronic Constipation2019
A 4-wk study of 33 patients found that magnesium oxide (500 mg x 3/day) led to significant overall improvement in symptoms (MgO 70.6% vs. placebo 25.0%; P=0.015), increased spontaneous bowel movement frequency, improved colonic transit time and improved Bristol stool form scale changes compared to placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
3 references6.SupplementDEX Database: Dyspepsia (Indigestion) — Comparison of the effect of the antacid Rennie versus low-dose H2-receptor antagonists (ranitidine, famotidine) on intragastric acidity1998
A cross-over study of 16 participants comparing Rennie (1360 mg calcium-magnesium carbonate), famotidine 10 mg, ranitidine 75 mg and placebo found that Rennie was able to most rapidly increase intragastric pH but this increase was not effectively sustained when monitored during 4-hr gastric pH-metry. Rennie: Increased pH > 3 within 5.8 minutes, sustained for 10.4% of 4-hr gastric pH-metry Ranitidine: Increased pH > 3 within 64.9 minutes, sustained for 61.4% of 4-hr gastric pH-metry Famotidine: Increased pH > 3 within 70.1 minutes, sustained for 56.6% of 4-hr gastric pH-metry Whilst a
4.FAMOTIDINE/ANTACID COMBINATION TABLETS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEARTBURN THAN EITHER COMPONENT ALONE. See external sourceExternal source
5.A comparison of famotidine/antacid combination (FACT) vs. ranitidine 75 mg or calcium carbonate 1000 mg on human gastric acid secretion. See external sourceExternal source
SupplementDEX Database · Eclampsia
8 references7.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — Low-dose magnesium sulphate in the control of eclamptic fits: a randomized controlled trial2013
An RCT of 72 Nigerian women with eclampsia found low-dose magnesium sulfate (9 g loading + 2.5 g q4h) comparable to standard 14 g loading + 5 g q4h for seizure control, with similar maternal and fetal outcomes.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes following magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in real-world use2012
A systematic review of 6 real-world studies (1,831 women) found magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia/eclampsia associated with lower maternal death, recurrent seizures, and eclampsia rates, consistent with RCT evidence.
9.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia2010
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 3 trials (397 women) found magnesium sulfate superior to lytic cocktail for eclampsia, reducing maternal death (RR 0.14), recurrent seizures (RR 0.06), and respiratory depression vs lytic cocktail.
10.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia2010
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 7 trials (1,396 women) found magnesium sulfate reduced eclampsia maternal death by 41% (RR 0.59) and recurrent seizures by 57% (RR 0.43) vs diazepam.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — [Magnesium sulfate in obstetrics: current data]2004
A review of RCT evidence confirmed magnesium sulfate effective for eclampsia and preeclampsia seizure prophylaxis but ineffective as a tocolytic, with high cumulative doses possibly increasing infant mortality.
12.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial2002
The Magpie Trial of 10,141 women with preeclampsia found magnesium sulfate halved eclampsia risk (0.8% vs 1.9%, 58% reduction) and reduced maternal mortality, without increasing stillbirth or neonatal death.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — Magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia and eclampsia1998
A review of 19 RCTs found magnesium sulfate reduced recurrent eclampsia seizures to 9.4% vs 23.1% with phenytoin or diazepam, and preeclampsia seizures to 0.9% vs 2.8% with antihypertensives alone.
14.SupplementDEX Database: Eclampsia — Magnesium sulphate in the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: an overview of the evidence from randomised trials1996
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (1,743 eclampsia + 2,390 preeclampsia patients) found magnesium sulfate superior to phenytoin (OR 0.27) and diazepam (OR 0.41) for preventing eclampsia seizure recurrence.
SupplementDEX Database · Preeclampsia
4 references15.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Duration of Postpartum Magnesium Sulphate for the Prevention of Eclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 10 studies found 12-hour postpartum magnesium sulfate did not increase eclampsia risk vs 24-hour regimens (RD −0.01), though heterogeneity was high and data remain underpowered.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Magnesium supplementation and preeclampsia in low-income pregnant women - a randomized double-blind clinical trial2020
An RCT of 318 low-income Brazilian pregnant women found 300 mg/day magnesium citrate did not reduce preeclampsia incidence (18.1% vs 19.7%, OR 0.90) vs placebo.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Quantifying the fall in mortality associated with interventions related to hypertensive diseases of pregnancy2011
A review of intervention trials confirmed magnesium sulfate among five effective interventions for reducing maternal mortality from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
18.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia2010
A Cochrane review of 15 trials (11,444 women) found magnesium sulfate more than halved eclampsia risk (RR 0.41, NNT 100) and reduced placental abruption (RR 0.64) in preeclampsia, with increased minor side effects.
SupplementDEX Database · Vasospastic angina
1 reference19.SupplementDEX Database: Vasospastic angina — The preventive effect of magnesium on coronary spasm in patients with vasospastic angina2000
An RCT of 22 Japanese men with vasospastic angina found IV magnesium (0.27 mmol/kg) produced favorable coronary responses in 71% of patients, reducing acetylcholine-induced spasm severity.
