Vitamin D
Vitamin D is essential for bone and mineral metabolism. Supplemental benefit depends strongly on baseline status, dose, and outcome.
Overview
What is vitamin D?
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin (or hormone) essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption in the gut, supporting bone health and mineralization. It is produced in the skin through sunlight exposure and obtained from some foods and supplements. Once activated in the liver and kidneys, it regulates calcium levels, immune function, and cell growth. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to bone disorders like rickets and osteomalacia. It also influences inflammation and overall immune response.
Dosage
A typical dose of vitamin D is 600 IU per day but higher doses of up to 4000 IU or higher per day are commonly taken.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
129 conditions for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Database Snapshot
Most vitamin d research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Cardiovascular disease accounts for 24 of 604 studies (4%).
- Osteoporosis accounts for 24 of 604 studies (4%).
- Fall prevention accounts for 23 of 604 studies (4%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Age-related cognitive decline, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Cognitive performance.
Dietary Sources
Top dietary sources
Ranked by amount per 100 g
Top dietary sources of vitamin D include:
- 31.9 mcg100 g
- 16.7 mcg100 g
- 2.5 mcg100 g
- 2.2 mcg100 g
- 1.3 mcg100 g
- 1.3 mcg100 g
- 1.2 mcg100 g
- 1 mcg100 g
Safety
Oral vitamin D is likely safe at levels that do not exceed 4,000 IU per day.
References
Sources503 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
SupplementDEX Database · Vitamin D deficiency
8 references1.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Efficacy of weekly versus daily cholecalciferol for repleting serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A systematic review found weekly cholecalciferol similarly effective to daily dosing for repleting vitamin D deficiency, supporting reduced pill burden.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms in older patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of studies in 21,561 older adults found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce depressive symptoms or depression prevalence versus control.
3.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Vitamin D Deficiency - Is There Really a Pandemic?2016
A review argued that widely cited vitamin D deficiency thresholds overestimate deficiency prevalence and that supplementation benefits may be overstated for the general population.
4.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Vitamin D deficiency: a forgotten treatable cause of motor delay and proximal myopathy2014
A case report of a 4-year-old boy with proximal myopathy found vitamin D deficiency rickets as the cause; vitamin D and calcium supplementation fully reversed muscle weakness.
5.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Severe proximal myopathy with remarkable recovery after vitamin D treatment2009
A case series of 11 patients with osteomalacic myopathy found vitamin D deficiency as the cause; all showed remarkable recovery after vitamin D and calcium treatment.
6.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Correlation of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency and symptom response to cholecalciferol treatment: a randomized controlled trial2009
An 8-week RCT in 610 primary care patients found cholecalciferol 50,000 IU weekly improved musculoskeletal pain scores in vitamin D-deficient participants versus placebo.
7.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Annual intramuscular injection of a megadose of cholecalciferol for treatment of vitamin D deficiency: efficacy and safety data2005
A study in 50 adults with vitamin D deficiency found a single IM cholecalciferol 600,000 IU (15 mg) injection normalized 25(OH)D levels within weeks.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Vitamin D deficiency — Severe myopathy associated with vitamin D deficiency in western New York2000
A case series of 5 patients with severe vitamin D deficiency myopathy found all were wheelchair-bound; vitamin D and calcium treatment restored ambulation within 4–6 weeks.
SupplementDEX Database · Hypophosphatemia
1 reference9.SupplementDEX Database: Hypophosphatemia — Disorders of phosphate metabolism2000
This review on phosphate metabolism disorders discusses diagnostic approaches; it does not report vitamin D supplementation trial results.
SupplementDEX Database · Hypoparathyroidism
2 references10.SupplementDEX Database: Hypoparathyroidism — Routine postoperative administration of vitamin D and calcium after total thyroidectomy: a meta-analysis2011
A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs (706 post-thyroidectomy patients) found prophylactic calcitriol plus calcium reduced symptomatic hypocalcemia to 4% versus 31% with no treatment.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Hypoparathyroidism — Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders2000
This review discusses hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders; it does not report vitamin D intervention outcomes for a specific clinical endpoint.
SupplementDEX Database · Osteomalacia
2 references12.SupplementDEX Database: Osteomalacia — Hepatic osteodystrophy2001
This review on hepatic osteodystrophy discusses bone disease in liver disorders; it does not report vitamin D supplementation trial outcomes.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Osteomalacia — Osteomalacia associated with adult Fanconi's syndrome: clinical and diagnostic features1995
In 11 patients with osteomalacia from adult Fanconi's syndrome, calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D replacement relieved bone pain and fractures within 1–6 months.
14.SupplementDEX Database: Renal osteodystrophy — Use and indication of vitamin D and vitamin D analogues in patients with renal bone disease2002
A review found vitamin D and analogues used to treat renal bone disease by suppressing parathyroid hormone in chronic kidney disease patients.
SupplementDEX Database · Rickets
3 references15.SupplementDEX Database: Rickets — Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline2024
The 2024 Endocrine Society guideline suggests empiric vitamin D for children, adults ≥75, pregnancy, and high-risk prediabetes, but not routine use in healthy younger adults.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Rickets — Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation and Infantile Rickets: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial2024
A secondary analysis of an RCT in 1,300 Bangladeshi pregnant women found maternal vitamin D up to 28,000 IU/week did not significantly reduce infantile rickets at 6–12 months.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Rickets — 8: Disorders of bone and mineral other than osteoporosis2004
A review chapter discussed rickets and osteomalacia treatment with calcium, vitamin D, or phosphate depending on the specific mineral deficiency.
SupplementDEX Database · Acute respiratory infection
21 references18.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — The effects of prenatal vitamin D supplementation on respiratory and allergy-related outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2025
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (3,958 mother-infant pairs) found prenatal vitamin D did not reduce childhood RTI, asthma, wheeze, eczema, or allergy.
19.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Effect of vitamin D status and vitamin D supplementation on immune function and prevention of acute respiratory tract infections in dark-skinned individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 18 studies in 36,707 dark-skinned individuals found no significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections (OR 1.40).
20.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs in 41,552 older adults found vitamin D supplementation probably did not reduce acute respiratory infection incidence (RR 0.99).
21.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Optimal methods of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review, dose-response and pairwise meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 43 RCTs (49,320 participants) found daily vitamin D 400–1200 IU may modestly prevent ARIs in subgroups, but overall supplementation showed no significant benefit.
22.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation and hospitalization for infection in older adults: A post-hoc analysis of data from the Australian D-Health Trial2023
In the D-Health post-hoc analysis of 21,315 Australians aged 60–84 given 60,000 IU/month for 5 years, vitamin D did not reduce infection hospitalizations but cut extended stays >6 days.
23.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women or infants for preventing allergic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs found prenatal or infant vitamin D supplementation did not reduce risk of asthma, wheeze, eczema, allergic rhinitis, or food allergy.
24.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplements in Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection: A Meta-Analysis for Randomized Controlled Trials2022
A meta-analysis of 30 RCTs (30,263 participants) found vitamin D supplementation had no significant effect on prevention of acute respiratory infections overall (RR 0.96).
25.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials2021
An updated meta-analysis of 43 vitamin D RCTs found supplementation did not significantly reduce the odds of acute respiratory infections compared with placebo.
26.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — The effect of vitamin D supplementation on acute respiratory tract infection in older Australian adults: an analysis of data from the D-Health Trial2021
In the D-Health Trial of older Australian adults given monthly vitamin D for up to 5 years, supplementation did not reduce respiratory infection incidence, duration, or severity.
27.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic?2020
In an older-adult cohort, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were associated with higher mortality from respiratory diseases, suggesting a link warranting further study.
28.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis2019
An IPD meta-analysis of 25 RCTs (11,321 participants) found vitamin D reduced acute respiratory infection risk (aOR 0.88), especially with daily dosing and low baseline 25(OH)D.
29.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D and Acute Respiratory Infections-The PODA Trial2019
In the PODA RCT of 260 older African American women maintained at 25(OH)D >30 ng/mL for 3 years, vitamin D did not prevent acute respiratory infections versus placebo.
30.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Prenatal vitamin D status and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: A meta-analysis of observational studies2018
A meta-analysis of 34 observational studies found higher prenatal 25(OH)D inversely associated with offspring respiratory tract infections but not with asthma or allergy outcomes.
31.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Recurrent Wheezing in Black Infants Who Were Born Preterm: The D-Wheeze Randomized Clinical Trial2018
In 300 preterm black infants randomized to sustained 400 IU/day versus diet-limited vitamin D for 12 months, sustained supplementation reduced recurrent wheezing (RR 0.66).
32.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: state of the evidence from a systematic review of randomised trials2017
A systematic review of 43 prenatal vitamin D RCTs (8,406 participants) found supplementation increased birth weight and reduced wheeze by age 3 but showed limited maternal clinical benefit.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Infant Respiratory Tract Infections or Wheeze and Maternal Vitamin D in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review2017
A systematic review found prenatal vitamin D supplementation associated with reduced offspring wheeze (RR 0.81 in 3 RCTs), with one high-dose trial also reducing RTI doctor visits.
34.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data2017
An IPD meta-analysis of 25 RCTs (11,321 participants) found vitamin D supplementation safely reduced acute respiratory tract infection risk overall (aOR 0.88).
35.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — High-Dose Monthly Vitamin D for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long-Term Care Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial2017
In 107 long-term care residents given 100,000 IU/month vitamin D for 12 months, ARI incidence fell (IRR 0.60) but fall rates increased significantly versus standard-dose controls.
36.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Reduced primary care respiratory infection visits following pregnancy and infancy vitamin D supplementation: a randomised controlled trial2015
In a New Zealand RCT of 260 mother-infant pairs given up to 2000/800 IU/day vitamin D, the higher-dose group had fewer primary care respiratory infection visits by age 18 months.
37.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in Mongolia2012
In 247 vitamin D–deficient Mongolian schoolchildren given 300 IU/day in winter, supplementation halved parent-reported acute respiratory infections versus control milk.
38.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced respiratory tract infection events (OR 0.58), with consistent benefit in children's trials.
SupplementDEX Database · Asthma
17 references39.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D supplementation decrease asthma exacerbations in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs in 1,243 asthmatic children found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced asthma exacerbations (RR 0.62), especially at recommended daily doses.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D for the management of asthma2023
An updated Cochrane meta-analysis of 20 asthma trials (2,225 participants) found vitamin D reduced severe exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids.
41.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Relationship between vitamin D and asthma from gestational to adulthood period: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2023
A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found prenatal vitamin D reduced offspring wheezing 23% but had mixed effects on FEV1 in children and ACT scores in adults with asthma.
42.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D Supplementation and Allergic Diseases during Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 32 RCTs in 2,347 children found vitamin D did not reduce asthma exacerbations overall but cut eczema severity and allergic rhinitis symptoms.
43.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on COPD and asthma control: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 30 COPD/asthma RCTs (3,208 patients) found vitamin D improved some lung function and inflammatory markers but not exacerbations, hospital stay, or mortality.
44.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Severe Asthma Exacerbations in Children With Asthma and Low Vitamin D Levels: The VDKA Randomized Clinical Trial2020
In 192 children with asthma and low vitamin D given 4000 IU/day for 48 weeks, supplementation did not improve time to severe exacerbation versus placebo (HR 1.13).
45.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Six-Year Follow-up of a Trial of Antenatal Vitamin D for Asthma Reduction2020
Six-year VDAART follow-up of 806 mother-infant pairs found prenatal high-dose vitamin D (4400 IU/day) did not reduce asthma or recurrent wheeze at age 6 versus 400 IU/day.
46.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy and Asthma in Offspring at the Age of 6 Years2019
Six-year follow-up of a prenatal vitamin D RCT found high-dose versus standard maternal supplementation did not reduce asthma risk in offspring at age 6.
47.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and the risk of wheezing in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis2019
A dose-response meta-analysis of 6,068 pregnant women found maternal vitamin D inversely associated with offspring wheezing (pooled OR 0.68), with ~800 IU/day appearing optimal.
48.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data2017
An IPD meta-analysis of 955 asthma patients across 7 RCTs found vitamin D reduced exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids (aIRR 0.74), strongest when baseline 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L.
49.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D and asthma: a case to answer2017
A narrative review discussed mechanistic and clinical evidence suggesting vitamin D may play a role in asthma pathophysiology, calling for further targeted research.
50.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Prenatal vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of asthma/recurrent wheeze in early childhood: A combined analysis of two randomized controlled trials2017
Combined analysis of two prenatal RCTs (806+581 women) found high-dose vitamin D reduced offspring asthma/recurrent wheeze to age 3 (aOR 0.74), strongest when maternal 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/mL.
51.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D for the management of asthma2016
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 9 asthma trials (680 participants) found vitamin D reduced severe exacerbation rate (RR 0.63) and emergency visits or hospitalizations (OR 0.39).
52.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Colds in Patients with Asthma2016
In 203 adults with asthma given 100,000 IU load plus 4000 IU/day for 28 weeks, vitamin D did not reduce cold severity or frequency; African Americans had higher cold rates.
53.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of bolus-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma (ViDiAs)2015
In 250 adults with asthma given bolus 3 mg vitamin D3 every 2 months for 1 year, supplementation did not reduce time to exacerbation or upper respiratory infection.
54.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels: the VIDA randomized clinical trial2014
The VIDA trial in 408 adults with asthma and vitamin D insufficiency found 100,000 IU load plus 4000 IU/day for 28 weeks did not reduce treatment failure versus placebo.
55.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study2010
In 1,024 children with mild-to-moderate asthma followed 4 years, vitamin D insufficiency (≤30 ng/mL) was associated with 50% higher odds of hospitalization or ED visits.
SupplementDEX Database · Bone health
3 references56.SupplementDEX Database: Bone health — Changes in bone turnover after high-dose vitamin D supplementation during acute pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis2023
In 45 cystic fibrosis patients given 250,000 IU vitamin D at pulmonary exacerbation, treated participants had significant decreases in bone turnover markers versus placebo.
57.SupplementDEX Database: Bone health — Supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D/d leads to parathyroid hormone suppression, but not increased fractional calcium absorption, in 4-8-y-old children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial2012
In 64 children aged 4–8 given 1000 IU/day vitamin D for 8 weeks, supplementation raised 25(OH)D and lowered PTH but did not increase fractional calcium absorption.
58.SupplementDEX Database: Bone health — Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2009
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (42,279 adults ≥65) found vitamin D >400 IU/day reduced nonvertebral fractures (RR 0.80) and hip fractures (RR 0.82) in older adults.
SupplementDEX Database · Breast cancer risk
11 references59.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Vitamin D Supplement Use and Risk of Breast Cancer by Race-Ethnicity2022
In 50,884 women followed ~10.5 years, recent vitamin D supplement use ≥1/month was inversely associated with breast cancer (HR 0.88), especially ductal carcinoma in situ.
60.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Vitamin D concentrations and breast cancer incidence among Black/African American and non-Black Hispanic/Latina women2022
In 1,960 Sister Study women, circulating 25(OH)D >20 ng/mL was associated with lower breast cancer risk (HR 0.79), strongest among Hispanic/Latina women (HR 0.52).
