Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant. Supplemental benefit depends strongly on baseline status, form, and outcome.
Overview
What is vitamin E?
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals.
Vitamin E is not a single compound but rather a collection of 8 molecules consisting of tocopherols and tocotrienols. As a supplement, vitamin E is most commonly found as alpha-tocopherol, the most active form found in the human body. In the elderly, vitamin E deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of bone fractures.
Natural vitamin E is typically listed on the label as d-alpha tocopherol, d-alpha tocopherol succinate, d-alpha tocopherol acid succinate or d-alpha tocopherol acetate. Distinct in its effects, synthetic vitamin E is commonly listed as dl-alpha tocopherol.
Vitamin E supplementation may be beneficial for conditions including peripheral neuropathy, premenstrual syndrome or impaired immune system function.
High doses of vitamin E may be harmful when taken for prolonged periods of time.
Dosage
The recommended dietary allowance of vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol is 15 mg/day for adults, with a tolerable upper intake level of 300-1000 mg/day. Regular dietary intake of vitamin E containing foods make supplementation unnecessary for most people.
Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances
Men: 15 mg
Women: 15 mg
Pregnant: 19 mg
Lactating: 15 mg
Children: 4 - 11 mg per day depending on age
Most studies use doses that are far higher than the RDA, ranging from at least 100 IU to 2000 IU or 67 mg to 1340 mg per day.
To convert from mg to IU:
- 1 mg of alpha-tocopherol is equivalent to 1.49 IU natural vitamin E or 2.22 IU of synthetic vitamin E.
- 1 IU of the natural form is equivalent to 0.67 mg of alpha-tocopherol.
- 1 IU of the synthetic form is equivalent to 0.45 mg of alpha-tocopherol.
A 100 mg dose of natural vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is roughly equivalent to 300 mg synthetic vitamin E and is associated with a reduced risk of side effects.
Whilst synthetic vitamin E supplements are still somewhat absorbed by the body, natural vitamin E has improved bioavailability and carries a lower risk of side effects.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
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Database Snapshot
Most vitamin e research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 26 of 199 studies (13%).
- Prostate cancer accounts for 14 of 199 studies (7%).
- Cataracts accounts for 12 of 199 studies (6%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Beta thalassemia, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Dietary Sources
Top dietary sources
Daily Value: 15 mg per day
Ranked by amount per 100 g
- 149 mg100 g993% DV
- 38.1 mg100 g254% DV
- 26.1 mg100 g174% DV
- 25.6 mg100 g171% DV
- 25.2 mg100 g168% DV
- 18.3 mg100 g122% DV
- 15.3 mg100 g102% DV
- 14.4 mg100 g96% DV
Safety
Vitamin E is generally well tolerated but does not appear to be necessary for most healthy people.
Dose windows
Short-term
Vitamin E supplementation is likely safe at the recommended dietary allowances.
Long-term
Vitamin E supplementation is likely safe at the recommended dietary allowances.
Side effects
- Nausea
- Fatigue
- Bleeding
Special populations
Pregnancy & breastfeeding
Likely safeIn pregnant or lactating women, vitamin E is likely safe when used at the recommended dietary allowance level.
Children
Likely safeIn children, vitamin E is likely safe when used at the recommended dietary allowance level.
Other notes
In the United States, the tolerable upper intake level is up to 1000 mg per day for adults. In Australia, the upper level of intake is set at 300 mg per day for adults, based on studies that found a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of around 540 mg per day and an increase in all-cause mortality from vitamin E doses above 400 IU (~270 mg) per day. Studies typically use doses ranging from 100 to 2000 IU per day. More serious side effects from vitamin E products include an increase rate of infections, sepsis, cancer and heart failure. In men at risk of prostate cancer, vitamin E supplementation may increase the risk of high grade prostate cancer. Vitamin E supplementation may increase the risk of heart failure. Mixed tocotrienol use has been associated with an increased rate of infections, including sepsis. Synthetic vitamin E carries a greater risk of side effects and natural vitamin E or dietary sources are generally safer and more effective.
Frequently Asked Questions
Takeaway
Vitamin E is an antioxidant required for cell signalling and immunity.
Vitamin E supplements are effective for treating a deficiency or for use in conditions including menstrual pain.
However, high-quality studies have shown an increased risk of cancer, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events when supplementing both synthetic and natural vitamin E.
Dietary sources including nuts, seeds, leafy greens, peanut butter and kiwifruit do not appear to increase the risk of disease.
In people undergoing resistance training, vitamin E and vitamin C supplements may prevent beneficial adaptations including muscle gain and fat loss.
References
Sources178 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
1.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment2017
A Cochrane review found insufficient evidence that vitamin E supplements improve cognition or slow decline in Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Association of Antioxidant Supplement Use and Dementia in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium Trial (PREADViSE)2017
In 3786 older men from PREADViSE/SELECT, vitamin E or selenium used up to 7 years did not prevent dementia versus placebo.
3.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Preventing Dementia: Many Issues and Not Enough Time2017
A review discussed multiple challenges in designing dementia prevention trials, including vitamin E and other interventions, noting insufficient time and methodological issues.
4.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Effect of Vitamin E and Memantine on Functional Decline in Alzheimer Disease. See external source2014
A study found that vitamin E (2000 IU/day dl-alpha tocopherol) given to patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease slowed functional decline by 6.2 months and reduced caregiver time in assisting patients over a 2.27 year follow up period. Neither 20 mg/day memantine or a combination of alpha tocopherol and memantine showed clinical benefit.