20.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery2023
An updated Cochrane meta-analysis of 118 cardiac surgery studies (17,364 participants) found multiple agents including beta-blockers, amiodarone, and magnesium reduce postoperative atrial fibrillation, with varying effect sizes.
21.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Efficacy of intravenous magnesium for the management of non-post operative atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (1,048 patients) found IV magnesium plus standard care improved rate control (OR 1.87) and rhythm control (OR 1.45) in non-postoperative atrial fibrillation vs placebo.
22.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Magnesium prophylaxis of new-onset atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (4,713 patients) outside cardiac surgery found magnesium prophylaxis did not significantly reduce new-onset atrial fibrillation vs placebo (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.48–1.09).
23.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — The Effect of Magnesium on Reperfusion Arrhythmias in STEMI Patients, Treated With PPCI. A Systematic Review With a Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 3 PPCI-era RCTs (336 STEMI patients) found periprocedural magnesium did not significantly reduce reperfusion ventricular tachycardia (OR 1.36, p=0.263) or improve ejection fraction.
24.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Comparison of the Efficacy of Oral versus Intravascular Magnesium in the Prevention of Hypomagnesemia and Arrhythmia after CABG2018
An RCT of 82 CABG patients found 1,600 mg oral magnesium before surgery as effective as 2 g IV magnesium sulfate for preventing postoperative hypomagnesemia and arrhythmia (13.9% vs 6.5% arrhythmia rates).
25.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — A double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing different doses of magnesium in cardioplegic solution for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery2016
A double-blind RCT of 120 CABG patients found 100 mg/kg magnesium in cardioplegic solution during cross-clamp most effectively reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation (5.4%) vs 60 mg/kg (26.3%) or 80 mg/kg (10%).
26.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Effect of prophylaxis of magnesium sulfate for reduction of postcardiac surgery arrhythmia: Randomized clinical trial2016
An RCT of 160 cardiac surgery patients found 30 mg/kg IV magnesium sulfate significantly reduced postoperative arrhythmia incidence vs saline control (p=0.037).
27.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Prophylactic magnesium does not prevent atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis2013
A meta-analysis restricted to 5 high-quality CABG trials (1,423 patients) found magnesium did not prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation (OR 0.94, p=0.77), resolving heterogeneity seen in broader prior analyses.
28.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on magnesium in addition to beta-blocker for prevention of postoperative atrial arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass grafting2013
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (1,251 CABG patients) found adding IV magnesium to beta-blockers did not reduce postoperative atrial arrhythmia (OR 1.12) and was associated with more adverse events (OR 2.80).
29.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Intravenous magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of 7 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials2012
A meta-analysis of 7 double-blind CABG RCTs (1,028 patients) found IV magnesium reduced postoperative atrial fibrillation by 36% (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.50–0.83).
30.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Systemic magnesium to reduce postoperative arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012
A meta-analysis of 20 studies (3,696 CABG patients) found systemic perioperative magnesium reduced supraventricular arrhythmias in lower-quality studies (OR 0.47, NNT 8) but not in higher-quality studies (OR 0.85).
31.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Intravenous magnesium sulphate and sotalol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation2008
A systematic review of 15 CABG magnesium vs placebo trials (2,101 patients) found magnesium reduced postoperative AF risk (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53–0.79), with 21% vs 30% AF rates in pooled groups.
32.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Meta-analysis of magnesium therapy for the acute management of rapid atrial fibrillation2007
A meta-analysis of acute AF trials (n=476) found IV magnesium improved rate control (OR 1.96) and rhythm control (OR 1.60) vs placebo, with 86% vs 56% achieving overall response.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — A randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate, in addition to usual care, for rate control in atrial fibrillation2005
An RCT of 199 emergency department patients with rapid AF found IV magnesium (2.5 g bolus + 2.5 g infusion) increased pulse rate <100 bpm (65% vs 34%) and sinus rhythm conversion (27% vs 12%) vs placebo, with more adverse events (15% vs 5%).
34.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Pharmacologic prophylaxis for postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmia in general thoracic surgery: evidence from randomized clinical trials2005
A meta-analysis of 11 thoracic surgery RCTs (1,294 patients) found calcium-channel blockers and beta-blockers reduced postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmia; magnesium showed benefit in one unblinded trial (RR 0.4).
35.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Effects of magnesium on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis2005
A meta-analysis of 20 cardiac surgery RCTs (2,490 patients) found magnesium reduced postoperative AF from 28% to 18% (OR 0.54) without affecting hospital stay or mortality.
36.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Intravenous magnesium for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis2005
A meta-analysis of 8 CABG RCTs found IV magnesium associated with 36% lower postoperative atrial fibrillation risk (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47–0.87).
37.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Impact of intravenous magnesium on post-cardiothoracic surgery atrial fibrillation and length of hospital stay: a meta-analysis2005
A meta-analysis of 7 cardiothoracic surgery RCTs found magnesium prophylaxis reduced postoperative AF (OR 0.66) and shortened hospital stay by 0.29 days, with greatest benefit from lower doses given preoperatively.