61.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — A Randomized Trial of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast2021
In 36,282 postmenopausal women given 400 IU/day vitamin D plus 1000 mg calcium for ~20 years, supplementation reduced ductal carcinoma in situ risk (HR 0.82).
62.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Vitamin D supplementation and breast cancer prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials2013
A meta-analysis of 2 RCTs (5,372 postmenopausal women) found vitamin D supplementation not associated with reduced breast cancer risk (RR 1.11).
63.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative2013
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women), 7 years of 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D did not reduce hip fracture, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, CVD, or mortality; post-intervention follow-up was similar.
64.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer2010
A meta-analysis found higher vitamin D intake (RR 0.91) and circulating 25(OH)D (OR 0.55) associated with lower breast cancer risk; calcium also showed benefit.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk2009
In 1,026 breast cancer cases and 1,075 controls, plasma 25(OH)D ≥40 ng/mL was associated with lower breast cancer risk versus <13 ng/mL in a Long Island case-control study.
66.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, joint pain, and fatigue in women starting adjuvant letrozole treatment for breast cancer2009
In 60 postmenopausal women starting letrozole, 50,000 IU/week vitamin D for 12 weeks safely raised 25(OH)D and reduced disability from AI-induced joint pain.
67.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer2007
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D daily for ~7 years did not reduce invasive breast cancer incidence vs placebo.
68.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis2007
A pooled analysis of 1,760 individuals found serum 25(OH)D ~52 ng/mL associated with 50% lower breast cancer risk versus <13 ng/mL in observational data.
69.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer risk — Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and breast cancer risk in women2007
In 31,487 women followed ~10 years, higher calcium and vitamin D intake were modestly associated with lower premenopausal breast cancer risk but not clearly in postmenopausal women.
SupplementDEX Database · Common cold
6 references70.SupplementDEX Database: Common cold — Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial2019
In 1,300 Vietnamese children given 14,000 IU/week for 8 months, vitamin D did not reduce influenza but modestly reduced non-influenza respiratory viral infections (HR 0.76).
71.SupplementDEX Database: Common cold — Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Reduces Duration and Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison Study2018
In 215 Japanese adults with low 25(OH)D given 10 µg/day 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 16 weeks, supplementation shortened URTI duration and improved symptom severity versus placebo.
72.SupplementDEX Database: Common cold — Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Wintertime Vitamin D Supplementation on Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Healthy Children2017
In 703 Canadian children aged 1–5 given 2000 versus 400 IU/day for ≥4 months, high-dose vitamin D did not reduce laboratory-confirmed upper respiratory infections.
73.SupplementDEX Database: Common cold — Double-blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu)2015
In 240 older adults given bolus plus daily vitamin D for 1 year, high-dose supplementation did not prevent ARIs but increased upper respiratory infection risk and symptom duration.
74.SupplementDEX Database: Common cold — Vitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial2014
In 600 university students given 10,000 IU/week vitamin D for ~2 months, vitamin D nonsignificantly reduced clinical URTIs but significantly lowered laboratory-confirmed infection risk (RR 0.54).
75.SupplementDEX Database: Common cold — Vitamin D3 supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in a randomized, controlled trial2013
In 759 adults given 1000 IU/day vitamin D in a colorectal adenoma trial, supplementation did not reduce winter upper respiratory tract infection episodes or duration over 4–5 years.
76.SupplementDEX Database: Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis — Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate2004
A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs found calcitriol/alfacalcidol increased lumbar spine BMD (ES 0.43) and reduced vertebral and nonvertebral fracture rates versus control.
77.SupplementDEX Database: Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis — Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with active vitamin D3 analogues: a review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including organ transplantation studies2004
A meta-analysis found active vitamin D analogues preserved bone during glucocorticoid therapy (ES 0.35) and reduced vertebral fractures (RR 0.56) but were less effective than bisphosphonates.
78.SupplementDEX Database: Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis — The comparative efficacy of drug therapies used for the management of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-regression2002
A meta-regression of 45 corticosteroid osteoporosis trials found bisphosphonates most effective for lumbar spine BMD; vitamin D plus bisphosphonate showed greatest benefit.
79.SupplementDEX Database: Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis — The role of vitamin D in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analytic approach1999
A meta-analysis found vitamin D plus calcium improved lumbar spine BMD (effect size 0.60) vs no therapy in corticosteroid-treated patients over ≥6 months.
SupplementDEX Database · COVID-19
13 references80.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The role of vitamin D in outcomes of critical care in COVID-19 patients: evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis of interventional and observational studies2024
An umbrella meta-analysis of 13 meta-analyses found vitamin D supplementation associated with lower COVID-19 mortality in interventional and observational syntheses.
81.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes in adult patients with COVID-19: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 16 COVID-19 RCTs found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced hospital length of stay by ~1.2 days but did not affect mortality or most biomarkers.
82.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 16 studies found preventive vitamin D supplementation associated with lower COVID-19 incidence (OR 0.40 in RCTs) and ICU admission (OR 0.32).
83.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation Post COVID-19 Infection and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 29 COVID-19 studies found vitamin D reduced ICU admissions (OR 0.55 in RCTs) and intubation in trials, but RCT mortality benefit was not significant.
84.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The impact of vitamin D administration on mortality in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 19 COVID-19 RCTs (2,495 patients) found vitamin D supplementation reduced all-cause mortality (OR 0.72), especially in severe disease.
85.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Effects of an 8-week high-dose vitamin D supplementation on fatigue and neuropsychiatric manifestations in post-COVID syndrome: A randomized controlled trial2024
In 80 post-COVID patients given 60,000 IU/week vitamin D for 8 weeks, supplementation reduced fatigue and anxiety scores and improved cognition versus placebo.
86.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023
A meta-analysis of 25 SARS-CoV-2 RCTs found vitamin D did not conclusively prevent infection but reduced ICU admission and mechanical ventilation; mortality fell in deficient patients.
87.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Length of Hospitalisation, Intensive Care Unit Admission, and Mortality in COVID-19-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 13 COVID-19 RCTs found high-dose vitamin D may shorten hospital stay and reduce ICU admission, but mortality benefit did not reach significance.
88.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — The Vitamin D Serum Levels in Pregnant Women Affected by COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis found pregnant women with COVID-19 had lower vitamin D levels with greater disease severity, supporting prenatal vitamin D monitoring and supplementation.
89.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Association between Vitamin D Status and Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies2022
A meta-analysis of 24 observational COVID-19 studies (3,637 patients) found low vitamin D associated with higher severe COVID-19 and mortality risk (RR 1.50–1.60).
90.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis found vitamin D did not prevent COVID-19 infection but was associated with reduced ICU admission (RR 0.35) and mortality (RR 0.46) in infected patients.
91.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 8 COVID-19 RCTs (657 patients) found vitamin D did not significantly improve mortality or clinical outcomes, though repeated dosing showed nonsignificant trends.
92.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of cohort studies and RCTs2021
A GRADE meta-analysis of 11 cohort and 2 RCT COVID-19 studies found vitamin D deficiency not significantly linked to infection or death; supplementation did not improve hospitalized outcomes.
SupplementDEX Database · Fibromyalgia
3 references93.SupplementDEX Database: Fibromyalgia — Vitamin D Supplementation Seems to Improve Fibromyalgia Symptoms: Preliminary Results2018
In 11 women with fibromyalgia and vitamin D deficiency, 50,000 IU/week vitamin D for 3 months raised 25(OH)D and reduced pain scores (VAS 90 to 30); 72% reported very significant symptom improvement.
94.SupplementDEX Database: Fibromyalgia — Effects of Vitamin D Therapy on Quality of Life in Patients with Fibromyalgia2017
In 70 fibromyalgia patients, vitamin D replacement improved fibromyalgia impact questionnaire, depression, pain, and quality-of-life scores versus pre-treatment, though 60% had deficiency at baseline.
95.SupplementDEX Database: Fibromyalgia — Effects of vitamin D on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial2014
A 20-week RCT of 30 women with fibromyalgia and low calcifediol found cholecalciferol supplementation significantly reduced pain on visual analog scale versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Hay fever
2 references96.SupplementDEX Database: Hay fever — Vitamin D supplementation improves the therapeutic effect of mometasone on allergic rhinitis2023
In 140 patients with moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis on mometasone, 4 weeks of vitamin D adjuvant therapy improved nasal symptom scores and immune markers more than mometasone alone.
97.SupplementDEX Database: Hay fever — Therapeutic effect of vitamin D supplementation on allergic rhinitis2019
In an 8-week RCT of 80 allergic rhinitis patients with vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D plus cetirizine improved symptom severity at 8 weeks versus cetirizine plus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Heart failure
6 references98.SupplementDEX Database: Heart failure — Risk of heart failure among postmenopausal women: a secondary analysis of the randomized trial of vitamin D plus calcium of the women's health initiative2015
A secondary analysis of 35,983 Women's Health Initiative participants found calcium plus 400 IU/day vitamin D did not reduce overall heart failure risk but lowered it 37% in women without HF precursors.
99.SupplementDEX Database: Heart failure — Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis2014
Analysis of RECORD and meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (13,033 adults) found vitamin D may protect against cardiac failure but not myocardial infarction or stroke.
100.SupplementDEX Database: Heart failure — The effect of vitamin d on aldosterone and health status in patients with heart failure2014
In a 6-month RCT of 64 heart failure patients with low vitamin D, 50,000 IU/week vitamin D3 lowered aldosterone versus placebo but did not change renin, echocardiography, or health status.
101.SupplementDEX Database: Heart failure — A randomized controlled trial of high dose vitamin D3 in patients with heart failure2013
A 6-month RCT of 64 heart failure patients found 50,000 IU/week vitamin D3 raised 25(OH)D but did not improve peak VO2, 6-minute walk, or muscle strength versus placebo.
102.SupplementDEX Database: Heart failure — Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease2008
In 1,739 Framingham participants without prior cardiovascular disease, low serum 25(OH)D below 15 ng/mL was associated with higher incident cardiovascular disease, especially in hypertensive adults.
103.SupplementDEX Database: Heart failure — Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2006
In a 9-month RCT of 123 congestive heart failure patients, 50 mcg/day vitamin D3 lowered TNF-α and raised interleukin-10 versus placebo, though survival did not differ over 15 months.
104.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — Impact of vitamin D supplementation on symptom severity and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis2025
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (780 participants) found vitamin D supplementation improved IBS symptom severity scores and quality of life with low adverse event risk.
105.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — Vitamin D supplementation for irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 8 studies (685 IBS patients) found vitamin D supplementation improved IBS symptom severity (SMD −0.77) with a favorable safety profile.
106.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs (335 IBS patients) found vitamin D supplementation improved IBS severity scoring (−84 points vs −28 for placebo) and quality of life versus placebo.
107.SupplementDEX Database: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Severity of Symptoms and the Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2022
A meta-analysis of 6 IBS trials (616 patients) found vitamin D improved quality of life and raised serum 25(OH)D but did not significantly change IBS severity scores versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Longevity
1 reference108.SupplementDEX Database: Longevity — Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults (Meta-analysis)2011
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 50 RCTs (94,148 participants) found vitamin D3 decreased all-cause mortality (RR 0.94), while other vitamin D forms showed no significant benefit.
SupplementDEX Database · Oral health
5 references109.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — Association of vitamin D in individuals with periodontitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis found periodontitis patients had lower serum vitamin D than controls, and scaling plus vitamin D reduced clinical attachment loss more than scaling alone.
110.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — The Influence of Prenatal Vitamin D Supplementation on Dental Caries in Infants2020
In a cohort of 283 pregnant women, prenatal 50,000 IU vitamin D doses did not reduce infant caries prevalence, though higher cord 25(OH)D inversely correlated with decayed teeth.
111.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis2013
A systematic review of 24 controlled clinical trials concluded vitamin D supplementation is a promising caries-preventive agent, though most included trials predated modern trial design.
112.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population2004
In 11,202 US adults, lower serum 25(OH)D was associated with greater periodontal attachment loss in men and women aged 50+, independent of bone mineral density.
113.SupplementDEX Database: Oral health — Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly2001
In 145 elderly adults over 3 years, 1000 mg calcium plus vitamin D reduced tooth loss vs placebo during supplementation; benefits waned after stopping.
SupplementDEX Database · Osteoporosis
23 references114.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Efficacy of combination therapy of vitamin D and bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of postmenopausal osteoporosis RCTs found combined vitamin D and bisphosphonates improved bone turnover markers and BMD-related measures more than monotherapy.
115.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Nutritional therapy of older osteoporotic people with supplemental calcium and vitamin D: side effects, fracture rates, and survival - an internationalised meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 19 RCTs (69,234 older adults) found calcium plus vitamin D did not reduce mortality but lowered fracture incidence and raised bone density and 25(OH)D, with more GI adverse events.
116.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Role of calcium &/or vitamin D supplementation in preventing osteoporotic fracture in the elderly: A systematic review & meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 18 elderly RCTs found neither calcium nor vitamin D alone significantly reduced hip fractures; combined supplementation also lacked clear fracture benefit.
118.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Risk of Fractures and Falls According to Dosage and Interval: A Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 32 RCTs found daily vitamin D 800–1,000 IU reduced osteoporotic fracture (RR 0.87) and fall risk (RR 0.91), while 1,000 mg/day dosing and intermittent regimens did not.
119.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2018
The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that vitamin D with or without calcium prevents fractures in community-dwelling adults without known bone metabolism disorders.
120.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention2012
A pooled analysis of 11 RCTs (31,022 adults aged 65+) found vitamin D at actual intake ≥800 IU/day reduced hip fractures by 30% and any nonvertebral fractures by 14%.
121.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Patient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe2010
An individual patient data analysis of 68,517 participants from 7 trials found vitamin D with calcium reduced total fractures (HR 0.92) and hip fractures (HR 0.74 at 10 mcg/day with calcium), but vitamin D alone did not.
122.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in preventing fractures in elderly women: a meta-analysis2010
A meta-analysis in postmenopausal women found 800 IU/day vitamin D3 with calcium reduced nonvertebral fractures (OR 0.77) and improved BMD vs control.
123.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Hip fracture risk in relation to vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies2010
Meta-analyses found RCT vitamin D supplementation did not prevent hip fractures (RR 1.13), while case-control studies showed 33% lower 25(OH)D in hip fracture cases versus controls.
124.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis2009
A Cochrane review of 45 trials found vitamin D alone did not prevent hip, vertebral, or any fractures, but vitamin D with calcium reduced hip fractures (RR 0.84) in older adults.
125.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Food labeling: health claims; calcium and osteoporosis, and calcium, vitamin D, and osteoporosis. Final rule2008
The FDA amended calcium osteoporosis health claim regulations to allow combined calcium and vitamin D claims and revised labeling requirements for bone health statements.
126.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Systematic review of the benefits and harms of calcitriol and alfacalcidol for fractures and falls2008
A systematic review of 23 RCTs (2,139 participants) found calcitriol and alfacalcidol reduced nonvertebral fractures and falls but increased hypercalcemia risk; vertebral fracture benefit varied by analogue.
127.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club2005
This Belgian Bone Club consensus document provides evidence-based postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment guidelines including vitamin D recommendations.
