Vitamin K
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism. K1 and K2 forms differ in food sources and research focus.
Overview
What is vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood coagulation, bone metabolism, and vascular health. It exists mainly as vitamin K1 (found in leafy greens and soy) and vitamin K2 (found in meat, fermented foods, and made by gut bacteria). Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for enzymes that carboxylate clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X), enabling them to bind calcium and form blood clots. It also supports bone health by regulating calcium binding in bones.
Dosage
Typical dosing unavailable.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
29 conditions for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Database Snapshot
Most vitamin k research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Osteoporosis accounts for 22 of 98 studies (22%).
- Cardiovascular disease accounts for 15 of 98 studies (15%).
- Bone density accounts for 13 of 98 studies (13%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Cancer, Depression, Metabolic health.
Dietary Sources
Top dietary sources
Ranked by amount per 100 g
- 419 mcg100 g
- 141 mcg100 g
- 140 mcg100 g
- 109 mcg100 g
- 102 mcg100 g
- 77 mcg100 g
- 51 mcg100 g
- 48 mcg100 g
Safety
Studies lasting up to 2 years have safely used a dose of vitamin K1 up to 10 mg per day and vitamin K2 up to 45 mg per day.
Frequently Asked Questions
References
Sources79 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
SupplementDEX Database · Bone density
13 references1.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Effect of Vitamin K on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022
In an RCT of 7,092 participants, VK decreases general fracture risk, and it can be an option to counter bone loss disorders.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2019
In a meta-analysis in adults, for post-menopausal or osteoporotic patients, there is no evidence that vitamin K affects bone mineral density or vertebral fractures; it may reduce clinical fractures; however, the evidence is insufficient to confirm this.
3.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Low-dose vitamin K2 (MK-4) supplementation for 12 months improves bone metabolism and prevents forearm bone loss in postmenopausal Japanese women2014
In an RCT of 24 participants, 45 mg/day, for 12 months, these results suggest that low-dose MK-4 supplementation for 6-12 months improved bone quality in the postmenopausal Japanese women by decreasing the serum ucOC and pentosidine concentrations, without any substantial adverse effects.
4.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women2013
In an RCT of 244 participants, 180 µg MK-7/day, for 3 years, whether these results can be extrapolated to other populations, e.g., children and men, needs further investigation.
5.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012
In a meta-analysis in adults, further studies are required to address factors relating to the observed effects of vitamin K on BMD.
6.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North American women2009
In a controlled trial in postmenopausal women, 1 mg/day, for 12 months, phylloquinone and MK4 treatment reduced serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin but did not alter BSALP or NTX.
7.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and women2008
In an RCT of 401 participants, 400 IU/day, for 6–12 months, the group that received the phylloquinone supplement had significantly higher phylloquinone and significantly lower percent undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations compared with the group that did not receive phylloquinone.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and women2008
In an RCT of 379 participants, poor vitamin K status was associated with high concentrations of cytokines involved in bone turnover, but vitamin K supplementation did not confer a decrease in cytokine concentrations.
9.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal women2007
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 45 mg/day, for 3 years, k(2) did not affect the DXA-BMD, but BMC and the FNW had increased relative to placebo.
10.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up study2003
In an RCT in female athletes, supplementation with vitamin K did not affect the rate of bone loss.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women2002
In an RCT of 172 participants, for 2 years, furthermore, the increase in coagulation function observed during this therapy was within the physiological range, and no adverse reactions were observed.
12.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — Randomized pilot trial of vitamin K2 for bone loss in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis2001
In an RCT in liver disease patients, randomized pilot trial of vitamin K2 for bone loss in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Bone density — A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy1999
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, in addition, the therapy should be started early in postmenopausal period.
SupplementDEX Database · Osteoporosis
17 references14.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Effects of vitamin K supplementation on bone mineral density at different sites and bone metabolism in the middle-aged and elderly population2024
In a systematic review in older adults, accordingly, the ratio of cOC to ucOC (p = 0.002) significantly increased, while the ratio of ucOC to tOC decreased (p = 0.043).
15.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — The additive effect of vitamin K supplementation and bisphosphonate on fracture risk in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a randomised placebo controlled trial2023
In an RCT of 105 participants, 1 mg/day, for 18 months, changes in BMD at the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine and BTMs; CTX and P1NP did not differ significantly following either K 1 or MK-4 supplementation compared to placebo.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022
In a meta-analysis of 6,425 participants, in conclusion, VK2 can indirectly promote bone mineralization and increase bone strength.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial2021
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 38 μg/day, for 3 years, however, treatment of postmenopausal women with osteopenia for 3 years did not affect biochemical markers of bone turnover, bone mineral density, or bone microarchitecture.