38.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Magnesium prophylaxis for arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2004
A meta-analysis of 17 cardiac surgery trials (2,069 patients) found prophylactic magnesium reduced supraventricular arrhythmias by 23% (RR 0.77), atrial fibrillation by 29%, and ventricular arrhythmias by 48%.
39.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — The value of P dispersion on predicting atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery; effect of magnesium on P dispersion2003
A clinical trial of 148 heart bypass surgery patients found that 1.5 g/day IV magnesium sulfate (Infusion in 100 mL 0.9 NaCl solution, 25 mL/hr) applied the day before surgery, post-surgery, and once daily for 4 days following surgery, reduced the rate of atrial fibrillation from 36% (Placebo: 100 mL 0.9 NaCl solution, 25 mL/hr) to 2%.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation2000
A study showing magnesium supplementation reduced ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure patients with low magnesium. A study of 68 patients found that intravenous administration of magnesium (Magnesium sulfate 8 g in 50 mL of 5% glucose) over 12 hours reduced the number of ventricular ectopic beats (P<0.0001), couplets (P<0.003) and episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (P<0.01).
41.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Dose-related cardiac electrophysiological effects of intravenous magnesium. A double-blind placebo-controlled dose-response study in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia2000
A dose-response RCT of 36 PSVT patients found IV magnesium at 5 mmol prolonged the atrial-His interval with no additional effect at 10–20 mmol, and sex-dependent effects on atrial refractory period were observed.
42.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Usefulness of intravenous magnesium for multifocal atrial tachycardia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1998
An RCT found IV magnesium effective for rate control in multifocal atrial tachycardia in COPD patients and may help restore sinus rhythm.
43.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Antiarrhythmic effects of increasing the daily intake of magnesium and potassium in patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias. Magnesium in Cardiac Arrhythmias (MAGICA) Investigators1997
A 3-week double-blind RCT of 232 patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias found oral magnesium/potassium aspartate (6/12 mmol daily) reduced ventricular premature beats by 17.4% vs 7.4% on placebo (p=0.001).
44.SupplementDEX Database: Arrhythmia (Irregular Heartbeat) — Magnesium and potassium therapy in multifocal atrial tachycardia1985
A clinical study of 8 patients with multifocal atrial tachycardia given IV magnesium sulfate (7–12 g over 5 hours) found 7 of 8 converted to sinus rhythm or sinus tachycardia.
45.SupplementDEX Database: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) — The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on the mental health status of attention-deficit hyperactive children: a randomized controlled trial2021
A study of 66 children with ADHD found that vitamin D (50,000 IU/ week) and magnesium (6 mg/kg/day) led to a significant reduction in emotional problems, peer problems and total difficulties but did not have a significant effect on conduct problems or hyperactivity after 8 weeks. Longer term treatment may lead to further improvements.
46.SupplementDEX Database: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) — Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 7 observational studies found children with ADHD had 0.105 mmol/L lower serum magnesium than controls, though heterogeneity was high (I²=96%).
47.SupplementDEX Database: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) — Significantly lower serum and hair magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder than controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 12 studies found children with ADHD had significantly lower serum/plasma magnesium (Hedges' g −0.55 to −0.78) and hair magnesium (g −0.71) vs controls.
48.SupplementDEX Database: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) — Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)1997
A study of 116 children aged 9–12 found magnesium deficiency in 95%, most frequently in hair (77.6%) and serum (33.6%), with lower magnesium correlating with ADHD symptom severity.
49.SupplementDEX Database: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) — The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test1997
A 6-month study of 50 hyperactive children aged 7–12 with magnesium deficiency found ~200 mg/day magnesium significantly reduced hyperactivity and increased hair magnesium vs untreated controls.
SupplementDEX Database · Cerebral Palsy
15 references50.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection in preterm pregnancy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of RCTs showing that antenatal magnesium sulfate significantly reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. A meta-analysis of 7 studies including 8,171 participants found that 4-6 g magnesium sulfate was associated with a 30% reduction in fetal neurological impairment risk (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.87).
51.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus2024
An updated Cochrane meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (5,917 women) found antenatal magnesium sulfate before preterm birth reduced cerebral palsy risk by 29% (RR 0.71, NNT 60) without increasing infant mortality.
52.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Neuroprotective effect of magnesium sulfate in premature infants. Analysis after establishing an antenatal administration protocol in a tertiary care hospital2023
An observational analysis showing improved neonatal neuroprotective outcomes after implementing an antenatal magnesium sulfate protocol. A retrospective observational study of 523 pregnant women at risk of imminent birth (before 32 weeks) found that IV administration of 4.5 g magnesium sulfate over 20 min followed by a maintenance dose of 1 g/h for 24 h or until delivery led to no changes in the risk of developing cerebral palsy. There was a significant reduction in mortality (28% vs. 7%) and risk of severe necrotising enterocolitis (26% vs. 7%) in the group of patients born between 26 and 27
53.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection at imminent risk for preterm delivery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis2020
A systematic review with trial sequential analysis of 6 RCTs (5,917 women) confirmed magnesium sulfate before imminent preterm delivery reduces offspring cerebral palsy by ~31% (RR 0.68, TSA RR 0.69).