128.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis2005
A meta-analysis of 33 trials found vitamin D analogues (alfacalcidol, calcitriol) prevented bone loss and fractures more effectively than native vitamin D in non-glucocorticoid osteoporosis.
129.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2005
A meta-analysis of vitamin D RCTs in older adults found high-dose vitamin D (700–800 IU/day) reduced hip and nonvertebral fractures; lower doses were ineffective.
130.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial2005
In 5,292 elderly fracture patients, 800 IU vitamin D3 with or without 1000 mg calcium did not reduce new low-trauma fractures over up to 62 months.
131.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care2005
In 3,314 women ≥70 years with fracture risk, 1000 mg calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D for ~25 months did not significantly lower clinical fracture rates vs leaflet-only control.
132.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin D and fractures: quo vadis?2005
This editorial review discusses unresolved questions about vitamin D and fracture prevention; it does not report original trial outcome data.
133.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women2005
A 3-year RCT of 208 African American postmenopausal women found 800–2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 with calcium did not prevent bone loss or change bone turnover markers.
134.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study2004
A pragmatic cluster RCT in 9,605 Danish adults ≥66 years found offering 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D reduced osteoporotic fracture hospitalizations in a vitamin D–deficient region.
135.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women2002
A meta-analysis of 25 vitamin D trials found hydroxylated vitamin D reduced vertebral fractures (RR 0.63) and standard vitamin D trended toward fewer nonvertebral fractures.
136.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy2001
A 2000 NIH consensus conference reviewed osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy including vitamin D's role in bone health across populations at risk.
117.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. See external sourceExternal source
137.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Effects of Vitamin D on Physical Function: Results From the STURDY Trial2022
A randomized trial of 688 adults aged 70+ with low vitamin D and elevated fall risk found that vitamin D3 at 1,000–4,000 IU/day for up to 2 years did not improve physical function compared with 200 IU/day.
138.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — The Relationship of Falls With Achieved 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels From Vitamin D Supplementation: The STURDY Trial2022
In an observational analysis of 637 STURDY trial participants aged 70+, achieved serum 25(OH)D after 3 months of supplementation was not associated with fewer falls; consequential falls may increase when 25(OH)D reached ≥40 ng/mL.
139.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Handgrip Strength in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2022
A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs in postmenopausal women found vitamin D supplementation increased handgrip strength by 0.88 kg (95% CI 0.18–1.57) but did not improve timed up-and-go mobility.
140.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Effect of Calcifediol on Physical Performance and Muscle Strength Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (5,446 participants) found calcifediol significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, and leg extension versus baseline, with less evidence for physical performance outcomes.
141.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Resistance Training on 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Functional Performance of Older Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial2021
In a 16-week RCT of 100 older adults (65–85 years), 800 IU/day or 50,000 IU/month vitamin D3 raised 25(OH)D levels but did not add benefit to resistance training for muscle strength or mobility.
142.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial2020
The DO-HEALTH RCT in 2157 adults aged 70+ found 3 years of omega-3 (1 g/day), vitamin D, or exercise did not significantly improve blood pressure, cognition, fractures, or infection rates versus placebo.
143.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — A randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D on muscle strength and mobility in older women with vitamin D insufficiency2010
A 1-year RCT of 302 community-dwelling women aged 70–90 with vitamin D insufficiency found 1,000 IU/day vitamin D2 improved hip muscle strength and timed up-and-go in those with the lowest baseline function.
144.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2009
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (2,426 participants) found high-dose vitamin D (700–1,000 IU/day) reduced fall risk by 19%, while doses below 700 IU/day did not; active vitamin D analogues reduced falls by 22%.
145.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals2009
In a 20-month RCT of 242 community-dwelling seniors, calcium plus 800 IU/day vitamin D reduced first falls by 27–39% and improved quadriceps strength and mobility versus calcium alone.
146.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study2007
In a 5-month RCT of 124 nursing home residents (mean age 89), 800 IU/day vitamin D reduced fall incidence by 72% versus placebo; lower doses showed no benefit.
147.SupplementDEX Database: Elderly physical performance — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men2003
A 6-month RCT of 65 healthy community-dwelling men (mean age 76) found 1,000 IU/day cholecalciferol raised 25(OH)D and lowered PTH but did not improve muscle strength, physical performance, or health perception.
SupplementDEX Database · Prediabetes
14 references148.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial2025
In VITAL-T2D analysis of 22,220 adults, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 did not reduce incident type 2 diabetes versus placebo in a general older population.
149.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Optimal vitamin D supplement dosage for improving insulin resistance in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 15 overweight/obesity pediatric RCTs found extra-high vitamin D doses most effectively raised 25(OH)D but effects on insulin resistance varied by dose.
150.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Vitamin D and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in People With Prediabetes : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data From 3 Randomized Clinical Trials2023
A meta-analysis of 3 prediabetes RCTs found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce progression to type 2 diabetes versus placebo.
151.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Prediabetes: A Meta-Analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 29 prediabetes RCTs (3,792 participants) found vitamin D supplementation improved fasting blood glucose (SMD −0.38) and related glycemic markers.
152.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycose homeostasis and islet function in vitamin D deficient or insufficient diabetes and prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis of diabetes and prediabetes RCTs found vitamin D improved fasting and postprandial glucose and reduced progression from prediabetes to diabetes in supplemented groups.
153.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — A Community Based Randomized Controlled Trial to See the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Development of Diabetes Among Women with Prediabetes Residing in A Rural Community of Northern India2021
In a 2-year community RCT of rural Indian women with prediabetes, vitamin D supplementation did not prevent progression to type 2 diabetes versus placebo.
154.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Association between vitamin D and prediabetes: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis2020
A meta-analysis of 12 studies found an inverse association between vitamin D status and prediabetes, though heterogeneity was substantial across included studies.
155.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin resistance and β-cell function in prediabetes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2019
A 26-week double-blind RCT in 64 adults with prediabetes and vitamin D deficiency found 3,000 IU/day vitamin D3 did not improve insulin resistance or β-cell function versus placebo.
156.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes2019
The D2d trial in 2,423 adults with prediabetes found 4,000 IU/day vitamin D3 did not significantly reduce progression to type 2 diabetes versus placebo.
157.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Does high-dose vitamin D supplementation impact insulin resistance and risk of development of diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes? A double-blind randomized clinical trial2019
A 6-month RCT in 162 prediabetic adults found high-dose vitamin D raised serum 25(OH)D but did not significantly improve HOMA-IR or glucose tolerance versus placebo.
158.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis2014
A meta-analysis of RCTs in 407 adults found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly improve glucose homeostasis or prevent type 2 diabetes.
159.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans2012
A 12-week RCT in 89 overweight African Americans with prediabetes found 4,000 IU/day vitamin D3 did not improve insulin secretion or sensitivity versus placebo.
160.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Vitamin D3 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired fasting glucose2011
An open-label study in 8 adults with vitamin D deficiency and impaired fasting glucose found 10,000 IU/day vitamin D3 for 4 weeks improved insulin sensitivity versus baseline.
161.SupplementDEX Database: Prediabetes — Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review2011
A systematic review found observational studies linked vitamin D intake >500 IU/day to lower type 2 diabetes risk, but RCT evidence for supplementation was inconsistent.
SupplementDEX Database · Preeclampsia
3 references162.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of RCTs in 10,613 pregnant women found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce preeclampsia incidence versus control.
163.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy2024
An updated Cochrane review of 10 RCTs (2,313 pregnant women) found vitamin D alone may reduce severe postpartum hemorrhage and low birthweight, but evidence was low to very low certainty.
164.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial2023
An RCT in 119 pregnant women with overweight/obesity found 800 IU/day vitamin D3 raised maternal 25(OH)D versus 400 IU/day but did not significantly improve lipid profiles or pregnancy outcomes.
165.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms severity in vitamin D insufficient women with premenstrual syndrome: A randomized controlled trial2024
A 16-week RCT in 44 vitamin D-insufficient women with PMS found 50,000 IU vitamin D fortnightly reduced PMS symptom severity versus placebo.
166.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related inflammation and antioxidant markers in students with vitamin D deficient: a randomized clinical trial2019
A 4-month RCT in 44 vitamin D-deficient women with PMS found 50,000 IU fortnightly reduced IL-12, increased TAC, and improved PMS symptom scores versus placebo.
167.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplement Consumption on Premenstrual Syndrome in Vitamin D-Deficient Young Girls: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial2019
A 12-week RCT in 66 vitamin D-deficient young women with PMS found 2,000 IU vitamin D every other day reduced premenstrual symptom scores versus placebo.
168.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — High dose vitamin D supplementation can improve menstrual problems, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome in adolescents2018
A 9-week study in 897 adolescent girls found high-dose vitamin D (50,000 IU/week) reduced PMS prevalence from 14.9% to 4.8% and improved dysmenorrhea rates.
169.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Evaluating the effects of vitamin D and vitamin E supplement on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial2016
A 2-month RCT in 86 women with PMS found vitamin D 200 mg/day plus vitamin E 100 mg/day reduced symptom severity versus placebo.
170.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related Mood Disorders in Adolescents with Severe Hypovitaminosis D2015
A 4-month RCT in 80 adolescent girls with severe vitamin D deficiency and PMS found vitamin D (200,000 IU then 25,000 IU biweekly) improved mood-related PMS symptoms versus placebo.
171.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Effect of treatment with dydrogesterone or calcium plus vitamin D on the severity of premenstrual syndrome2009
An RCT in 180 university students with severe PMS found calcium 500 mg plus vitamin D 200 IU twice daily reduced symptom severity similarly to dydrogesterone versus placebo.
172.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome2005
In NHS II (1,057 incident PMS cases), higher vitamin D and calcium intake were inversely associated with developing PMS over 10 years of follow-up.
SupplementDEX Database · Primary dysmenorrhea
2 references173.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — Vitamin D for primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis-related pain - A systematic review of registered RCTs2025
A systematic review of 7 registered RCTs (308 participants) found vitamin D may reduce primary dysmenorrhea pain severity on visual analog scale (MD −1.12), but evidence certainty was low and endometriosis results were null.
174.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials2023
A meta-analysis of RCTs in 695 women found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced primary dysmenorrhea pain scores versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Psoriasis
10 references175.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation on psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs (333 patients) found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly improve PASI, DLQI, or CRP in psoriasis versus control.
176.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Psoriasis and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis found psoriasis patients had lower 25(OH)D than controls; oral vitamin D supplementation did not significantly improve PASI scores in included RCTs.
177.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of monthly vitamin D supplementation in mild psoriasis2018
A 12-month RCT in adults with psoriasis found monthly vitamin D3 100,000 IU did not significantly improve PASI, PGA, or quality-of-life scores versus placebo.
178.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — No association between vitamin D intake and incident psoriasis among US women2014
A prospective cohort of 70,437 US women found dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake was not associated with incident psoriasis over ~14 years of follow-up.
179.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Combination treatments for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A systematic review and meta-analysis found combination topical treatments including vitamin D analogues more effective than monotherapy for mild-to-severe psoriasis.
180.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Topical vitamin D analogues alone or in association with topical steroids for psoriasis: a systematic review2012
A systematic review found vitamin D analogues plus topical steroids more effective than vitamin D analogues alone for psoriasis treatment success.
181.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Mixed treatment comparison of a two-compound formulation (TCF) product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate with other topical treatments in psoriasis vulgaris2011
A mixed-treatment meta-analysis found calcipotriol-betamethasone combination superior to most topical agents for 4-week PASI improvement in plaque psoriasis.
182.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis2009
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 21,448 patients found vitamin D analogues more effective than placebo for psoriasis; corticosteroids and combination therapies also effective.
183.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — A two-compound product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate provides rapid, effective treatment of psoriasis vulgaris regardless of baseline disease severity2005
A meta-analysis of 1,534 psoriasis patients found calcipotriol-betamethasone combination effective across mild, moderate, and severe disease over 4+ weeks.
184.SupplementDEX Database: Psoriasis — Psoriasis: current perspectives with an emphasis on treatment1999
A review found topical vitamin D analogues (calcipotriene) among first-line treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis, alongside corticosteroids and phototherapy.
SupplementDEX Database · Sleep
1 reference185.SupplementDEX Database: Sleep — The effect of vitamin D supplement on the score and quality of sleep in 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders compared with control group2017
An 8-week RCT in 89 adults aged 20–50 with sleep disorders found vitamin D 50,000 IU fortnightly improved sleep quality scores versus placebo.
186.SupplementDEX Database: Postoperative recovery — Preoperative Vitamin D Supplementation to Reduce Hypocalcemia Following Total Thyroidectomy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials2025
A meta-analysis of 8 thyroidectomy RCTs (902 patients) found preoperative vitamin D supplementation reduced postoperative hypocalcemia versus no supplementation.
187.SupplementDEX Database: Traumatic brain injury — Investigating the Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D3 Administration on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial2024
An RCT in moderate-severe TBI patients found a single IM dose of 300,000 IU vitamin D3 reduced IL-1β and IL-6 and improved GCS versus control.
188.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Acute Respiratory Infections in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial2020
An RCT in 5,110 adults aged 50–84 found monthly vitamin D3 (200,000 IU then 100,000 IU/month) did not reduce acute respiratory infection incidence versus placebo.
189.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial2018
A 4-week RCT in 13 vitamin D-insufficient taekwondo athletes found vitamin D3 5,000 IU/day reduced URTI symptoms during winter training versus placebo.
190.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Vitamin D supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized controlled trial2015
An RCT in adolescent swimmers with vitamin D insufficiency found 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 reduced URI burden during training versus placebo.
191.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double-blind intervention study2012
A 1-year RCT in 140 adults with frequent respiratory tract infections found vitamin D3 4,000 IU/day reduced infection frequency versus placebo.
192.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trial2012
An RCT in 161 healthy adults found a single high dose of vitamin D3 did not significantly reduce URTI incidence or severity versus placebo.
193.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men2010
A randomized double-blind trial among young Finnish men evaluated vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory tract infections.
194.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections2009
A 12-week RCT in 162 adults found vitamin D3 2,000 IU/day did not significantly reduce upper respiratory tract infection incidence or severity versus placebo.
195.SupplementDEX Database: Upper respiratory tract infection — Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438)2007
A sub-study of the RECORD trial in older adults evaluated whether vitamin D supplementation prevents infections in a randomized placebo-controlled design.
SupplementDEX Database · Acne
4 references196.SupplementDEX Database: Acne — Role of vitamin D supplement adjunct to topical benzoyl peroxide in acne: a randomized double-blinded controlled study2024
An RCT in 44 acne patients on benzoyl peroxide found weekly 40,000 IU vitamin D2 prevented inflammatory lesion relapse at 4-week follow-up.
197.SupplementDEX Database: Acne — Association between Vitamin D Level and Acne, and Correlation with Disease Severity: A Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 13 studies (2,443 participants) found acne patients had lower 25(OH)D levels and higher vitamin D deficiency prevalence (OR 2.97).
198.SupplementDEX Database: Acne — The impact of active vitamin D administration on the clinical outcomes of acne vulgaris2021
An RCT in 100 acne patients found 0.25 µg/day alfacalcidol for 3 months improved acne severity versus placebo in those with low baseline vitamin D.