18.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Does vitamin K2 play a role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis for postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2015
In a meta-analysis of 6,759 participants, as for the incidence of fractures, pooled analysis of the seven related studies demonstrated no significant difference in the incidence of fractures favoring vitamin K2 (RR = 0.63, p = 0.08).
19.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Effect of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) supplementation for 12 months on the indices of vitamin K status and bone health in adult patients with Crohn's disease2014
In an RCT in healthy adults, 500 mg/day, for 12 months, despite near maximal suppression of serum %ucOC, supplementation with 1000 μg of phylloquinone daily (with Ca and vitamin D3) had no effect on the indices of bone health in adult CD patients with likely vitamin K insufficiency.
20.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Dietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantation2010
In an RCT, 180 µg menaquinone-7/day, vitamin D status should receive more attention.
21.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Randomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (OF study): a phase IV clinical study of 15-mg menatetrenone capsules2009
In an RCT of 2,193 participants, for 36 months, in conclusion, menatetrenone therapy was not effective for preventing vertebral fractures in the full analysis set of this study, but the results suggested that it may prevent vertebral fractures in patients with more advanced osteoporosis.
22.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K1 intake is associated with higher bone mineral density and reduced bone resorption in early postmenopausal Scottish women: no evidence of gene-nutrient interaction with apolipoprotein E polymorphisms2008
In an observational study of 3,199 participants, after adjustment for confounders, the P value for BMD loss (0.03 for LS and 0.04 for FN) did not reach the level of significance required for multiple testing (P = 0.012).
23.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): a randomized controlled trial2008
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 5 mg vitamin K1/day, there were no significant differences in adverse effects or health-related quality of life between the two groups.
24.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia2006
In an RCT of 33 participants, 45 mg/day, for 48 weeks, treatment with 45 mg vitamin K2 with 1500 mg calcium per day for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis for 48 weeks resulted in a significant increase in lumbar BMD and a significant decrease in undercarboxylated OC levels.
25.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — No effect of vitamin K1 intake on bone mineral density and fracture risk in perimenopausal women2006
In an observational study of 360 participants, in a group of perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, vitamin K(1) intake was not associated with effects on BMD or fracture risk.
26.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K2 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss partly by preventing the reduction of osteoprotegerin (OPG)2005
In an RCT of 20 participants, 15 mg/day, bMD of the lumbar spine was significantly reduced after 6 months (P < 0.01), and 12 months (P < 0.001) of treatment in group A, whereas there was no remarkable change in group B.
27.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of age2003
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 1 mg/day, for 3 years, no significant differences were observed among the three groups with respect to change of BMD at the site of the lumbar spine.
28.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men2003
In an observational study of 1,112 participants, no significant association was found between dietary vitamin K intake and BMD in men.
29.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Time-dependent effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women2002
In a clinical trial in postmenopausal women, 45 mg/day, for 48 weeks, these results indicate that menatetrenone treatment of postmenopausal women constantly elevates bone formation markers as well as converts Glu-OC to Gla-OC.
30.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoporosis — Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis2000
In an RCT of 120 participants, 45 mg/day, for 6 months, there was no significant change in urinary DPD excretion in the treated group.
SupplementDEX Database · Cardiovascular disease
15 references31.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women2025
In an RCT of 83 participants, 180 µg MK-7/day, further research is needed to unravel the beneficial effects of MK-7 in post-menopausal women.
32.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2025
In a meta-analysis in adults, based on the findings of the present systematic review and meta-analysis, MK-7 may have beneficial effects on glycemic control and TC, although further highly qualified original research is needed for a consistent conclusion.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — The effect of vitamin K supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
In a meta-analysis in adults, however, no significant effect was observed on other variables.
34.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — The effect of vitamin K1 on arterial calcification activity in subjects with diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial2022
In an RCT of 149 participants, 10 mg/day, for 3 months, further long-term studies are needed to test this hypothesis.This trial was registered at anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12616000024448.
35.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial2022
In an RCT of 10 participants, 720 µg MK-7 + 25 µg vitamin D/day, for 24 months, in elderly men with an AVC score >300 AU, 2 years MK-7 plus vitamin D supplementation did not influence AVC progression.