54.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Antenatal magnesium sulphate for the prevention of cerebral palsy in infants born preterm: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial2020
A large double-blind RCT showing magnesium sulphate given before imminent preterm birth significantly reduced cerebral palsy risk. A study found that 5 g antenatal magnesium sulfate followed by 1 g/h decreases the risk of moderate to severe cerebral palsy compared to placebo (odds ratio 0.61; 95% CI 0.23–1.65) in children born before 32 weeks of gestation.
55.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Maternal side effects & fetal neuroprotection according to body mass index after magnesium sulfate in a multicenter randomized controlled trial2018
A secondary analysis of 2,241 women found antenatal magnesium neuroprotection effective in non-obese women (p=0.02) but not in obese women, with BMI affecting cord magnesium levels and side effects.
56.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis2017
An individual participant data meta-analysis of 5 trials (5,493 women, 6,131 babies) found antenatal magnesium sulfate associated with reduced moderate/severe cerebral palsy without increasing death or combined death/CP in neuroprotection trials.
57.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Proximity of magnesium exposure to delivery and neonatal outcomes2016
An analysis of 906 preterm infants found magnesium exposure within 12 hours of delivery associated with lower cerebral palsy odds (adjusted OR 0.41) vs exposure ≥12 hours before delivery.
58.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Effects and Safety of Magnesium Sulfate on Neuroprotection: A Meta-analysis Based on PRISMA Guidelines2016
A PRISMA meta-analysis of 10 studies (18,655 preterm infants) found antenatal magnesium sulfate reduced moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy (OR 0.61) with acceptable fetal safety but notable maternal side effects.
59.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Antenatal magnesium sulfate and neuroprotection2012
A review of 5 RCTs found antenatal magnesium sulfate reduced cerebral palsy by 31% (RR 0.69) and substantial motor dysfunction by 39% (RR 0.61) in very preterm infants.
60.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus2009
An early Cochrane meta-analysis of 5 trials (6,145 infants) found antenatal magnesium sulfate reduced cerebral palsy risk by 32% (RR 0.68) and substantial gross motor dysfunction by 39% (RR 0.61) without increasing pediatric mortality.
61.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Antenatal magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy in preterm infants less than 34 weeks' gestation: a systematic review and metaanalysis2009
A meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (4,796 women at risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks) found antenatal magnesium sulfate reduced cerebral palsy risk by 31% (RR 0.69) and moderate/severe CP by 36%, without increasing pediatric mortality.
62.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Effects of antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection and mortality in preterm infants: a meta-analysis2009
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (5,235 fetuses/infants) found in utero magnesium sulfate before 32–34 weeks reduced cerebral palsy by 30% (RR 0.70) and moderate-severe CP by 40%, with NNT of 46–56 to prevent one CP case.
63.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Magnesium sulfate for tocolysis and risk of spastic cerebral palsy in premature children born to women without preeclampsia2000
A retrospective case-control study of 170 preterm children with cerebral palsy found magnesium sulfate tocolysis was not associated with reduced CP risk in infants born to women without preeclampsia.
64.SupplementDEX Database: Cerebral Palsy — Common allergenic structures in hazelnut, rye grain, sesame seeds, kiwi, and poppy seeds1993
A biochemical study identified shared allergenic protein structures among hazelnut, rye, sesame, kiwi, and poppy seeds, explaining observed cross-reactivity patterns in allergy patients.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal (Bowel) Cancer — Dietary Intakes of Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, and Potassium Elements and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Meta-Analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 29 studies found higher dietary magnesium intake associated with 20% lower colorectal cancer risk in cohort studies (HR 0.80) and 20% lower odds in case-control studies.
66.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal (Bowel) Cancer — Nonlinear association between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer2013
An analysis showing a nonlinear inverse relationship between magnesium intake and colorectal cancer risk, suggesting protective effects beyond certain intake thresholds. A meta-analysis of 7 prospective cohort studies including 333 510 participants and 7435 cases of colorectal cancer found that when comparing the highest vs. the lowest dietary magnesium intake, there was a 19% reduction in colorectal cancer (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.92), a 24% reduction in colon cancer (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.88) and an 18% reduction in rectal cancer risk (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.58-1.06).
67.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal (Bowel) Cancer — Magnesium intake and colorectal tumor risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis2012
A combined case-control study and meta-analysis found each 100 mg/day increase in dietary magnesium associated with 13% lower colorectal adenoma risk and 12% lower colorectal cancer risk.
68.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal (Bowel) Cancer — Magnesium intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies2012
A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies showing an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and colorectal cancer risk. A meta-analysis of 8 large prospective studies found that the summary relative risk for the highest vs lowest category of magnesium intake for colorectal cancer was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79-1.00). There was a greater reduction in risk of colon cancer (Pooled relative risk of 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.93) compared to rectal cancer (0.94; 95% CI, 0.72-1.24) from higher magnesium intake. Dose-response analyses showed that increased magnesium intake of 50 mg/day reduced co
SupplementDEX Database · Type 2 Diabetes
21 references69.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial2024
In a crossover RCT of 14 adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and low serum magnesium, oral magnesium 15 mmol/day for 6 weeks raised serum magnesium modestly but did not improve insulin sensitivity versus placebo.