199.SupplementDEX Database: Acne — Comparison of Vitamin D Levels in Patients with and without Acne: A Case-Control Study Combined with a Randomized Controlled Trial2016
A case-control plus RCT in 80 acne patients found vitamin D deficiency was common (49%) and 1,000 IU/day for 2 months improved inflammatory lesions.
SupplementDEX Database · Alzheimer's disease
3 references200.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Vitamin D concentration and risk of Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies2019
A meta-analysis of 6 prospective cohorts (21,692 adults, 1,607 AD cases) found serum vitamin D deficiency was not statistically associated with increased Alzheimer disease risk.
201.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function and blood Aβ-related biomarkers in older adults with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2019
In 210 Alzheimer patients given 800 IU/day vitamin D for 12 months, supplementation improved cognitive scores and reduced amyloid-related biomarkers versus placebo.
202.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A systematic review found lower vitamin D concentrations associated with poorer cognitive performance and higher Alzheimer disease risk in observational studies, with limited RCT evidence.
SupplementDEX Database · Athletic performance
5 references203.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Impact on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, but Improves Inflammatory Status in Vitamin D Deficient Young Men Engaged in Resistance Training2022
In 39 vitamin D–deficient young men given 8000 IU/day for 12 weeks during resistance training, vitamin D improved inflammatory status but did not increase VO2max.
204.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Does Not Improve Sprint Performance in Professional Rugby Players: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Intervention Study2018
In 57 professional rugby players given ~3570 IU/day for 11–12 weeks, vitamin D raised serum 25(OH)D but did not improve sprint or most physical performance measures.
205.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — A systems-based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophy2015
In 20 men with low 25(OH)D given 4000 IU/day for 6 weeks, vitamin D improved peak torque recovery at 48 h and 7 days after damaging eccentric exercise.
206.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — The effects of vitamin D₃ supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study2013
In 30 club athletes given 20,000 or 40,000 IU/week for 12 weeks, vitamin D raised serum 25(OH)D above 50 nmol/L but did not improve bench press, leg press, or vertical jump.
207.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Different doses of supplemental vitamin D maintain interleukin-5 without altering skeletal muscle strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in vitamin D sufficient adults2012
In 30 young vitamin D–sufficient adults given 200 or 4000 IU/day for 28 days, supplementation maintained 25(OH)D and IL-5 but did not change leg muscle strength.
SupplementDEX Database · Cardiovascular disease
23 references208.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effect of vitamin D supplementation for major adverse cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis based on randomised controlled trials2025
A meta-analysis of 5 cardiovascular RCTs found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (HR 0.96) in the general population.
209.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effects of vitamin D, omega-3 and a simple strength exercise programme in cardiovascular disease prevention: The DO-HEALTH randomized controlled trial2024
In DO-HEALTH (2,157 adults ≥70, 2000 IU/day vitamin D for 3 years), vitamin D did not reduce major cardiovascular events or incident hypertension versus placebo.
210.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 134000 Individuals in 29 Randomized Clinical Trials and 157000 Individuals in 30 Prospective Cohort Studies: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2023
An updated meta-analysis of 134,000 trial participants and 157,000 cohort participants found RCT vitamin D did not reduce CVD incidence or mortality despite observational links.
211.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D supplementation and adverse skeletal and non-skeletal outcomes in individuals at increased cardiovascular risk: Results from the International Polycap Study (TIPS)-3 randomized controlled trial2023
In TIPS-3 (5,670 adults at cardiovascular risk given 60,000 IU/month vitamin D), supplementation did not reduce fractures or composite CV events but was associated with higher mortality.
212.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D supplementation and major cardiovascular events: D-Health randomised controlled trial2023
In D-Health (21,302 Australians, 60,000 IU/month for 5 years), vitamin D showed a nonsignificant trend toward fewer major cardiovascular events (HR 0.91).
213.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D Supplementation and Its Impact on Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 80 Randomized Clinical Trials2023
A meta-analysis of 80 RCTs (163,131 adults) found vitamin D associated with slightly lower all-cause mortality (OR 0.95) but no significant reduction in cardiovascular morbidity or mortality.
214.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Association of Vitamin D Supplementation with Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 18 RCTs (70,278 participants) found vitamin D supplementation not associated with lower cardiovascular mortality, stroke, MI, or total cardiovascular events.
215.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Cardiovascular and Cancer Outcomes by eGFR in VITAL2022
A VITAL secondary analysis in 15,917 participants found vitamin D 2000 IU/day did not differ in cardiovascular or cancer outcomes across eGFR subgroups over 5.3 years.
216.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease2019
In VITAL (25,871 adults, 2000 IU/day, median 5.3 years), vitamin D did not reduce invasive cancer or major cardiovascular events versus placebo.
217.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83,000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (83,291 patients) found long-term vitamin D not associated with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events, MI, stroke, or all-cause mortality.
218.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation Are Not Associated With Risk of Incident Ischemic Cardiac Events or Death: Findings From the UK Biobank Cohort2018
In 475,255 UK Biobank participants, self-reported calcium or vitamin D supplementation was not associated with increased ischemic heart disease, MI, or death.
219.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for CVD Prevention and Treatment2018
A systematic review found moderate evidence for folic acid/B-vitamin cardiovascular benefits but no clear preventive benefit from calcium, vitamin D, multivitamins, or selenium on CVD or all-cause mortality.
220.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies2017
A dose-response meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies (180,667 participants) found each 10 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D associated with 10% lower total CVD events.
221.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D3 supplementation does not modify cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D status2015
In 105 adults with inadequate vitamin D given 20 µg/day for 12 winter weeks, supplementation raised 25(OH)D but did not modify blood pressure or cardiovascular risk markers.
222.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis2014
Trial sequential meta-analysis concluded vitamin D supplementation is unlikely to reduce skeletal or non-skeletal outcomes by >15% in community-dwelling adults.
223.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effect of calcium or vitamin D supplementation on vascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2013
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (50,252 adults) found calcium or vitamin D did not affect major cardiovascular events, MI, or stroke vs placebo; subgroup data suggested calcium alone may increase MI.
224.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — A prospective randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk2012
In 114 postmenopausal women given 2500 IU/day vitamin D for 4 months, supplementation did not improve endothelial function, arterial stiffness, or inflammation.
225.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events2010
A systematic review of 17 studies found dialysis patients on vitamin D had lower CVD mortality, but RCT secondary analyses showed only a nonsignificant trend toward reduced CVD with supplementation.
226.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers2009
In 200 overweight adults on a weight-loss program given ~83 µg/day vitamin D for 12 months, vitamin D enhanced triglyceride and TNF-α reductions but raised LDL cholesterol.
227.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality2008
In 3,258 patients undergoing coronary angiography followed 7.7 years, lowest quartile 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were independently associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
228.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2007
In 12,644 NHANES III adults, lower serum 25(OH)D was associated with higher blood pressure; ethnic differences in vitamin D explained about half the black-white hypertension gap.
229.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from NHANES III2007
In 15,088 NHANES III adults, lowest quartile 25(OH)D was associated with higher odds of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high triglycerides in cross-sectional analysis.
230.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 supplementation on fractures and mortality in community-dwelling adults: randomized double-blind controlled trial2003
In 2,686 community adults aged 65–85 given 100,000 IU vitamin D3 every 4 months for 5 years, supplementation reduced any fracture (RR 0.78) and osteoporotic site fractures.
SupplementDEX Database · Endometriosis
2 references231.SupplementDEX Database: Endometriosis — Supplementation with vitamin D or ω-3 fatty acids in adolescent girls and young women with endometriosis (SAGE): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2020
In a 6-month RCT of 69 young women with endometriosis, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 reduced pelvic pain similarly to placebo; fish oil showed smaller pain reduction than either group.
232.SupplementDEX Database: Endometriosis — Effects of Vitamin D on Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial2016
A double-blind RCT of 39 women post-endometriosis surgery found 50,000 IU/week vitamin D for 12 weeks did not significantly reduce dysmenorrhea or pelvic pain versus placebo at 24 weeks.
SupplementDEX Database · Fractures
7 references233.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — What is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (12,620 participants) found daily 800 IU vitamin D3 plus 1,200 mg calcium reduced hip fracture (OR 0.69) and non-vertebral fracture (OR 0.80) in adults over 65.
234.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Vitamin D-A Risk Factor for Bone Fractures in Children: A Population-Based Prospective Case-Control Randomized Cross-Sectional Study2023
A prospective study of 688 children found lower serum vitamin D was associated with higher forearm fracture risk; 6 months of vitamin D and calcium supplementation improved bony callus formation.
235.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Supplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults2022
In the VITAL ancillary study of 25,871 midlife and older adults, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 for 5.3 years did not reduce total, nonvertebral, or hip fractures versus placebo.
236.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Vitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2019
A 2018 meta-analysis of large RCTs found vitamin D or calcium supplementation did not meaningfully reduce total, hip, or vertebral fractures in community adults.
237.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2017
A meta-analysis of community adults ≥50 years found calcium, vitamin D, or combined supplementation was not associated with lower fracture incidence vs control.
238.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures2006
In WHI (36,282 women, 7 years), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D raised hip BMD 1.06% but did not significantly reduce hip, spine, or total fractures; renal calculi increased.
239.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial2002
In a 2-year RCT of 1,144 nursing home residents, 10 mcg/day vitamin D3 in cod liver oil did not reduce hip or nonvertebral fractures versus vitamin D-depleted oil.
SupplementDEX Database · High blood pressure
10 references240.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid in adults with essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 23 hypertension trials (2,218 participants) found only vitamin E significantly lowered systolic BP; vitamin C did not.
241.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-Reactive Protein and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials2024
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs in postmenopausal women found vitamin D supplementation reduced CRP by 0.65 mg/L but did not significantly lower systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
242.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals with hypovitaminosis D: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in hypertensive adults with hypovitaminosis D found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, with greater effects in older adults and Asian populations.
243.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Regulation of Blood Pressure in Iranian Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Clinical Trial2021
In an 8-week open-label trial of 173 Iranian adults with essential hypertension, vitamin D supplementation (50,000 IU/week or 1,000 IU/day) reduced systolic BP by 5.5 mmHg and mean arterial pressure by 3.7 mmHg.
244.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — 200.000 IU of vitamin D does not reduce resting Blood Pressure and Inhibit Post-Exercise Hypotension in elderly women: a pilot study2020
In 11 hypertensive elderly women, a single 200,000 IU vitamin D megadose did not lower resting blood pressure and only partially blunted post-exercise systolic hypotension versus placebo.
245.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — The effect of vitamin D3 on blood pressure in people with vitamin D deficiency: A system review and meta-analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (1,687 participants with vitamin D deficiency) found overall vitamin D3 did not lower blood pressure, though systolic BP fell in subgroups over age 50 or with hypertension.
246.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — The effect of vitamin D supplementation on hypertension in non-CKD populations: A systemic review and meta-analysis2017
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (917 participants) found vitamin D supplementation slightly reduced systolic BP by 1.96 mmHg but did not meaningfully lower diastolic BP in non-CKD populations.
247.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial2015
The DAYLIGHT trial of 534 adults aged 18–50 with low vitamin D found 4,000 IU/day for 6 months did not reduce 24-hour systolic blood pressure versus 400 IU/day.
248.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis2009
A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs found vitamin D produced a small diastolic BP reduction (−3.1 mmHg) in hypertensive patients but no significant systolic effect; normotensive groups showed no benefit.
249.SupplementDEX Database: High blood pressure — Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial2008
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women, median 7 years), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D did not lower blood pressure or incident hypertension vs placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Infertility
3 references250.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Vitamin and Carotenoid Intake and Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization in Women Referring to an Italian Fertility Service: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study2023
In 494 women undergoing IVF, dietary intake of lutein and other carotenoids showed no significant associations with oocyte quality, clinical pregnancy, or live birth after adjustment.
251.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Influence of Vitamin D supplementation on reproductive outcomes of infertile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 12 studies (2,352 infertile patients) found vitamin D supplementation increased clinical pregnancy rate (OR 1.70), with best results at moderate daily dosing for 30–60 days.
252.SupplementDEX Database: Infertility — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on In Vitro Fertilization Outcomes: A Trial Sequential Meta-Analysis of 5 Randomized Controlled Trials2022
A meta-analysis of 5 IVF trials found vitamin D supplementation improved chemical pregnancy rate (RR 1.53) but not clinical pregnancy or secondary outcomes in vitamin D-deficient women.
SupplementDEX Database · Metabolic health
2 references253.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic health — Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial2011
In a 16-week RCT of 92 adults at risk for type 2 diabetes, 2,000 IU/day cholecalciferol improved pancreatic beta-cell function (disposition index) versus placebo.
254.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic health — Association of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2010
In 9,773 US adults from NHANES, higher serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with A1C in adults aged 35–74 without diagnosed diabetes.
SupplementDEX Database · Migraine
2 references255.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Effects of selected dietary supplements on migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 22 migraine trials found alpha-lipoic acid reduced attack frequency by 1.24 and severity by 0.38 versus control, among several supplements showing prophylactic benefit.
256.SupplementDEX Database: Migraine — Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of migraine: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies2021
A meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (301 migraine patients) found vitamin D supplementation reduced monthly headache attacks (−2.74), headache days (−1.56), and MIDAS disability score.
SupplementDEX Database · Muscle mass & strength
5 references257.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle mass & strength — Effects of branched-chain amino acid- and vitamin D-containing high-protein food supplementation plus exercise on elderly people with decreased physical functions2025
In a 12-week RCT of elderly adults with locomotive syndrome, BCAA and vitamin D high-protein supplementation with exercise maintained soft lean mass and improved physical function versus exercise alone.
258.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle mass & strength — Effects of active vitamin D analogues on muscle strength and falls in elderly people: an updated meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of active vitamin D analogue trials (771 participants for falls, 2,431 for strength) found analogues reduced fall risk by 19% and improved quadriceps strength but not global muscle or grip strength.
259.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle mass & strength — Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplements in Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infection: A Meta-Analysis for Randomized Controlled Trials2022
A meta-analysis of 18 respiratory infection RCTs found vitamin D showed only a 7% treatment effect that was not clinically meaningful; high-quality trials showed no significant benefit.
260.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle mass & strength — Four months vitamin D supplementation to vitamin D insufficient individuals does not improve muscular strength: A randomized controlled trial2019
In a 4-month RCT of 417 adults with low vitamin D, loading dose plus 20,000 IU/week raised 25(OH)D but did not improve hip flexion, biceps, pectoral, or handgrip strength.
261.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle mass & strength — The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014
A meta-analysis of 30 RCTs (5,615 participants) found vitamin D produced a small improvement in global muscle strength (SMD 0.17), with greater benefit when baseline 25(OH)D was below 30 nmol/L.
SupplementDEX Database · Obesity
5 references262.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D-deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial2020
In a RCT of 225 vitamin D-deficient obese children, 1,000 or 2,000 IU/day for 6 months did not improve endothelial function but 2,000 IU lowered diastolic BP and improved insulin sensitivity.