36.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin K Intake and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health Study2021
In an observational study of 8,726 participants, likewise for vitamin K 2 , the risk of an ASCVD-related hospitalization for participants with the highest intakes was 14% lower than participants with the lowest vitamin K 2 intake (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81-0.91).
37.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin K status, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a participant-level meta-analysis of 3 US cohorts2020
In a meta-analysis of 3,891 participants, the risk of CVD did not significantly differ according to circulating phylloquinone [fully adjusted HR (95% CI) relative to >1.0 nmol/L: ≤0.5 nmol/L, 1.12 (0.94, 1.33); >0.5-1.0 nmol/L, 1.02 (0.86, 1.20)].
38.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis2019
In a meta-analysis of 222,592 participants, no significant association was observed between circulating total osteocalcin and all-cause mortality or total CVD.
39.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial2019
In an RCT of 102 participants, for 3 months, oral administration of vitamin K2 in patients on haemodialysis reduced serum uc-MGP levels but did not have an effect in the progression of aortic calcification.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis2017
In an RCT of 1,077 participants, vitamin K supplementation did not affect insulin sensitivity as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and interleukin-6 levels.
41.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease2015
A Cochrane review found only one small RCT (60 healthy adults, 3 months) of vitamin K2; it showed no effects on blood pressure or lipids and no cardiovascular clinical events, leaving evidence insufficient for primary prevention.
42.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk2014
In an RCT of 7,216 participants, energy-adjusted baseline dietary phylloquinone intake was inversely associated with a significantly reduced risk of cancer and all-cause mortality after controlling for potential confounders (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.96; and HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.90, respectively).
43.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Is vitamin K consumption associated with cardio-metabolic disorders? A systematic review2010
In a systematic review in adults, currently there is no evidence for an effect of vitamin K1, but results for vitamin K2 look promising.
44.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin K supplementation and progression of coronary artery calcium in older men and women2009
In an RCT of 367 participants, this trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00183001.
45.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Vitamin K1 intake and coronary calcification2005
In an observational study in older adults, we found no significant correlation between CAC score and vitamin K1 intake (r = 0.132, P = 0.106).
SupplementDEX Database · Metabolic health
1 reference46.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic health — Vitamin K2 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity via osteocalcin metabolism: a placebo-controlled trial2011
A placebo-controlled trial reported that vitamin K2 supplementation improved insulin sensitivity via osteocalcin metabolism; full abstract text was unavailable.
SupplementDEX Database · Skin health
4 references47.SupplementDEX Database: Skin health — The role of topical vitamin K oxide gel in the resolution of postprocedural purpura2009
In an RCT of 20 participants, although differences in active versus placebo scores did not reach statistical significance during the nine-day study period, a trend toward faster resolution of purpura with the active product was seen.
48.SupplementDEX Database: Skin health — Lack of the effect of topical vitamin K on bruising after mechanical injury2004
A clinical trial found topical vitamin K did not reduce bruising after mechanical injury.
49.SupplementDEX Database: Skin health — The effects of topical vitamin K on bruising after laser treatment2002
In an RCT of 22 participants, for 2 weeks, the side of the face treated with topical vitamin K before laser therapy showed no significant difference in bruising as compared to placebo.
50.SupplementDEX Database: Skin health — Effects of topical vitamin K and retinol on laser-induced purpura on nonlesional skin1999
In an RCT in adults, for 2 weeks, a combination of 1% vitamin K and 0.3% retinol in acrylates copolymer cream hastened the resolution of laser-induced purpura.
SupplementDEX Database · Type 2 diabetes
5 references51.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — The relationship between vitamin K and T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis2023
In a meta-analysis of 813 participants, results : A meta -analysis of seven studies (813 participants) found vitamin K supplementation significantly reduced FBS (SMD = -0.150 mg dl -1 , 95% CI = -0.290, -0.010 mg dl -1 ) and HOMA-IR (SMD = -0.200, 95% CI = -0.330, -0.060), but not FINS.
52.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — The effect of vitamin K4 supplementation on insulin resistance in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial2023
In an RCT of 106 participants, 1 mg vitamin K4/day, for 24 weeks, however, it did not affect fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or glycated haemoglobin (HbA 1 c).