70.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Association of dietary magnesium intake and glycohemoglobin with mortality risk in diabetic patients2022
A study of 2,045 adults with diabetes divided by glycohemoglobin (HbA1c ≥ 7% and <7%) and daily dietary magnesium intake (> 250 mg/day and ≤ 250 mg/day) found a 56% increased risk of all-cause mortality in adults with lower dietary magnesium intake (≤250mg/day) and an 86% increased risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥7.0%).
71.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Changes in Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle School Students: Using Data from the HEALTHY Study2021
A study of 2,181 at-risk adolescents found increasing dietary magnesium intake from 6th to 8th grade negatively associated with BMI percentile change in both intervention and control schools.
72.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Oral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials2021
A meta-analysis of double-blind RCTs found magnesium supplementation reduced fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes and improved 2-hour OGTT glucose and insulin sensitivity markers in people at high diabetes risk.
73.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Association of magnesium intake with type 2 diabetes and total stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis2020
A meta-analysis of 41 studies (53 cohorts) found higher magnesium intake associated with 22% lower type 2 diabetes risk and reduced total stroke risk in a dose-dependent manner.
74.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — The Effects of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Glycemic Response among Type 2 Diabetes Patients2018
A 3-month RCT of 42 type 2 diabetes patients found 250 mg/day elemental magnesium significantly improved HbA1c (8.32% to 7.96%), fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR vs placebo.
75.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Efficacy of Magnesium Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Meta-analysis2017
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs found magnesium supplementation trended toward lower fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes (mean difference −0.19 mmol/L) but did not support routine magnesium for glycemic control.
76.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies2016
A meta-regression analysis demonstrating a clear dose-response inverse relationship between dietary magnesium intake and risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis of 25 studies including 637,922 individuals with 26,828 cases of type 2 diabetes found that type 2 diabetes incidence was reduced by 8% to 13% for each 100 mg/day increase in magnesium intake after controlling for age and BMI. When compared with the lowest magnesium consumption group, there was a 17% reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes; 19% in women and 16% in men. This study primarily included US (16 studies) and Asian (7
77.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Nonlinear Reduction in Risk for Type 2 Diabetes by Magnesium Intake: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies2015
An updated meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohorts (539,735 participants) found each 100 mg/day magnesium intake associated with 16% lower type 2 diabetes risk, with a nonlinear dose-response.
78.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Dietary calcium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: possible confounding by magnesium2012
A cohort analysis suggesting that previously observed associations between higher calcium intake and lower diabetes risk may be confounded by magnesium intake. A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies including 264,268 participants and 11125 cases found that when failing to control for magnesium as a confounder, dietary calcium intake was associated with a 15% reduction in type 2 diabetes risk (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.85-0.97) however no significant reduction was found when controlling for magnesium. This suggests that many studies linking calcium to reduced type 2 diabetes risk are confounded by magnesi
79.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies2011
A meta-analysis of prospective cohorts showing that higher dietary magnesium intake is associated with significantly reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies including 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases found that each 100 mg/day increase in magnesium led to a 14% reduction in type 2 diabetes risk (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.82-0.89, I2 = 48.4%). There was a significant inverse relationship between the highest and lowest magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in 9 of 13 studies (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.84).
80.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis2007
A meta-analysis demonstrating that higher magnesium intake is consistently linked to reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes across multiple prospective studies. A meta-analysis of 7 prospective cohort studies including 286,668 participants and 10,912 type 2 diabetes cases found a 15% reduction in diabetes risk from a 100 mg/day increase in dietary or supplemental magnesium intake. Both dietary magnesium and dietary + supplement magnesium showed a similar reduction in risk.
81.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials2006
A meta-analysis of 9 double-blind RCTs (370 type 2 diabetes patients, 360 mg/day for 4–16 weeks) found magnesium reduced fasting glucose by 0.56 mmol/L and raised HDL cholesterol by 0.08 mmol/L vs placebo.
82.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children2005
A study of 48 children (24 obese nondiabetic BMI >= 85th percentile + 24 lean control subjects BMI < 85th percentile) found an inverse correlation between serum magnesium and fasting insulin, and positive correlation between serum magnesium and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Obese subjects: Had significantly lower serum magnesium (0.748 +/- 0.015 mmol/l) vs. lean children (0.801 +/- 0.012 mmol/l) Had significantly lower dietary magnesium intake (0.12 +/- 0.004 mg/kcal) vs lean children (0.14 +/- 0.004 mg/kcal) Improved magnesium status is associated with leanness
83.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Clinical efficacy of magnesium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes2004
A 30-day study of 9 mild type 2 diabetes patients given magnesium-rich water (300 mL/day) found reduced insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure vs baseline.
84.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial2003
A 16-week double-blind RCT of 63 type 2 diabetes patients with low magnesium found 50 mL/day MgCl2 improved fasting glucose (8.0 vs 10.3 mmol/L), HbA1c (8.0% vs 10.1%), and HOMA-IR vs placebo.