263.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial2014
In a 12-month weight-loss RCT of 218 postmenopausal women, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 did not increase weight loss overall but women who became replete lost more weight and waist circumference.
264.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D₃ supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women2012
In a 12-week RCT of 77 overweight women, 25 mcg/day vitamin D3 reduced body fat mass by 2.7 kg versus 0.47 kg in placebo despite no change in body weight or waist circumference.
265.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adults2012
In a 12-week resistance training RCT of 23 overweight adults, 4,000 IU/day vitamin D improved early peak power and was inversely associated with waist-to-hip ratio change.
266.SupplementDEX Database: Obesity — Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain2007
In 36,282 postmenopausal women followed 7 years, calcium plus 400 IU/day vitamin D3 was associated with slightly less weight gain (−0.13 kg), mainly in women with low baseline calcium intake.
SupplementDEX Database · Osteoarthritis
3 references267.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoarthritis — 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee2020
The 2019 ACR/Arthritis Foundation guideline conditionally recommends chondroitin sulfate for hand osteoarthritis and advises shared decision-making for other osteoarthritis treatments.
268.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoarthritis — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on progression of knee pain and cartilage volume loss in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial2013
In a 2-year RCT of 146 knee osteoarthritis patients, 2,000 IU/day cholecalciferol raised 25(OH)D above 36 ng/mL but did not reduce pain or cartilage volume loss versus placebo.
269.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoarthritis — Does vitamin D improve osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled pilot trial2013
In a 1-year pilot RCT of 107 knee OA patients with vitamin D insufficiency, vitamin D supplementation reduced pain and improved function versus placebo on VAS and WOMAC scores.
SupplementDEX Database · Pneumonia
4 references270.SupplementDEX Database: Pneumonia — The association between vitamin D deficiency and community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis of observational studies2019
A meta-analysis found vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher community-acquired pneumonia risk across observational studies.
271.SupplementDEX Database: Pneumonia — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Prevention of Recurrent Pneumonia in Under-Five Children2019
In a 1-year RCT of 91 under-five children, a single 300,000 IU vitamin D dose at pneumonia recovery did not reduce recurrent pneumonia versus standard treatment alone.
272.SupplementDEX Database: Pneumonia — Vitamin D supplementation for severe pneumonia--a randomized controlled trial2011
In a RCT of 200 under-five children with severe pneumonia, 1,000 IU/day vitamin D for 1 year alongside antibiotics did not shorten recovery versus placebo.
273.SupplementDEX Database: Pneumonia — Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial2010
In a RCT of 453 Afghan children with pneumonia, a single 100,000 IU vitamin D dose did not reduce time to recovery or repeat pneumonia episodes versus placebo.
274.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — The impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control and lipid metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials2025
A systematic review of PCOS RCTs found vitamin D supplementation improved metabolic parameters including glucose, insulin, and lipids in polycystic ovary syndrome.
275.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Efficacy of metformin combined with vitamin D in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome: A meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 9 PCOS RCTs found metformin plus vitamin D lowered HOMA-IR and BMI more than metformin alone.
276.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile, and hormonal functions in polycystic ovary syndrome: An umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis2024
An umbrella meta-analysis of 15 PCOS meta-analyses found vitamin D significantly reduced triglycerides and improved several hormonal and metabolic outcomes.
277.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial2024
In a 60-patient PCOS RCT, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D for 12 weeks raised 25(OH)D but did not significantly change BMI, glucose tolerance, or lipid profiles versus control.
278.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on ovulation and pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 20 PCOS RCTs (1,961 women) found vitamin D supplementation increased pregnancy rate (RR 1.44), ovulation rate (RR 1.42), and mature oocyte rate.
279.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Vitamin D improves in-vitro fertilization outcomes in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance2019
In 305 PCOS women undergoing IVF, vitamin D repletion before controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was associated with improved fertilization and pregnancy outcomes.
280.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2017
A meta-analysis of 9 PCOS RCTs (502 women) found vitamin D improved dominant follicle development (OR 2.34) and menstrual regularity when combined with metformin.
SupplementDEX Database · Prostate cancer
1 reference281.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials2019
A meta-analysis of 22 studies found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce PSA or improve mortality in prostate cancer patients.
SupplementDEX Database · Tuberculosis
10 references282.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Calcitriol supplementation accelerates the recovery of patients with tuberculosis who have vitamin D deficiency: a randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial2022
An RCT in 30 tuberculosis patients with low 25(OH)D found calcitriol supplementation accelerated CD4+ T cell recovery and sputum conversion versus standard treatment.
283.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Effects of Vitamin D supplementation on resolution of fever and cough in children with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized double-blind controlled trial in Indonesia2022
An RCT in 84 Indonesian children with pulmonary TB found vitamin D 1,000 IU/day plus standard treatment accelerated fever and cough resolution versus placebo.
284.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Adjunctive vitamin A and D during pulmonary tuberculosis treatment: a randomized controlled trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design2020
A randomized trial of 761 patients with positive baseline sputum smear results found that 2000 IU/day the allocation to vitamin A or D did not significantly influence the time to sputum smear conversion [vitamin A: adjusted hazard ratio: 1.021, 95% CI: (0.821, 1.271); vitamin D: adjusted hazard ratio: 0.949, 95% CI: (0.760, 1.185)].
285.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis and mortality in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2020
An RCT in 2,001 HIV-positive adults starting ART in Tanzania found vitamin D 2,000 IU/day for 1 year did not reduce mortality or pulmonary TB incidence versus placebo.
286.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Vitamin D Supplements for Prevention of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease2020
An RCT in 8,851 South African children found weekly vitamin D 14,000 IU for 3 years did not prevent M. tuberculosis infection or TB disease versus placebo.
287.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — The association between vitamin D status and tuberculosis in children: A meta-analysis2018
A meta-analysis found vitamin D deficiency associated with tuberculosis in children (OR 1.70), and TB patients had significantly lower vitamin D levels.
288.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the outcomes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis2018
A meta-analysis of RCTs in 1,787 pulmonary TB patients found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly improve sputum conversion or reduce mortality versus control.
289.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Vitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school-age children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial2012
In 120 Mongolian schoolchildren, 800 IU/day vitamin D for 6 months raised 25(OH)D and improved growth; fewer tuberculin skin test conversions occurred in the vitamin D group (trend, P = 0.05).
290.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis2011
A meta-analysis of 6842 participants found that results are presented as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous variables, and mean differences (MD) for continuous variables, with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
291.SupplementDEX Database: Tuberculosis — Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2009
An RCT in 365 TB patients in Guinea-Bissau found cholecalciferol 100,000 IU at 0, 5, and 8 months did not reduce clinical severity scores or 12-month mortality versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Type 2 diabetes
9 references292.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
An updated meta-analysis of 39 RCTs (2,982 type 2 diabetes patients) found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and fasting insulin versus control.
293.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on depressive symptoms, C-peptide, serotonin, and neurotrophin-3 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2024
A 12-week RCT in 38 type 2 diabetes patients with depression found cholecalciferol 4,000 IU/day improved depressive symptoms and raised serotonin versus placebo.
294.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials2024
A meta-analysis found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c, FBS, and LDL and raised HDL in type 2 diabetes patients versus control.
295.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — What is the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in people with type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails2023
A meta-analysis of 46 RCTs found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c in type 2 diabetes patients versus placebo.
296.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Serum and supplemental vitamin D levels and insulin resistance in T2DM populations: a meta-analysis and systematic review2023
A meta-analysis of 11,063 participants found higher serum vitamin D associated with lower insulin resistance in observational studies; supplementation effects were inconsistent.
297.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Vitamin D Supplementation for the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial2022
In 119 women with type 2 diabetes and depression given 5000 or 50,000 IU/week vitamin D for 6 months, both doses similarly improved CES-D scores over time.
298.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A meta-analysis of interventional studies2019
A meta-analysis of RCTs found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c and fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes patients versus control.
299.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis2017
A systematic review of RCTs found vitamin D supplementation associated with modest improvements in HbA1c and fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes patients.
300.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients2003
A study in 10 women with type 2 diabetes found vitamin D3 1,332 IU/day improved first-phase insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity versus baseline.
301.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cognition in Adults With Mild to Moderate Vitamin D Deficiency: Outcomes From the VitaMIND Randomized Controlled Trial2025
In the VitaMIND RCT of 620 adults ≥50 with mild vitamin D deficiency given 2400 IU/day for 24 months, vitamin D did not improve executive function or other cognitive outcomes.
302.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Effect of vitamin D on cognitive decline: results from two ancillary studies of the VITAL randomized trial2021
VITAL ancillary analyses in 4,218 older adults given 2000 IU/day for 2–3 years found no overall cognitive benefit, though Black participants showed modest maintenance on global scores.
SupplementDEX Database · All-cause mortality
4 references303.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 52 RCTs (75,454 participants) found vitamin D not associated with all-cause mortality overall but reduced cancer mortality by 16% (RR 0.84).
304.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults (Meta-Analysis)2014
A Cochrane meta-analysis found vitamin D3 supplementation decreased mortality (RR 0.94) across trials, mainly in elderly women, though evidence quality varied.
305.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies2014
A meta-analysis of 73 cohort and 22 RCT studies found low 25(OH)D linked to higher cause-specific mortality; vitamin D3 supplementation reduced all-cause mortality (RR 0.89).
306.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2007
A meta-analysis of 18 RCTs (57,311 participants) found vitamin D supplementation associated with 7% lower total mortality (RR 0.93) over a mean 5.7 years.
307.SupplementDEX Database: Aromatase-inhibitor induced joint pain — Vitamin D threshold to prevent aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia: a prospective cohort study2010
In 290 breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitors, reaching 25(OH)D ≥40 ng/mL with supplementation significantly attenuated incident AI-induced arthralgia (OR 0.12).
SupplementDEX Database · Atrial fibrillation
3 references308.SupplementDEX Database: Atrial fibrillation — Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation2022
In 39,845 vitamin D–deficient adults without prior AF, achieving 25(OH)D >20 ng/mL with ≥6 months treatment was associated with lower atrial fibrillation risk.
309.SupplementDEX Database: Atrial fibrillation — Effect of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation on Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Clinical Trial2021
In VITAL (25,119 adults, 2000 IU/day vitamin D3, median 5.3 years), vitamin D did not reduce incident atrial fibrillation versus placebo (HR 1.09).
310.SupplementDEX Database: Atrial fibrillation — Vitamin D and bisphosphonates therapies for osteoporosis are associated with different risks of atrial fibrillation in women: A nationwide population-based analysis2018
In 20,788 Taiwanese women with osteoporosis, vitamin D therapy was associated with lower new atrial fibrillation incidence than bisphosphonates or no treatment over 5 years.
311.SupplementDEX Database: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce2022
WFSBP/CANMAT 2022 guidelines rated acetyl-L-carnitine as not recommended for ADHD based on Grade A evidence from meta-analyses and RCTs.
312.SupplementDEX Database: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — Effect of vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial2018
In 62 children aged 5–12 with ADHD on methylphenidate, adding 2000 IU/day vitamin D for 8 weeks improved evening ADHD symptoms versus placebo on the WPREMB scale.
313.SupplementDEX Database: Autism spectrum disorder — A randomised controlled trial of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of irritability and hyperactivity among children with autism spectrum disorder2019
In 111 New Zealand children with ASD given 2000 IU/day vitamin D and/or 722 mg/day DHA for 12 months, both vitamin D and omega-3 reduced irritability versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Back pain
1 reference314.SupplementDEX Database: Back pain — Updated Meta-analysis Reveals Limited Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Low Back Pain2024
An updated meta-analysis of 10 RCTs found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce chronic low back pain scores versus control (SMD −0.13).
SupplementDEX Database · Bacterial vaginosis
1 reference315.SupplementDEX Database: Bacterial vaginosis — A blinded, randomized controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D supplementation to reduce recurrence of bacterial vaginosis2014
In 118 women treated for BV, nine doses of 50,000 IU vitamin D3 over 24 weeks did not reduce BV recurrence versus placebo (HR 1.11).
316.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia — Association between vitamin D level and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis2020
A meta-analysis of 909 infants found vitamin D deficiency at birth associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 2.41) in preterm neonates.
SupplementDEX Database · Cancer
10 references317.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation on cancer mortality: Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2023
An IPD meta-analysis of 14 RCTs (104,727 participants) found vitamin D did not significantly reduce overall cancer mortality, though daily dosing lowered mortality 12%.
318.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamin D Intake, Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) Levels, and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Meta-Meta-Analysis Including Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Epidemiological Studies2023
A meta-meta-analysis of 35 meta-analyses found higher vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D associated with lower overall cancer incidence and mortality, with colorectal and lung benefits.
319.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Post-Diagnosis Vitamin D Supplement Use and Survival among Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis found post-diagnosis vitamin D supplement use associated with improved overall survival (SRR 0.87) but not progression-free or cancer-specific survival.
320.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplements on Development of Advanced Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the VITAL Randomized Clinical Trial2020
VITAL secondary analysis in 25,871 adults found 2000 IU/day vitamin D reduced advanced/metastatic cancer incidence (HR 0.83), strongest in those with normal BMI.
321.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2019
An updated meta-analysis of 10 cancer RCTs found vitamin D did not reduce cancer incidence but significantly lowered cancer mortality (RR 0.87), mainly with daily dosing.
322.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Progression-Free Survival Among Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The SUNSHINE Randomized Clinical Trial2019
In 139 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer given high- versus standard-dose vitamin D3 with chemotherapy, high dose improved progression-free survival (HR 0.64).
323.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Relapse-Free Survival Among Patients With Digestive Tract Cancers: The AMATERASU Randomized Clinical Trial2019
In 417 Japanese patients with digestive tract cancers given 2000 IU/day vitamin D for median 3.5 years post-surgery, relapse-free survival improved (HR 0.76) versus placebo.
324.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Cancer Incidence in Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial2017
In 2,303 postmenopausal women given 2000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus calcium for 4 years, supplementation nonsignificantly reduced cancer incidence (HR 0.70).
325.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis2014
A meta-analysis of vitamin D RCTs found no effect on total cancer incidence but a significant 12% reduction in cancer mortality with 400–833 IU/day over 2–7 years.
326.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial2007
In 1,179 postmenopausal Nebraska women given 1100 IU/day vitamin D3 plus calcium for 4 years, combined supplementation reduced all-cancer risk (RR 0.40 vs placebo).
SupplementDEX Database · Child growth
4 references327.SupplementDEX Database: Child growth — Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone mineral density in childhood follow-up of a randomized controlled trial2024
MAVIDOS follow-up of 447 children at ages 6–7 found maternal 1000 IU/day cholecalciferol during pregnancy increased offspring bone mineral density versus placebo.
328.SupplementDEX Database: Child growth — The effect of pregnancy vitamin D supplementation on offspring bone mineral density in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 5 pregnancy vitamin D RCTs found supplementation increased offspring whole-body-less-head BMD at ages 4–6 years (SMD 0.16) with smaller BMC effects.
329.SupplementDEX Database: Child growth — Effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on bone health and offspring growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 23 pregnancy RCTs (5,390 participants) found vitamin D increased birth length and cord 25(OH)D but showed inconsistent effects on neonatal bone measures.