53.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Glycemic control improvement in individuals with type 2 diabetes with vitamin K2 supplementation: a randomized controlled trial2021
In an RCT in diabetic patients, 360 mcg/day, for 12 weeks, no significant variation was observed in lipid profiles.
54.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials2018
In a meta-analysis of 533 participants, in conclusion, vitamin K supplementation had no significant effect on glycemic control in healthy subjects.
55.SupplementDEX Database: Type 2 diabetes — Bias or biology: evaluating the epidemiologic studies of L-tryptophan and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome1996
In an observational study, the search for the cause of EMS should continue without the underlying assumption that LT or some contaminant is responsible.
SupplementDEX Database · All-cause mortality
1 reference56.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Association between vitamin K1 intake and mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort2021
In an observational study of 56,048 participants, 192 µg/day, for 23 years, a moderate to high (87-192 µg/d) intake of vitamin K 1 was associated with a lower risk of all-cause [HR (95%CI) for quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.76 (0.72, 0.79)], cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.72 (0.66, 0.79)], and...
57.SupplementDEX Database: Athletic performance — Oral Consumption of Vitamin K2 for 8 Weeks Associated With Increased Maximal Cardiac Output During Exercise2017
In an RCT of 26 participants, 300 mg/day, for 8 weeks, results • Vitamin K2 supplementation was associated with a 12% increase in maximal cardiac output, with P = .031, with a trend toward an increase in heart-rate AUC, with P = .070.
SupplementDEX Database · Beta-thalassemia
1 reference58.SupplementDEX Database: Beta-thalassemia — The efficacy of vitamin K2 and calcitriol combination on thalassemic osteopathy2013
In a clinical trial in children/adolescents, 50 mcg menaquinone-7 + 5 mcg calcitriol/day, for 1 year, further studies on a large number of participants are necessary to highlight the effect of vitamin K2 on TOSP.
SupplementDEX Database · Breast cancer
1 reference59.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Dietary vitamin K intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: results from the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg)2010
In an observational study of 24,340 participants, multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models.
SupplementDEX Database · Cataracts
1 reference60.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Association of Dietary Vitamin K1 Intake With the Incidence of Cataract Surgery in an Adult Mediterranean Population: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial2017
In an RCT of 1,086 participants, participants in the highest tertile of dietary vitamin K1 intake had a lower risk of cataracts than those in the lowest tertile (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58-0.88; P = .002), after adjusting for potential confounders.
61.SupplementDEX Database: Chronic kidney disease — Effects of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2023
In a systematic review of 733 participants, pooled results indicated a decrease in serum biomarkers relevant to vascular calcification to a certain extent, mild improvement in vascular elasticity reflected by PWV, yet, no significant change in calcification scores derived from radiology examinations.
SupplementDEX Database · COVID-19
1 reference62.SupplementDEX Database: COVID-19 — Low vitamin K status is a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis2025
In a meta-analysis of 19 participants, supplementation of vitamin K during COVID-19 infection may potentially mitigate the progression toward severe infection, necessitating further support from clinical data.
SupplementDEX Database · Cystic fibrosis
4 references63.SupplementDEX Database: Cystic fibrosis — Vitamin K supplementation for cystic fibrosis2020
In a systematic review of 38 participants, for 12 months, the trial did report that there did not appear to be any difference in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin or vitamin K levels (very low-quality evidence).
64.SupplementDEX Database: Cystic fibrosis — Suboptimal vitamin K status despite supplementation in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis2010
In a study of 60 participants, these data suggest that higher doses of vitamin K are required.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Cystic fibrosis — Treatment of vitamin K deficiency in cystic fibrosis: Effectiveness of a daily fat-soluble vitamin combination2001
In a study of 72 participants, 0.18 mg/day, an oral fat-soluble vitamin combination with a modest amount of vitamin K can, as a daily supplement, improve the PIVKA-II levels in patients with PI and CF.
66.SupplementDEX Database: Cystic fibrosis — Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in cystic fibrosis1999
In a study of 62 participants, vitamin K deficiency is common in unsupplemented patients with CF and pancreatic insufficiency and routine supplementation should be considered in all of these patients.
SupplementDEX Database · Depression
2 references67.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — Exploring the Link Between Vitamin K and Depression: A Systematic Review2025
In a systematic review of 17 participants, mechanisms including inflammation reduction, oxidative stress modulation, sphingolipid regulation, and vitamin K-dependent protein signaling (e.g., GAS6 and osteocalcin) were discussed based on indirect evidence and require further investigation in depression-specific contexts.