85.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes1998
A 30-day dose-escalation RCT of 128 type 2 diabetes patients found only the highest dose (41.4 mmol/day MgO) reduced fructosamine, with no glycemic benefit at lower doses.
86.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Oral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring Type 2 diabetihttps://journals.lww.com/ajg/citation/2000/09000/A_comparison_of_famotidine_antacid_combination.212.aspxc patients1998
A 3-month RCT of 50 insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients found 15 mmol/day magnesium raised plasma magnesium and urinary excretion but did not significantly change HbA1c, glucose, lipids, or blood pressure vs placebo.
87.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Hypomagnesemia in type II diabetes: effect of a 3-month replacement therapy1995
A 3-month double-blind RCT of 40 hypomagnesemic type 2 diabetes patients found 30 mmol/day magnesium corrected low magnesium levels but did not change HbA1c (7.2% vs 7.4%).
88.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Effect of magnesium treatment on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in NIDDM patients1994
A clinical trial in NIDDM patients reported that magnesium treatment improved glycemic control and metabolic parameters, though full abstract details were unavailable.
89.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 Diabetes — Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects1992
A 4-week crossover RCT in elderly subjects found daily magnesium supplementation improved insulin response and glucose tolerance during intravenous glucose tolerance testing.
SupplementDEX Database · High Cholesterol
3 references90.SupplementDEX Database: High Cholesterol — The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found magnesium supplementation significantly lowered LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes patients, with greater LDL and total cholesterol reductions from inorganic magnesium forms at larger doses.
91.SupplementDEX Database: High Cholesterol — Effect of magnesium supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2017
A meta-analysis of 18 RCTs (1,192 subjects) found no significant overall effect of magnesium supplementation on total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, or triglycerides in diabetic or non-diabetic adults.
92.SupplementDEX Database: High Cholesterol — Oral physiological magnesium supplementation for 6 weeks with 1 g/d magnesium oxide does not affect increased Lp(a) levels in hypercholesterolaemic subjects1996
A 6-week study of 20 hyperlipidemic patients given 1 g/day magnesium oxide found a 10% LDL cholesterol increase during supplementation that returned to baseline after washout, with no change in lipoprotein(a).
SupplementDEX Database · Insomnia
5 references93.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effects of melatonin and magnesium in a novel supplement delivery system on sleep scores, body composition and metabolism in otherwise healthy individuals with sleep disturbances2024
A 4-week crossover RCT of 35 adults with sleep disturbances found a melatonin-magnesium coffee-pod supplement improved PSQI sleep scores and reduced fat mass, though average PSQI remained above 5.
94.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Nutritional Modulation of Sleep Latency, Duration, and Efficiency: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Double-Blind Deception Study2023
In a crossover RCT of 16 adults, a nutritional blend with glycine, tryptophan, magnesium, and tart cherry improved self-reported sleep quality versus placebo.
95.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (151 older adults) found oral magnesium reduced sleep onset latency by 17.4 minutes vs placebo (95% CI −27.3 to −7.4, p=0.0006), though evidence quality was low.
96.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial2012
A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial showing that magnesium supplementation improved objective and subjective measures of primary insomnia in older adults. An 8-wk study of 46 elderly subjects found that 500 mg/day magnesium led to a significant increase in sleep time and increased melatonin levels whilst decreasing sleep latency, insomnia severity index score (ISI) and serum cortisol with no significant difference in total sleep time.
97.SupplementDEX Database: Insomnia — Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep2010
A 7-week RCT of 96 adults aged 51–85 with poor sleep found 320 mg/day magnesium citrate improved PSQI scores (10.4 to 6.6) and reduced CRP in those with elevated baseline inflammatory markers.
SupplementDEX Database · Metabolic Syndrome
5 references98.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic Syndrome — Potassium Magnesium Citrate Is Superior to Potassium Chloride in Reversing Metabolic Side Effects of Chlorthalidone2023
A randomized clinical trial showing that potassium magnesium citrate more effectively reversed chlorthalidone-induced metabolic disturbances—including hypokalemia and impaired glucose tolerance—compared with potassium chloride. A study of 60 nondiabetic hypertension patients found that potassium magnesium citrate (40 mEq K, 20 mEq Mg & 74 mEq citrate/day) attenuated the rise in fasting plasma glucose (-7.9 mg/dL, P<0.05) from thiazide diuretics (Chlorthalidone) compared to potassium chloride (40 mEq/day) after 16 weeks. There was no effect on insulin, hepatic fat or blood pressure from
99.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic Syndrome — Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome2022
A systematic review and analysis finding that higher dietary magnesium intake is associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome across observational datasets. A population study of 6104 subjects without Metabolic Syndrome at baseline found that those with the highest quintile of magnesium intake (median 371.13 mg/day) had a 16% lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome compared to those in the lowest quintile (median 202.89 mg/day) after a mean follow up of 6.09 years. Disease incidence was 33.16%. Comparing highest to lowest quintile: Central obesity: 18% reduced risk (HR 0.82, CI 0.69-
100.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic Syndrome — Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults2006
A 15-year prospective cohort of 4,637 young adults found highest vs lowest quartile magnesium intake associated with 31% lower metabolic syndrome incidence (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.52–0.91).