330.SupplementDEX Database: Child growth — Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy and Lactation and Infant Growth2018
In 1,164 Bangladeshi infants from mothers randomized to weekly prenatal/postpartum vitamin D up to 28,000 IU, supplementation did not improve length-for-age at 1 year.
331.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on hepcidin-25 and erythropoiesis in patients with chronic kidney disease2023
In 85 CKD G3–G4 patients given 8000 IU/day vitamin D for 12 weeks, supplementation raised 25(OH)D but did not consistently improve hepcidin or erythropoiesis markers overall.
332.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Effect of physical activity and vitamin D compared with vitamin D alone on muscle strength, back flexibility and aerobic activity in patients with chronic kidney disease: A comparative study from Pakistan2021
In 46 Pakistani CKD stage 2–4 patients given 4000 IU/day vitamin D with or without physical activity for 3 months, combined therapy improved biceps strength more than vitamin D alone.
333.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Effect of Oral Alfacalcidol on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Without Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis: The J-DAVID Randomized Clinical Trial2018
In 976 Japanese hemodialysis patients without hyperparathyroidism given 0.5 µg/day alfacalcidol for 4 years, treatment did not reduce cardiovascular events versus no activator (HR 1.25).
334.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Impact of vitamin D on chronic kidney diseases in non-dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2013
A meta-analysis of 18 non-dialysis CKD RCTs found vitamin D reduced proteinuria but did not worsen renal function; hypercalcemia risk increased (RR 4.78).
335.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Vitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial2012
In 227 CKD patients given paricalcitol 2 µg/day for 48 weeks, treatment lowered PTH but did not reduce left ventricular mass index or improve diastolic function versus placebo.
336.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Efficacy and safety of paricalcitol therapy for chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis of 9 CKD RCTs (832 patients) found paricalcitol suppressed PTH and reduced proteinuria without increased adverse cardiovascular events.
337.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis2009
A Cochrane review of dialysis CKD trials found vitamin D compounds lowered PTH but increased hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia; mortality effects remained uncertain.
338.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis2009
A Cochrane review in 894 non-dialysis CKD patients found vitamin D significantly lowered PTH but raised phosphorus and calcium without clear mortality or dialysis benefit.
339.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) — 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population2008
In 13,331 NHANES III adults followed 8.7 years, lowest quartile 25(OH)D (<17.8 ng/mL) was associated with 26% higher all-cause mortality versus highest quartile.
340.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — Vitamin D for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2024
An updated Cochrane meta-analysis of COPD vitamin D trials found supplementation did not significantly reduce moderate or severe exacerbation rates overall.
341.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — Negligible effect of vitamin D supplementation on exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs in 522 COPD patients with vitamin D deficiency found supplementation raised 25(OH)D but did not reduce exacerbations or improve FEV1.
342.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Plasma Cathelicidin Response to 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Supplementation: A Pilot Study2021
In 17 vitamin D–deficient smokers given 50,000 IU/week for 8 weeks, serum 25(OH)D rose but plasma and BAL cathelicidin levels did not increase.
343.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — The association between vitamin D and COPD risk, severity, and exacerbation: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis2016
A meta-analysis of 21 studies (4,818 COPD patients) found lower serum vitamin D associated with COPD risk, severity, and exacerbation; deficiency linked to higher COPD risk (OR 1.77).
344.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer2011
A narrative review summarized evidence linking low vitamin D to asthma, COPD, infection, and lung cancer, describing immunomodulatory mechanisms but not interventional outcomes.
SupplementDEX Database · Chronic pain
1 reference345.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic pain — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2016
A meta-analysis of 19 pain RCTs (3,436 participants) found vitamin D significantly reduced mean pain score change from baseline (MD −0.57) but not final pain scores.
346.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of The Effect of Low Vitamin D on Cognition2017
A meta-analysis of 26 observational and 3 intervention cognition studies found low vitamin D associated with worse cognition, but supplementation showed no significant cognitive benefit.
SupplementDEX Database · Colorectal cancer
6 references347.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Vitamin D as a chemopreventive agent in colorectal neoplasms. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
A meta-analysis of 9 colorectal chemoprevention RCTs (71,386 participants) found vitamin D supplementation did not reduce colorectal cancer, adenoma, or advanced adenoma incidence.
348.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Circulating Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An International Pooling Project of 17 Cohorts2019
In 17 cohorts (5,706 colorectal cancer cases), higher circulating 25(OH)D up to 100 nmol/L was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, especially in women.
349.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Supplemental calcium in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis2010
A systematic review of calcium RCTs found supplementation reduced recurrent adenomas across high-, intermediate-, and low-risk populations compared with placebo.
350.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis2007
A pooled analysis of 5 serum studies found higher 25(OH)D quintiles associated with lower colorectal cancer odds, suggesting benefit at ≥33 ng/mL and ~1000–2000 IU/day intake.
351.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer2006
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D daily for ~7 years did not reduce invasive colorectal cancer vs placebo (HR 1.08).
352.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial2003
In 803 adenoma patients, calcium reduced recurrence only among those with baseline 25(OH)D at or below 29.1 ng/mL; vitamin D status modified calcium's preventive effect.
SupplementDEX Database · Crohn's disease
1 reference353.SupplementDEX Database: Crohn's disease — Efficacy of vitamin D in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis2018
A meta-analysis of 18 IBD RCTs (908 patients) found vitamin D raised 25(OH)D and reduced relapse rate but did not significantly lower ESR or hsCRP versus control.
SupplementDEX Database · Depression
7 references354.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — The effect of vitamin D supplementation on primary depression: A meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 18 depression RCTs found vitamin D reduced depressive symptoms overall (SMD −0.15), with significant benefit only when baseline 25(OH)D exceeded 50 nmol/L.
355.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Effects of Vitamin D3 and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Indicated and Selective Prevention of Depression in Older Adults: Results From the Clinical Center Sub-Cohort of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL)2023
In 720 VITAL-DEP participants aged ≥50 given 2000 IU/day vitamin D for 2 years, neither vitamin D nor omega-3 reduced incident depression or mood score change.
356.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Efficacy and acceptability of vitamin D supplements for depressed patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023
A meta-analysis of 18 depression RCTs (1,980 participants) found vitamin D supplements superior to placebo for reducing depression (SMD −0.49), especially in adults versus adolescents.
357.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Symptoms of Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2022
A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs in 161 type 2 diabetic patients with depression found vitamin D significantly improved depressive symptoms versus placebo (SMD −0.39).
358.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Effect of Long-term Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Risk of Depression or Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms and on Change in Mood Scores: A Randomized Clinical Trial2020
In VITAL-DEP (18,353 adults, 2000 IU/day for median 5.3 years), vitamin D did not reduce risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms versus placebo.
359.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Vitamin D and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws2014
A meta-analysis of 15 depression RCTs without biological flaws found vitamin D improved depression (SMD +0.78); flawed trials showed opposite results.
360.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2014
A meta-analysis of 7 depression RCTs (3,191 participants) found no overall benefit, though clinically depressed subgroups showed moderate significant improvement (SMD −0.60).
SupplementDEX Database · Diabetic foot ulcers
2 references361.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic foot ulcers — Vitamin D as adjuvant therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach2023
A meta-analysis of 4 diabetic foot ulcer RCTs (197 patients) found vitamin D adjuvant therapy improved ulcer area, glycemic control, and inflammatory markers.
362.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic foot ulcers — Improved Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers After High-dose Vitamin D: A Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial2021
In 48 diabetic foot ulcer patients given high-dose (170 µg/day) versus low-dose (20 µg/day) vitamin D3, high dose healed 70% versus 35% of ulcers over 48 weeks.
363.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic nephropathy — Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Renal Function, Inflammation and Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 20 diabetic nephropathy RCTs (1,464 patients) found vitamin D reduced proteinuria and inflammatory markers but did not improve eGFR or HbA1c.
364.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic retinopathy — Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses2022
An umbrella review found smoking and dietary factors including carotenoids have varying evidence strength for cataract, glaucoma, AMD, and diabetic retinopathy.
SupplementDEX Database · Epilepsy
1 reference365.SupplementDEX Database: Epilepsy — Role of vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D receptor in drug-resistant epilepsy: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted in India2025
A 6-month RCT of 200 adults with drug-resistant epilepsy found adjunctive vitamin D (60,000 IU/week then monthly) did not reduce seizure frequency versus placebo, though VDR expression increased.
366.SupplementDEX Database: Erectile dysfunction (ED) — The effect of three years of vitamin D supplementation on erectile dysfunction: Results from the randomized placebo-controlled D-Health Trial2024
In the D-Health Trial of 8,920 men aged 60–84, 60,000 IU/month vitamin D3 for 3 years did not reduce erectile dysfunction prevalence (59.0% vs 58.8%; PR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97–1.03).
SupplementDEX Database · Fall prevention
19 references367.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Effect of vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation on fall prevention: a systematic review and updated network meta-analysis2024
A network meta-analysis of 35 RCTs (58,937 participants) found daily vitamin D 800–1,000 IU/day reduced fall risk (RR 0.85), while doses above 1,000 IU/day increased fall risk versus 800–1,000 IU.
368.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of fall in the vitamin D deficient elderly: An updated meta-analysis2021
An updated meta-analysis of 31 RCTs (57,867 participants) found vitamin D plus calcium reduced fall risk by 12% (RR 0.88); vitamin D alone reduced falls only when baseline 25(OH)D was below 50 nmol/L.
369.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Vitamin D supplement on prevention of fall and fracture: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2020
A meta-analysis of 47 RCTs (58,424 participants) found vitamin D3 with calcium reduced falls (RR 0.881) and fractures (RR 0.859), while vitamin D alone showed no fracture benefit.
370.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Interventions to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2018
The US Preventive Services Task Force found adequate evidence that vitamin D supplementation has no benefit for preventing falls in community-dwelling adults 65+ and recommends against it (Grade D).
371.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Effect of isolated vitamin D supplementation on the rate of falls and postural balance in postmenopausal women fallers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial2016
In a 9-month RCT of 160 postmenopausal women with prior falls, 1,000 IU/day vitamin D3 reduced fall incidence by 46% and improved postural balance versus placebo.
372.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Functional Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial2016
A 1-year RCT of 200 adults aged 70+ found monthly 60,000 IU or 24,000 IU plus calcifediol raised 25(OH)D but did not improve physical function and increased fall incidence versus 24,000 IU alone.
373.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial2015
In a 2-year RCT of 409 home-dwelling women aged 70–80, exercise halved injurious fall rates but 800 IU/day vitamin D did not reduce total falls or enhance exercise effects on physical function.
374.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Vitamin D supplementation and falls: a trial sequential meta-analysis2014
Trial sequential meta-analysis of 20 RCTs (29,535 participants) found vitamin D with or without calcium does not reduce falls by 15% or more, suggesting further trials are unlikely to change conclusions.
375.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Vitamin D supplementation and fall risk2014
This study examined vitamin D supplementation and fall risk; available evidence was insufficient to draw a concrete conclusion on benefit or harm from the published abstract.
376.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community2012
An updated Cochrane review of 159 trials (79,193 participants) found exercise and home safety interventions reduce community fall rates; overall vitamin D did not reduce falls (RaR 1.00) but may help when vitamin D is low.
377.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals2012
A Cochrane review of 60 trials (60,345 participants) found vitamin D supplementation reduced fall rates in care facilities (RaR 0.63) but exercise effects were inconsistent; multifactorial hospital interventions reduced falls.
378.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis2010
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs found vitamin D therapy (200–1,000 IU/day) reduced falls by 14% (RR 0.86) in older adults, with greater benefit at doses ≥800 IU and durations longer than 6 months.
379.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Primary care-relevant interventions to prevent falling in older adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force2010
A systematic review of 61 primary care trials found exercise (RR 0.87) and vitamin D supplementation (RR 0.83) each reduced falling in community-dwelling older adults.
380.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals2010
A Cochrane review of 41 trials (25,422 participants) found vitamin D reduced fall rates in nursing care facilities (RaR 0.72) and multifactorial interventions reduced hospital falls.
381.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Does daily vitamin D 800 IU and calcium 1000 mg supplementation decrease the risk of falling in ambulatory women aged 65-71 years? A 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS)2010
In a 3-year population RCT of 3,139 women aged 65–71, daily 800 IU vitamin D plus 1,000 mg calcium did not reduce overall fall risk, though multiple falls requiring medical attention decreased in a subsample.
382.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Differential effects of D-hormone analogs and native vitamin D on the risk of falls: a comparative meta-analysis2008
A meta-analysis of 14 trials (21,268 participants) found vitamin D hormone analogues (alfacalcidol, calcitriol) prevented falls more effectively than native vitamin D (RR 0.79 vs 0.94).
383.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women2008
A 1-year RCT of 302 women aged 70–90 in Perth found ergocalciferol 1,000 IU/day plus calcium reduced fall risk by 19%, mainly in winter and among single-fall events.
384.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y2004
In a US population survey of 4,100 adults aged 60+, higher serum 25(OH)D (40–94 nmol/L) was associated with better lower-extremity function on walk and sit-to-stand tests.
385.SupplementDEX Database: Fall prevention — Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial2003
In a 12-week RCT of 122 elderly women (mean age 85) in long-stay care, 800 IU vitamin D plus 1,200 mg calcium reduced falls by 49% versus calcium alone and improved musculoskeletal function.
SupplementDEX Database · Frailty
2 references386.SupplementDEX Database: Frailty — Effects of Vitamin D, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and a Home Exercise Program on Prevention of Pre-Frailty in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial2023
In the DO-HEALTH trial of 1,137 robust adults aged 70+, combined vitamin D 2,000 IU/day, omega-3s, and home exercise reduced pre-frailty odds (OR 0.61) over 3 years; individual treatments did not.
387.SupplementDEX Database: Frailty — The effects of vitamin D supplementation on frailty in older adults at risk for falls2022
A STURDY secondary analysis of 687 adults aged 70+ found high-dose vitamin D (≥1,000 IU/day) did not prevent frailty; 2,000 IU/day was linked to worsening frailty status.
388.SupplementDEX Database: Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) — Vitamin D supplementation ameliorates severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)2019
In 30 adults with generalized anxiety disorder and vitamin D deficiency, 50,000 IU/week vitamin D for 3 months improved GAD-7 scores and raised serotonin versus standard care alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Gestational diabetes
11 references389.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Influence of vitamin D-calcium on metabolic profile for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (306 pregnant women with gestational diabetes) found vitamin D-calcium co-supplementation lowered fasting glucose, HbA1c, and LDL versus control.
390.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Vitamin D Supplementation for the Outcomes of Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Neonates: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review2023
A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs (1,682 gestational diabetes patients) found vitamin D supplementation improved lipid profiles and reduced adverse neonatal outcomes.
391.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose control in mid-late gestation: A randomized controlled trial2023
In a multicenter RCT of 1,720 pregnant women, 1,600 IU/day vitamin D3 from 24–28 weeks prevented the fasting glucose rise seen with 400 IU/day at delivery (between-group difference −0.2 mmol/L).