68.SupplementDEX Database: Depression — The Relationship between Dietary Vitamin K and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adulthood: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from a Large Cohort Study2019
In an observational study of 4,375 participants, for 30 days, in conclusion, higher dietary vitamin K intake was significantly associated with a lower presence of depressive symptoms, also after accounting for potential confounders.
SupplementDEX Database · Kidney failure
1 reference69.SupplementDEX Database: Kidney failure — Vitamin K2 as a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of muscle cramps in hemodialysis patients: A prospective multicenter, randomized, controlled, crossover pilot trial2022
In an RCT of 523 participants, 360 µg/day, this pilot trial demonstrated that vitamin K2 supplementation could decrease the frequency, duration, and severity of muscle cramps in HD patients.
SupplementDEX Database · Liver cancer
1 reference70.SupplementDEX Database: Liver cancer — The Efficacy of Vitamin K, A Member Of Naphthoquinones in the Treatment of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
In a meta-analysis, our analysis suggested that the clinical outcome of efficacy, the pooled hazard ratio for progression-free survival, and the pooled relative risk for overall survival, and overall response were significantly higher in the VitK therapy group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05).
SupplementDEX Database · Liver disease
1 reference71.SupplementDEX Database: Liver disease — Effect of vitamin K1 on survival of patients with chronic liver failure: A retrospective cohort study2020
In an observational study of 80 participants, for 48 weeks, prospective studies are still needed, however, to validate the role of vitamin K1 in the chronic liver failure.
72.SupplementDEX Database: Mild cognitive impairment — Vitamin K dietary intake is associated with cognitive function in an older adult Mediterranean population2022
In a study of 5,533 participants, 194.4 μg/day, after adjusting for potential cofounders, the highest tertile of change of dietary vitamin K intake (median [IQR]; 194.4 μg/d [120.9, 373.1]) was inversely associated with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤24 (OR [95% CI]; 0.53 [0.35, 0.79] P for trend = 0.002) compared with...
SupplementDEX Database · Multiple sclerosis
1 reference73.SupplementDEX Database: Multiple sclerosis — Vitamin K cream reduces reactions at the injection site in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with subcutaneous interferon beta - VIKING study2015
In a clinical trial in ms patients, vitamin K cream reduces reactions at the injection site in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with subcutaneous interferon beta - VIKING study.
SupplementDEX Database · Pancreatic cancer
1 reference74.SupplementDEX Database: Pancreatic cancer — Dietary Vitamin K Intake and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Prospective Study of 101,695 American Adults2021
In an observational study of 101,695 participants, in conclusion, dietary intakes of phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone, but not menaquinones, confer a lower risk of pancreatic cancer.
75.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Effect of vitamin K2 administration on depression status in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial2022
In an RCT of 42 participants, 90 mcg/day, for 8 weeks, trial registration The present study was registered at http://www.IRCT.ir on 06/06/2018 (registration number: IRCT20170916036204N5).
76.SupplementDEX Database: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — Beneficial health effects of Menaquinone-7 on body composition, glycemic indices, lipid profile, and endocrine markers in polycystic ovary syndrome patients2020
In an RCT of 42 participants, 90 µg menaquinone-7/day, for 8 weeks, therefore, it seems that MK-7 supplementation might be an appropriate additive treatment for PCOS patients.
SupplementDEX Database · Prostate cancer
1 reference77.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer — Dietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg)2008
In an observational study of 319 participants, we observed a nonsignificant inverse association between total prostate cancer and total menaquinone intake [multivariate relative risk (highest compared with lowest quartile): 0.65; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.06].
SupplementDEX Database · Rheumatoid arthritis
2 references78.SupplementDEX Database: Rheumatoid arthritis — Vitamin K1 Supplementation Did Not Alter Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Status in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis2018
In an RCT of 58 participants, 10 mg/day, for 8 weeks, Vitamin K 1 supplementation at 10 mg/day for 8 weeks had no significant effects on blood biomarkers of inflammation and disease severity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with the placebo group.
79.SupplementDEX Database: Rheumatoid arthritis — Menaquinone-7 as a novel pharmacological therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical study2015
In an RCT of 42 participants, 100 mcg/day, therefore, MK-7 represents a new promising agent for RA in combination therapy with other disease modifying antirheumatic drugs.