101.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic Syndrome — Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels2005
An observational study linking higher magnesium intake to lower serum CRP concentrations, suggesting reduced systemic inflammation. A population study of US adults found that those who consumed less than 310-420 mg magnesium per day were 1.48-1.75 times more likely to have elevated C-reactive protein levels (> 3.0 mg/L) compared to adults who consumed more than this amount. Adults over age 40, with BMI greater than 25 who consumed less than 155-210 mg magnesium per day were 2.24 times more likely to have elevated CRP compared to adults who consumed more than this amount.
102.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic Syndrome — Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome2002
A cross-sectional study reporting that individuals with low serum magnesium had significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, supporting a metabolic role for magnesium. A population study found that low serum magnesium levels (1.8+/-0.3 mg/dl) were detected in subjects with metabolic syndrome and there was a strong independent relationship between low serum magnesium and metabolic syndrome (OR 6.8, CI 95% 4.2-10.9). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia (OR 2.8, CI 95% 1.3-2.9) and high blood pressure (OR 1.9, CI 95% 1.4-2.8) were most strongly related to low serum
SupplementDEX Database · Osteoporosis
5 references103.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis2016
A meta-analysis of 12 observational studies found higher magnesium intake not associated with lower hip or total fracture risk, though a marginally significant correlation with higher femoral neck BMD (r=0.14) was observed.
104.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women2010
A 30-day study of 20 postmenopausal osteoporotic women found 1.83 g/day magnesium citrate suppressed bone turnover markers, lowering iPTH and urinary deoxypyridinoline vs no treatment.
105.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women1999
A Framingham cohort analysis found higher dietary potassium, magnesium, and fruit/vegetable intake associated with greater BMD at hip and forearm sites and less BMD decline over 4 years in elderly men.
106.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium intakes correlate with bone mineral content in postmenopausal women1994
A study of 194 postmenopausal women (70 osteoporotic) found lower dietary calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake in osteoporotic vs control women, with intake correlating with bone mineral content.
107.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis1993
A two-year controlled clinical trial reporting that oral magnesium supplementation helped improve trabecular bone density in individuals with osteoporosis. An open-label study of postmenopausal women (mean age +/- SD 57.6 +/- 10.6 years) found that 250 to 750 mg/day magnesium hydroxide (Magnesium Magma USP, Mazor) for 6 months and then 250 mg/day magnesium hydroxide for another 18 months led to a 1-8% increase in bone density in 71% of those receiving magnesium, whilst bone density fell significantly in untreated women.
SupplementDEX Database · Premenstrual Syndrome
5 references108.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual Syndrome — The potential for dietary supplements to reduce premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms2000
A review concluded calcium is the only supplement with strong double-blind evidence for PMS symptom reduction; magnesium and vitamin E evidence is limited.
109.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual Syndrome — A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study2000
A crossover trial of 44 women found that 200 mg/day for 1 month a small synergistic effect of a daily dietary supplementation with a combination of Mg + vitamin B6 in the reduction of mild premenstrual anxiety-related symptoms was demonstrated during treatment of 44 women for one menstrual cycle.
110.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual Syndrome — Magnesium supplementation alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention1998
A 2-cycle study of women with PMS found that 200 mg/day elemental magnesium (as ~331 mg/day magnesium oxide) reduced symptoms including weight gain, swelling of extremities, breast tenderness and abdominal bloating (symptoms all related to fluid retention) after 2 months, but not one month.
111.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual Syndrome — Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes1991
A controlled clinical study demonstrating that oral magnesium supplementation significantly improved PMS-related mood disturbances. A study of 32 women with PMS found that magnesium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (360 mg 3x /day, total 1080 mg/day) administered from the 15th day of the menstrual cycle to onset of menstrual flow for two menstrual cycles, reduced recorded pain and negative affect after 2 months. Measurements were determined by Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. In the second month, the patients taking magnesium experienced a significant increase in polymorphonuclear cells and l
112.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual Syndrome — Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium1991
A study of 20 patients affected by menstrual migraine found that 360 mg/day magnesium (elemental) started on the 15th day of the cycle and continued until the next menses, for two months, and then continued for another 2 months in an open design reduced Pain Total Index and number of days with headache compared to placebo at both time points. There was an inverse relationship between magnesium concentration in polymorphonucleated cells and pain total index, but not plasma and pain total index.
SupplementDEX Database · Seizures
2 references113.SupplementDEX Database: Seizures — Possible role of trace elements in epilepsy and febrile seizures: a meta-analysis2015
A meta-analysis of 60 studies found altered magnesium, zinc, and copper concentrations in epilepsy and febrile seizure patients, with higher hair magnesium in healthy controls but similar serum and CSF levels.