392.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Homeostatic Model of Insulin Resistance Levels in Healthy Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 4 studies (380 non-diabetic pregnant women) found vitamin D supplementation raised 25(OH)D and reduced HOMA-IR, with greater insulin sensitivity benefit at higher weekly doses.
393.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Maternal vitamin D status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies2021
A meta-analysis of 27 prospective studies found maternal vitamin D deficiency increased gestational diabetes risk by 26% (OR 1.26); lowest risk was at serum levels of 40–90 nmol/L.
394.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — The effect of combined supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids on blood glucose and blood lipid levels in patients with gestational diabetes2021
In 150 women with gestational diabetes, combined vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids for 6 weeks lowered fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and lipids versus placebo.
395.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid co-supplementation on glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with gestational diabetes2017
In a 6-week RCT of 140 gestational diabetes patients, combined vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids lowered fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides more than either alone or placebo.
396.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Effect of various doses of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial2016
In a RCT of 133 pregnant women with gestational diabetes, high-dose vitamin D (50,000 IU every 2 weeks) improved insulin resistance and antioxidant capacity versus lower doses or placebo.
397.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic indices and hs-CRP levels in gestational diabetes mellitus patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial2016
In a 2-month RCT of 76 gestational diabetes patients, 50,000 IU vitamin D3 every 2 weeks lowered fasting glucose and HbA1c versus placebo but did not change lipids or hs-CRP.
398.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — Vitamin D3-Supplemented Yogurt Drink Improves Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profiles in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double Blinded Clinical Trial2016
In pregnant women with gestational diabetes, daily vitamin D3-fortified yogurt for 16 weeks improved insulin resistance and lowered triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL versus plain yogurt.
399.SupplementDEX Database: Gestational diabetes — The efficacy and safety of a high dose of vitamin d in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial2012
In a 3-month RCT of 45 newly diagnosed gestational diabetes patients, a single 300,000 IU intramuscular vitamin D dose raised serum 25(OH)D by 158% and lowered PTH versus control.
SupplementDEX Database · Graves' disease
1 reference400.SupplementDEX Database: Graves' disease — Changes in bone density and microarchitecture following treatment of Graves' disease and the effects of vitamin D supplementation. A randomized clinical trial2024
In a RCT of 86 patients with Graves' thyrotoxicosis, 9 months of high-dose vitamin D3 (2,800 IU/day) did not improve bone density or microarchitecture beyond antithyroid treatment alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Hives
2 references401.SupplementDEX Database: Hives — Evaluating the Role of Vitamin D in Alleviating Chronic Pruritus: A Meta-Analysis2024
A meta-analysis of RCTs found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced chronic pruritus severity, skin lesion area, and inflammatory markers including TNF, IL-6, and hs-CRP.
402.SupplementDEX Database: Hives — Effects of Serum Vitamin D Levels and Vitamin D Supplementation on Urticaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
A meta-analysis found urticaria patients, especially adults with chronic urticaria, had lower serum 25(OH)D than controls, and vitamin D supplementation reduced urticaria clinical scores in 6 trials.
SupplementDEX Database · Hyperlipidemia
3 references403.SupplementDEX Database: Hyperlipidemia — Effects of Calcium and Vitamin D Co-supplementation on the Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs (2,304 participants) found calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides and raised HDL-C.
404.SupplementDEX Database: Hyperlipidemia — Calcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and cholesterol profiles in the Women's Health Initiative calcium/vitamin D randomized trial2014
In 600 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative CaD trial, calcium plus 400 IU/day vitamin D3 for 2 years raised 25(OH)D and lowered LDL-C by 4.5 mg/dL.
405.SupplementDEX Database: Hyperlipidemia — Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (1,346 participants) found vitamin D supplementation raised LDL-C by 3.2 mg/dL but did not significantly change total cholesterol, HDL-C, or triglycerides.
SupplementDEX Database · Hyperthyroidism
1 reference406.SupplementDEX Database: Hyperthyroidism — Add-On Effect of Selenium and Vitamin D Combined Supplementation in Early Control of Graves' Disease Hyperthyroidism During Methimazole Treatment2022
In 42 newly diagnosed Graves disease patients, adding selenium and vitamin D to methimazole produced faster FT4 reduction at 45 days versus methimazole alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Hypothyroidism
3 references407.SupplementDEX Database: Hypothyroidism — Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic parameters, serum irisin and obesity values in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind randomized controlled trial2023
In a 12-week RCT of 44 women with subclinical hypothyroidism, 50,000 IU/week vitamin D lowered TSH and total cholesterol and increased irisin versus placebo.
409.SupplementDEX Database: Hypothyroidism — Oral vitamin D versus acitretin in congenital non-syndromic ichthyosis: double blinded, randomized controlled trial2022
In a 24-week RCT of 24 congenital ichthyosis patients, oral vitamin D 2,000 IU/day reduced disease severity at 12 weeks and lowered RORγt and IL-17 expression, comparable to acitretin at 24 weeks.
408.SupplementDEX Database: Hypothyroidism — The Effect of Vitamin D Replacement on Patient with Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial2020
In 40 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and vitamin D deficiency, 2 months of vitamin D replacement lowered mean TSH from 6.89 to 3.34 mIU/L.
SupplementDEX Database · Immunity
2 references410.SupplementDEX Database: Immunity — Winter cholecalciferol supplementation at 55°N has little effect on markers of innate immune defense in healthy children aged 4-8 years: a secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial2018
In 119 healthy Danish children aged 4–8, winter vitamin D3 at 10 or 20 mcg/day for 20 weeks did not significantly change innate immune markers versus placebo.
411.Weekly cholecalciferol supplementation results in significant reductions in infection risk among the vitamin D deficient: results from the CIPRIS pilot RCT. See external sourceExternal source
SupplementDEX Database · Infant development
6 references412.SupplementDEX Database: Infant development — Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Neurodevelopment of Healthy Term Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial2021
In a RCT of 801 infants, high-dose 1,200 IU/day vitamin D3 for 2 years did not improve neurodevelopment scores versus standard 400 IU/day, though externalizing problems were more common at high dose.
413.SupplementDEX Database: Infant development — Maternal Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D during Gestation Is Positively Associated with Neurocognitive Development in Offspring at Age 4-6 Years2021
In 1,019 mother-child pairs, each 10 ng/mL increase in second-trimester maternal 25(OH)D was associated with 1.17 points higher child IQ at ages 4–6 years.
414.SupplementDEX Database: Infant development — Vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies2020
A meta-analysis of 54 observational studies found maternal vitamin D deficiency below 30 nmol/L was linked to lower birthweight, higher preterm birth risk (OR 1.59), and adverse neurodevelopmental scores.
415.SupplementDEX Database: Infant development — Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal vitamin D in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis2020
A meta-analysis found higher prenatal 25(OH)D was associated with better cognition and lower ADHD risk (RR 0.72) and autism-related traits (OR 0.42) in offspring.
416.SupplementDEX Database: Infant development — High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopment in Childhood: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial2020
In a RCT of 551 children, high-dose 2,800 IU/day vitamin D3 during the third trimester did not improve neurodevelopment through age 6 and was linked to lower word production at age 2.
417.SupplementDEX Database: Infant development — Effect of vitamin D supplementation, directly or via breast milk for term infants, on serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and related biochemistry, and propensity to infection: a randomised placebo-controlled trial2016
In a RCT of 230 mother-newborn pairs in India, maternal or infant vitamin D supplementation for 9 months reduced respiratory infection days and raised infant 25(OH)D versus sun exposure alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Influenza
4 references418.SupplementDEX Database: Influenza — Preventive Effects of Vitamin D on Seasonal Influenza A in Infants: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open, Controlled Clinical Trial2018
In a multicenter RCT of 400 infants, high-dose 1,200 IU/day vitamin D reduced influenza A episodes (43 vs 78 cases) and shortened fever, cough, and wheezing duration versus 400 IU/day.
419.SupplementDEX Database: Influenza — Effects of vitamin D supplements on influenza A illness during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: a randomized controlled trial2014
In a 2-month RCT of 247 Japanese students during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D did not lower overall influenza A incidence but reduced first-month cases (1.4% vs 8.1%).
420.SupplementDEX Database: Influenza — Vitamin D supplementation did not prevent influenza-like illness as diagnosed retrospectively by questionnaires in subjects participating in randomized clinical trials2011
In 569 participants across 10 vitamin D trials, supplementation did not reduce influenza-like illness incidence; illness duration was longer in the vitamin D group among those reporting symptoms.
421.SupplementDEX Database: Influenza — Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren2010
In a winter RCT of 334 schoolchildren, 1,200 IU/day vitamin D3 reduced influenza A incidence (10.8% vs 18.6%; RR 0.58) and asthma attacks in children with asthma (RR 0.17).
SupplementDEX Database · Lichen planus
1 reference422.SupplementDEX Database: Lichen planus — The role of vitamin D in amelioration of oral lichen planus and its effect on salivary and tissue IFN-γ level: a randomized clinical trial2024
In 40 oral lichen planus patients, adding vitamin D to systemic steroids for 4 weeks improved pain relief, clinical lesion resolution, and reduced salivary IFN-γ more than steroids alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Low birth weight
3 references423.SupplementDEX Database: Low birth weight — Effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on offspring health at birth: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails2022
A meta-analysis of 42 pregnancy RCTs (11,082 participants) found vitamin D supplementation reduced intrauterine or neonatal death (RR 0.69) and increased birth length but not birth weight.
424.SupplementDEX Database: Low birth weight — Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Birth Size: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2019
A meta-analysis of 13 pregnancy RCTs found vitamin D supplementation increased birthweight by 103 g, reduced low birthweight (RR 0.40), and lowered small-for-gestational-age risk (RR 0.69).
425.SupplementDEX Database: Low birth weight — Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A review of 5 small pregnancy vitamin D RCTs found supplementation may reduce low birthweight (RR 0.40) but evidence for other perinatal outcomes was limited.
SupplementDEX Database · Lung cancer
1 reference426.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — The Role of Vitamin D Intake on the Prognosis and Incidence of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 10 studies found vitamin D intake was associated with better lung cancer overall survival (HR 0.83) and relapse-free survival (HR 0.79), and lower incidence (OR 0.90).
SupplementDEX Database · Melanoma
2 references427.SupplementDEX Database: Melanoma — Vitamin D insufficiency and serum levels related to the incidence and stage of cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 14 studies found vitamin D insufficiency was associated with higher cutaneous melanoma incidence and less favorable Breslow tumor depth.
428.SupplementDEX Database: Melanoma — Vitamin D Supplementation and Disease-Free Survival in Stage II Melanoma: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial2021
In a 3-year RCT of 104 stage II melanoma patients, adjuvant 100,000 IU vitamin D3 every 50 days raised 25(OH)D but did not significantly improve disease-free survival overall.
SupplementDEX Database · Metabolic syndrome
4 references429.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic syndrome — Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial2016
In a 16-week RCT of 80 adults with metabolic syndrome, 50,000 IU/week vitamin D lowered triglycerides but did not improve other cardiometabolic risk factors.
430.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic syndrome — Effects of vitamin D(2) supplementation on insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters in metabolic syndrome patients. See external source2013
In an 8-week RCT of 90 metabolic syndrome patients, vitamin D2 at 20,000 or 40,000 IU/week raised 25(OH)D but did not improve HOMA-IR versus placebo.
View source2013431.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic syndrome — The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis2007
A systematic review found low vitamin D and calcium intake were associated with type 2 diabetes in observational studies; combined supplementation may help only in glucose-intolerant populations.
432.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic syndrome — Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women2005
In 10,066 women ≥45 years, higher total calcium intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome prevalence; vitamin D intake showed no independent association.
433.SupplementDEX Database: Mild cognitive impairment — Effects of Exercise Alone or Combined With Cognitive Training and Vitamin D Supplementation to Improve Cognition in Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Clinical Trial2023
In the SYNERGIC trial of 175 older adults with mild cognitive impairment, aerobic-resistance exercise with cognitive training improved cognition; vitamin D 10,000 IU three times weekly had no added benefit.
SupplementDEX Database · Multiple sclerosis
14 references434.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Vitamin D3 as an add-on treatment for multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2024
A meta-analysis of 9 MS RCTs (867 participants) found high-dose vitamin D3 did not reduce EDSS, annualized relapse rate, or new T2 lesions at 6–24 months.
435.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Radiological Benefits of Vitamin D Status and Supplementation in Patients with MS-A Two-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study2023
In a 24-month prospective study of 133 relapsing-remitting MS patients, vitamin D supplementation was associated with fewer new T2 lesions; clinical outcomes did not differ significantly.
436.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (345 MS patients) found vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced fatigue (−0.18 SMD) compared with control.
437.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — The Effect of Different Administration Time and Dosage of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021
A meta-analysis of MS vitamin D RCTs at varying doses (2,857–14,007 IU/day) for 6–24 months found no significant effect on EDSS scores or relapse rates.
438.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Cholecalciferol in relapsing-remitting MS: A randomized clinical trial (CHOLINE)2019
In the CHOLINE trial of 181 relapsing-remitting MS patients on interferon beta-1a, 100,000 IU cholecalciferol every other week for 96 weeks did not meet the primary relapse endpoint but showed secondary MRI and disability benefits.
439.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis2018
An updated Cochrane review of 12 MS RCTs (933 participants) found vitamin D3 did not reduce relapse rate, EDSS, or MRI lesions at 52 weeks; evidence quality was very low.
440.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — The effect of vitamin D-related interventions on multiple sclerosis relapses: a meta-analysis2013
A meta-analysis of 5 high-dose vitamin D MS trials (254 participants) found no significant association with relapse risk (OR 0.98).
441.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on relapses, disease progression, and measures of function in persons with multiple sclerosis: exploratory outcomes from a double-blind randomised controlled trial2012
In a 96-week RCT of 68 ambulatory MS patients, 20,000 IU/week vitamin D3 raised 25(OH)D but did not change relapse rate, EDSS, or physical performance versus placebo.
442.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Relationship between 25-OH-D serum level and relapse rate in multiple sclerosis patients before and after vitamin D supplementation2012
An observational study of 156 relapsing-remitting MS patients found higher achieved 25(OH)D was inversely associated with relapse rate; each 10 nmol/L increase linked to 13.7% lower relapses.
443.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Effects of adjunct low-dose vitamin d on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis progression: preliminary findings of a randomized placebo-controlled trial2012
In a 12-month RCT of 50 relapsing-remitting MS patients, low-dose calcitriol plus disease-modifying therapy did not improve EDSS or relapse rate versus placebo.
444.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in multiple sclerosis patients2011
In a 6-month RCT of 62 Iranian MS patients, monthly 300,000 IU intramuscular vitamin D3 did not change EDSS or MRI lesions but reduced cell proliferation and raised anti-inflammatory cytokines.
445.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis2006
In a nested case-control study of military personnel, white individuals with 25(OH)D above 99.1 nmol/L had 62% lower multiple sclerosis risk than those below 63.3 nmol/L.
446.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis2004
In two large US nurse cohorts (187,563 women), vitamin D intake above 400 IU/day from supplements was associated with 41% lower multiple sclerosis risk versus no supplementation.