114.Does Magnesium Sulfate Treat Eclamptic Seizures?. See external sourceExternal source
SupplementDEX Database · Athletic Performance
7 references115.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — Effects of Supplementing Zinc Magnesium Aspartate on Sleep Quality and Submaximal Weightlifting Performance, following Two Consecutive Nights of Partial Sleep Deprivation2024
A double-blind crossover RCT of 16 sleep-deprived trained males found ZMA supplementation for two nights had no significant effect on sleep quality or next-morning grip strength, bench press, or back squat performance.
116.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance2000
A review of 12 magnesium supplementation exercise studies found no consistent ergogenic effect on strength, anaerobic, or aerobic performance regardless of dose or duration.
117.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress1998
A double-blind RCT of 23 triathletes found 4 weeks of magnesium orotate (17 mmol/day) improved triathlon times and altered glucose/insulin responses during extreme exercise vs placebo.
118.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — Lack of effect of oral Mg-supplementation on Mg in serum, blood cells, and calf muscle1998
A controlled supplementation study finding no significant changes in serum, blood cell, or muscle magnesium levels following oral magnesium supplementation. A 3-wk study of athletes with low-normal serum magnesium found that 500 mg/day magnesium oxide did not increase serum magnesium concentration or improve exercise performance.
119.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — Effects of potassium + magnesium aspartate on muscle metabolism and force development during short intensive static exercise1985
A controlled study in rats and human volunteers found potassium-magnesium aspartate did not improve muscle force, endurance, or metabolic parameters during short intensive static exercise.
120.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — The effects of oral administration of salts of aspartic acid on the metabolic response to prolonged exhausting exercise in man1983
A double-blind study of 8 healthy men found 6 g potassium-magnesium aspartate over 24 hours did not improve cycling endurance to exhaustion (~83 vs 85 min) or alter exercise metabolism vs placebo.
121.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic Performance — Absence of effect of potassium-magnesium aspartate on physiologic responses to prolonged work in aerobically trained men1982
A controlled trial of 7 aerobically trained men found oral potassium-magnesium aspartate (7.2 g/24 h) had no effect on cardiorespiratory, hematologic, or metabolic responses during 90 min treadmill exercise at ~62% VO2 max.
SupplementDEX Database · Bronchiolitis
3 references122.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchiolitis — Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age2020
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 4 bronchiolitis RCTs (564 children) found nebulized magnesium sulfate did not improve clinical severity scores and may increase 30-day hospital readmission (RR 3.16, low certainty).
123.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchiolitis — IV Magnesium Sulfate for Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Trial2017
In 162 infants with acute bronchiolitis (median age 3.7 months), a single IV dose of magnesium sulfate 100 mg/kg did not shorten time to discharge versus placebo and increased infirmary/hospital readmission within 2 weeks (19.5% vs 6.2%).
124.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchiolitis — Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate in Acute Bronchiolitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial2015
An RCT of 120 infants with acute bronchiolitis found nebulized magnesium sulfate (40 mg/kg) plus epinephrine improved clinical distress scores but did not reduce hospital stay vs epinephrine alone.
125.SupplementDEX Database: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome — Intravenous magnesium for chronic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1)2013
In 56 patients with chronic CRPS-1, IV magnesium sulfate 70 mg/kg over 4 hours daily for 5 days did not meaningfully improve pain or impairment versus placebo through 12 weeks.
SupplementDEX Database · Menopause
2 references126.SupplementDEX Database: Menopause — North Central Cancer Treatment Group N10C2 (Alliance): a double-blind placebo-controlled study of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes2015
An RCT of 289 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors found neither 800 nor 1,200 mg/day magnesium oxide reduced hot flash frequency or score vs placebo over 8 weeks, though diarrhea was more common with magnesium.
127.SupplementDEX Database: Menopause — A pilot phase II trial of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients2011
A pilot phase II clinical trial in breast cancer patients showing that magnesium supplementation led to modest reductions in hot flash frequency and severity, warranting further investigation. A pilot study of 25 women with at least 14 hot flashes a week found that 400-800 mg/day magnesium oxide reduced hot flash frequency by 41.4% (p=0.02) and hot flash score by 50.4% after 5 weeks.
SupplementDEX Database · Muscle Cramps
3 references128.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle Cramps — Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps2020
An updated Cochrane review of 11 RCTs (735 participants) found magnesium supplementation did not significantly reduce skeletal muscle cramp frequency or severity vs placebo.
129.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle Cramps — Effect of magnesium therapy on nocturnal leg cramps: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis using simulations2014
A meta-analysis of 7 NLC trials (361 patients) using simulation methods found magnesium therapy produced minimal benefit for nocturnal leg cramps, with a mean difference of only 0.345 fewer cramps per week vs placebo.
130.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle Cramps — The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps1995
Randomized controlled trial showing oral magnesium supplementation reduces the frequency and severity of pregnancy-induced leg cramps compared with placebo. A study of 73 women with pregnancy-associated leg cramps found that magnesium lactate + magnesium citrate (1 chewable tablet each morning + 2 in the evening for 3 weeks) significantly reduced leg cramp distress (P < 0.05) but did not increase serum magnesium levels compared to placebo. Each tablet contained 5 mmol magnesium or around 120 mg elemental magnesium.