447.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS2002
In a crossover RCT of 16 MS patients with spasticity, oral THC and cannabis extract were safe but did not reduce spasticity and worsened global impression versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Muscle recovery
1 reference448.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle recovery — Effects of Vitamin D in Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
A systematic review of 6 studies concluded vitamin D supplementation cannot be shown to improve post-exercise muscle recovery based on available biomarker evidence.
SupplementDEX Database · Myalgia
1 reference449.SupplementDEX Database: Myalgia — Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Addition to Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Women with Perceived Myalgia: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial2021
In obese women with myalgia, 8 weeks of aerobic interval training plus vitamin D was more effective than either intervention alone for pain, vitamin D levels, and quality of life.
450.SupplementDEX Database: Myelodysplastic syndromes — Vitamin D treatment in myelodysplastic syndromes1998
In an open trial of 19 myelodysplastic syndrome patients, calcitriol induced hematological response in 10 of 14 treated patients without causing hypercalcemia.
451.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Additional treatment of vitamin D for improvement of insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 7 NAFLD trials (735 participants) found vitamin D supplementation reduced HOMA-IR by 1.06 and ALT by 4.4 U/L versus control.
452.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The effects of fish oil plus vitamin D3 intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial2022
In 111 NAFLD patients over 3 months, fish oil 2.34 g/day EPA+DHA with or without 1,680 IU vitamin D3 lowered ALT, triglycerides, and TNF-alpha versus corn oil; combined FO+D also reduced insulin and IL-1beta.
453.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Vitamin D and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children: a randomized controlled clinical trial2022
In a 6-month RCT of 100 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D improved hepatic steatosis and lobular inflammation on biopsy and lowered HOMA-IR versus placebo.
454.SupplementDEX Database: Nonmelanoma skin cancer — Risk of keratinocyte carcinomas with vitamin D and calcium supplementation: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial2020
In a 8-year follow-up of 2,259 adults, vitamin D 1,000 IU/day did not reduce basal cell carcinoma risk; calcium plus vitamin D may reduce squamous cell carcinoma risk (HR 0.42).
455.SupplementDEX Database: Orthostatic hypotension — Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Orthostatic Hypotension: Results From the STURDY Trial2022
In 688 STURDY participants aged 70+, vitamin D at 1,000+ IU/day for up to 2 years did not reduce orthostatic hypotension risk or orthostatic blood pressure changes versus 200 IU/day.
SupplementDEX Database · Otitis media
2 references456.SupplementDEX Database: Otitis media — Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of acute otitis media in otitis-prone children2013
In a 4-month RCT of 116 otitis-prone children, 1,000 IU/day vitamin D reduced the proportion experiencing acute otitis media episodes (26% vs 38%; P = 0.03).
457.SupplementDEX Database: Otitis media — High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial2012
In a 1-year RCT of 182 COPD patients, 100,000 IU vitamin D every 4 weeks did not reduce exacerbation incidence versus placebo despite raising 25(OH)D.
SupplementDEX Database · Overactive bladder
3 references458.SupplementDEX Database: Overactive bladder — Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D supplementation vs. solifenacin or standard urotherapy for overactive bladder dry in children: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial2024
In a secondary analysis of 303 children with overactive bladder, 8 weeks of high-dose vitamin D plus standard urotherapy reduced voiding frequency in vitamin D-insufficient children with severe symptoms.
459.SupplementDEX Database: Overactive bladder — Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation vs Solifenacin or Standard Urotherapy for Overactive Bladder Dry in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial2024
In a 3-arm RCT of 303 children with overactive bladder, 8 weeks of 2,400 IU/day vitamin D plus urotherapy reduced voiding frequency comparably to solifenacin plus urotherapy.
460.SupplementDEX Database: Overactive bladder — Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Overactive Bladder and Urinary Incontinence Symptoms in Older Men: Ancillary Findings From a Randomized Trial2023
In VITAL ancillary analyses of 11,486 men aged 55+, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 for 5 years did not reduce overactive bladder or urinary incontinence prevalence versus placebo.
461.SupplementDEX Database: Pancreatic cancer risk — Vitamin D intake and the risk for pancreatic cancer in two cohort studies2006
In two US cohorts totaling 122,198 adults followed up to 2000, higher dietary vitamin D intake was associated with lower pancreatic cancer risk.
SupplementDEX Database · Parkinson's disease
6 references462.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2025
A meta-analysis of 8 Parkinson's RCTs (646 patients) found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce UPDRS part III motor scores (WMD −0.56, 95% CI −2.34 to 1.22).
466.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Does vitamin D have a potential role in precocious puberty? A meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis found lower vitamin D concentrations were associated with precocious puberty across 15 case-control studies (SMD −1.05), though intervention evidence was limited.
467.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — An updated meta-analysis of the relationship between vitamin D levels and precocious puberty2023
A meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies (4,208 participants) found lower 25(OH)D was associated with precocious puberty (SMD −1.05, 95% CI −1.37 to −0.73).
463.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — The Association Between Vitamin D Status, Vitamin D Supplementation, Sunlight Exposure, and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2019
A meta-analysis of 8 studies found Parkinson's patients had lower 25(OH)D than controls and vitamin D supplementation improved UPDRS motor scores in RCT subgroups.
464.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in Parkinson disease2013
In a 12-month RCT of 114 Parkinson's patients, 1,200 IU/day vitamin D3 prevented Hoehn and Yahr stage worsening in FokI CC genotype carriers versus placebo.
465.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and severity of Parkinson's disease2012
In 137 Parkinson's patients, lower serum 25(OH)D and specific VDR polymorphisms were associated with more severe disease on UPDRS and Hoehn and Yahr staging.
SupplementDEX Database · Prematurity
1 reference468.SupplementDEX Database: Prematurity — Implications of maternal vitamin D administration for the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial2024
An RCT in 175 pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery found IM 25(OH)D 50,000 units before delivery did not significantly reduce neonatal respiratory distress syndrome versus no injection.
SupplementDEX Database · Preterm labor
2 references469.SupplementDEX Database: Preterm labor — First Trimester Maternal Vitamin D Status and Risks of Preterm Birth and Small-For-Gestational Age2019
A prospective cohort of 2,813 pregnant women found first-trimester 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL associated with higher preterm birth risk; results varied by skin type.
470.SupplementDEX Database: Preterm labor — Vitamin D and risk of preterm birth: Up-to-date meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies2017
A meta-analysis found low maternal vitamin D associated with preterm birth in observational studies, but vitamin D supplementation RCTs showed no significant risk reduction.
SupplementDEX Database · Rheumatoid arthritis
2 references471.SupplementDEX Database: Rheumatoid arthritis — Vitamin D supplementation and disease activity in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis2017
A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (1,161 patients) found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis or lupus versus control.
472.SupplementDEX Database: Rheumatoid arthritis — Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study2004
A prospective cohort of 29,368 Iowa women aged 55–69 found higher dietary vitamin D intake inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis incidence over 11 years.
SupplementDEX Database · Sarcopenia
2 references473.SupplementDEX Database: Sarcopenia — The effect of vitamin D plus protein supplementation on sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2021
A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (776 patients) found vitamin D plus protein supplementation improved muscle strength and physical performance in sarcopenia versus control.
474.SupplementDEX Database: Sarcopenia — The Optimal Strategy of Vitamin D for Sarcopenia: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021
A network meta-analysis of RCTs (1,420 older adults) found vitamin D supplementation strategies did not consistently rank best for sarcopenia muscle outcomes.
SupplementDEX Database · Schizophrenia
1 reference475.SupplementDEX Database: Schizophrenia — Co-administration of probiotic and vitamin D significantly improves cognitive function in schizophrenic patients: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial2024
An RCT in 70 schizophrenia patients found probiotic plus 400 IU/day vitamin D co-supplementation improved cognitive function (MoCA) versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Sciatica
1 reference476.SupplementDEX Database: Sciatica — Combined Rehabilitation with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Resveratrol, and Cholecalciferol in Discogenic Sciatica in Young People: A Randomized Clinical Trial2023
In adults with stress-related fatigue, SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract improved fatigue and stress symptoms versus placebo in part I of the SHR-5 program.
477.SupplementDEX Database: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) — Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder1999
An RCT in 15 adults with SAD found vitamin D 100,000 IU improved depression scores similarly to broad-spectrum phototherapy over 1 month.
478.SupplementDEX Database: Seborrheic keratosis — Topical vitamin D3 is effective in treating senile warts possibly by inducing apoptosis2005
A study in 116 older adults treated senile warts with topical vitamin D3 ointments for 3–12 months; 30% showed complete or >80% volume reduction.
SupplementDEX Database · Sexual dysfunction
1 reference479.SupplementDEX Database: Sexual dysfunction — Effect of Vitamin D Therapy on Sexual Function in Women with Sexual Dysfunction and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial2019
An RCT in 38 women aged 18–45 with sexual dysfunction and vitamin D deficiency found IM cholecalciferol 300,000 IU at baseline and 4 weeks improved FSFI scores versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Sickle cell disease
1 reference480.SupplementDEX Database: Sickle cell disease — High dose vitamin D therapy for chronic pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: results of a randomized double blind pilot study2012
A pilot RCT in children with sickle cell disease found high-dose cholecalciferol (4,000–100,000 IU/week) for 6 months associated with fewer pain days versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Sinusitis
1 reference481.SupplementDEX Database: Sinusitis — A Supplement with Ribes Nigrum, Boswellia Serrata, Bromelain and Vitamin D to Stop Local Inflammation in Chronic Sinusitis: A Case-Control Study2023
A case-control study in 60 adults with chronic sinusitis found an oral supplement with Ribes nigrum, Boswellia, bromelain, and vitamin D improved symptoms versus nasal steroids alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Statin-induced myalgia
2 references482.SupplementDEX Database: Statin-induced myalgia — Vitamin D insufficiency--a novel mechanism of statin-induced myalgia?2009
An observational study proposed vitamin D insufficiency as a potential mechanism contributing to statin-induced myalgia.
483.SupplementDEX Database: Statin-induced myalgia — Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients2009
A study in 621 statin-treated patients found low serum 25(OH)D (<32 ng/mL) associated with myalgia; vitamin D repletion resolved symptoms in 38 of 82 deficient myalgic patients.
SupplementDEX Database · Stroke
3 references484.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Association between Vitamin D and Risk of Stroke: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
A meta-analysis of 213,276 participants found higher vitamin D status associated with lower stroke risk in observational studies.
485.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Relationship Between Dietary Vitamin D and Deaths From Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study2018
A prospective study of 58,646 Japanese adults found higher dietary vitamin D intake inversely associated with stroke and coronary heart disease mortality over ~19 years.
486.SupplementDEX Database: Stroke — Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events2007
The Women's Health Initiative RCT in 36,282 postmenopausal women found calcium 500 mg plus vitamin D 200 IU twice daily did not reduce MI or stroke versus placebo over 7 years.
487.SupplementDEX Database: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) — Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Disease Activity and Quality of Life of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study2022
A 12-week RCT in 60 women with SLE found cholecalciferol 5,000 IU/day reduced disease activity (SLEDAI) and improved quality of life versus placebo.
488.SupplementDEX Database: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) — Vitamin D in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without lupus nephritis2020
A cross-sectional study in 48 women with SLE found lower serum 25(OH)D in patients with lupus nephritis versus those without nephritis.
489.SupplementDEX Database: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) — Vitamin D status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A systematic review and meta-analysis2019
A meta-analysis found patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels than healthy controls.
SupplementDEX Database · Thyroid cancer
1 reference490.SupplementDEX Database: Thyroid cancer — The association between vitamin D supplementation and the long-term prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: a retrospective observational cohort study with propensity score matching2023
A retrospective cohort of 3,238 matched DTC patients found vitamin D supplementation associated with lower all-cause and cancer-related mortality after thyroidectomy.
SupplementDEX Database · Type 1 diabetes risk
3 references491.SupplementDEX Database: Type 1 diabetes risk — Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis2008
A meta-analysis of observational studies found vitamin D supplementation in infancy associated with significantly reduced type 1 diabetes risk.
492.SupplementDEX Database: Type 1 diabetes risk — The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide2008
An ecological analysis across 51 regions found higher UVB irradiance inversely associated with type 1 diabetes incidence in children aged <14 years.
493.SupplementDEX Database: Type 1 diabetes risk — Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study2001
A birth cohort of 10,366 Finnish children found regular vitamin D 2,000 IU/day in infancy associated with 78% lower type 1 diabetes risk versus no supplementation.
SupplementDEX Database · Ulcerative colitis
1 reference494.SupplementDEX Database: Ulcerative colitis — Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Adjuvant Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (1,077 ulcerative colitis patients) found vitamin D adjuvant therapy improved clinical remission rates versus standard treatment alone.
SupplementDEX Database · Urinary incontinence
2 references495.SupplementDEX Database: Urinary incontinence — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on the severity of stress urinary incontinence in premenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency: a randomized controlled clinical trial2022
A 3-month RCT in 60 premenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence found vitamin D3 supplementation improved incontinence severity versus control.
496.SupplementDEX Database: Urinary incontinence — Effect of vitamin D supplementation on urinary incontinence in older women: ancillary findings from a randomized trial2022
An ancillary analysis of 836 older women in a 2–5 year trial found vitamin D 2,000 IU/day did not significantly reduce urinary incontinence frequency versus placebo.
497.SupplementDEX Database: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) — The Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Urinary Tract Infection Risk in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
A meta-analysis found lower serum vitamin D levels associated with higher urinary tract infection risk in children.
SupplementDEX Database · Uterine fibroids
2 references498.SupplementDEX Database: Uterine fibroids — Effect of Oral Consumption of Vitamin D on Uterine Fibroids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials2024
A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs in 511 women found vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce uterine fibroid size versus control.
499.SupplementDEX Database: Uterine fibroids — The Association of Vitamin D with Uterine Fibroids in Premenopausal Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2024
A systematic review of 5,650 premenopausal women found lower vitamin D associated with uterine fibroid presence but supplementation trials showed inconsistent effects on fibroid growth.
SupplementDEX Database · Vaginal atrophy
2 references500.SupplementDEX Database: Vaginal atrophy — The effect of vitamin D and E vaginal suppositories on tamoxifen-induced vaginal atrophy in women with breast cancer2019
An 8-week study in women with breast cancer on tamoxifen found vitamin D and E vaginal suppositories improved tamoxifen-induced vaginal atrophy versus control.
501.SupplementDEX Database: Vaginal atrophy — The effects of postmenopausal Vitamin D treatment on vaginal atrophy2004
A cross-sectional study of 60 postmenopausal women found calcitriol treatment associated with lower vaginal atrophy symptoms versus untreated controls.
SupplementDEX Database · Vertigo
2 references502.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — Association between vitamin D deficiency and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) incidence and recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of 9,843 participants found vitamin D deficiency associated with higher benign paroxysmal positional vertigo incidence and recurrence in Northern Hemisphere countries.
503.SupplementDEX Database: Vertigo — Prevention of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D supplementation: A randomized trial2020
A 1-year multicenter RCT in 532 BPPV patients found vitamin D 400 IU plus calcium 500 mg twice daily reduced vertigo recurrence versus observation.