View source20145.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial2014
The TEAM-AD RCT in 613 mild-moderate Alzheimer's patients found vitamin E 2,000 IU/day slowed functional decline versus placebo; memantine showed no benefit.
6.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis found higher dietary intakes of vitamins E, C, and beta-carotene associated with lower Alzheimer's disease risk in observational studies.
7.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia2010
A cohort of 5,395 older adults found higher dietary vitamins E and C associated with lower long-term dementia risk over extended follow-up.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment2005
An RCT in 769 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment found neither vitamin E 2,000 IU/day nor donepezil significantly reduced progression to Alzheimer's disease versus placebo at 3 years.
9.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease (Slows memory decline) — A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study1997
A large randomized trial found that high-dose vitamin E (2000 IU/day) slowed the progression of functional decline in moderate Alzheimer's disease, with effects similar to selegiline but not additive. A 2-yr study including 341 patients with Alzheimer’s disease of moderate severity, assigned patients either selegiline (10 mg/day), dl-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E, 2000 IU/day), both selegiline and alpha-tocopherol, or placebo. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any of: death, institutionalisation, loss of ability to perform basic activities of daily living, or severe dementia. In adjusted analyses, the median time to primary outcome was longer in patients treated with selegiline (655 days), alpha-tocopherol (670 days) or alpha-tocopherol + selegiline (585 days) when compared to placebo (440 days). Supplementing vitamin E may delay the progression of moderate Alzheimer’s disease.
SupplementDEX Database · Beta thalassemia
2 references10.SupplementDEX Database: Beta thalassemia — Effects of α-tocopherol on hemolysis and oxidative stress markers on red blood cells in β-thalassemia major2020
In a 4-week RCT of 40 children with β-thalassemia major, age-based α-tocopherol doses improved plasma haptoglobin but did not significantly change oxidative stress markers or osmotic fragility.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Beta thalassemia — Vitamin E status, glutathione peroxidase activity and the effect of vitamin E supplementation in children with thalassemia1993
In vitamin E-deficient thalassemic children, 200 mg/day for 4–8 weeks raised plasma vitamin E, reduced H2O2 hemolysis, and lowered RBC GSH-Px activity without significant hematocrit change.
12.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle recovery (from exercise) — Effects of Acute Vitamin C plus Vitamin E Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Runners: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial2022
In an RCT of 18 participants, 1 g/kg, vitamin C and E supplementation does not seem to help with EIMD in endurance-trained individuals.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Muscle recovery (from exercise) — Can Low-Dose of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation Reduce Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2022
In a meta-analysis in athletes, 500 IU/day, in conclusion, dietary vitamin E supplementation lower than 500 IU could prevent exercise-induced muscle damage and had greater impact on athletes.
14.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The effect of vitamin E and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)—A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial (PUVENAFLD)2024
In an RCT of 203 participants, 1000 mg/day, neither vitamin E alone (p = 0.91) nor DHA alone (p = 0.14) significantly reduced hepatic steatosis compared to placebo.
15.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on Serum Aminotransferases in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2023
In a meta-analysis of 794 participants, 400 IU/day, three electronic databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Embase) were reviewed for randomized trials that tested vitamin E supplementation versus placebo or no intervention in patients with NAFLD, published until April 2023.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Comparison of delta-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol effects on hepatic steatosis and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind active-controlled trial2022
A 48-wk study comparing the efficacy of delta-tocotrienol (300 mg twice daily) and alpha-tocopherol (268 mg twice daily) in 100 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease found that both groups experienced similar improvements in fatty liver index, liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio (L/S ratio) and HOMA-IR compared to placebo. The delta-tocotrienol group experienced a significantly greater decrease in body weight, serum interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, leptin, cytokeratin-18 and an increase in adiponectin compared to the alpha-tocopherol group.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Systematic review with meta-analysis: The effect of vitamin E supplementation in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease2021
A meta-analysis of 15 studies (qualitative n = 8, quantitative n = 7) including NAFLD patients found that vitamin E reduced liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT: -7.37 IU/L, 95% CI -10.11 to -4.64) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST: -5.71 IU/L, 95% CI -9.49 to -1.93) when compared to placebo. Vitamin E was associated with improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and serum leptin values.
18.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Vitamin E in paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis2021
In a meta-analysis in children/adolescents, however, no significant changes were found in other indicators, including body mass index (BMI), triglyceride (TG) levels, high-density lipoprotein (HLD) levels, fasting insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, aspartate aminotransferase...
19.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Vitamin E has a beneficial effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2015
In a meta-analysis in adults, according to a random effect model analysis of the five studies, vitamin E significantly reduced aspartate transaminase (AST) by -19.43 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by -28.91 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by -10.39 U/L, steatosis by -0.54 U/L, inflammation by -0.20 U/L, and hepatocellular...
20.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association2012
Major U.S. hepatology guidelines on NAFLD/NASH management note limited evidence supporting herbal interventions such as silymarin for disease-modifying treatment.
21.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial2011
A 96-wk manufacturer-funded study of 173 NAFLD patients (aged 8-17 yrs) found that d-alpha tocopherol (800 IU/day, n = 58) was not significantly superior to placebo (n = 58) for achieving a sustained reduction in ALT levels (50% or less of baseline level or 40 U/L) in pediatric NAFLD patients but did significantly improve resolution of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In children with NASH taking vitamin E, resolution of NASH occurred in 25/43 of patients (95% CI, 42% to 73%) vs. 11/39 (95% CI, 42% to 73%) in the placebo group after 96 weeks (1 yr and 10 mths).
22.SupplementDEX Database: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis2010
In an RCT of 84 participants, 30 mg/day, for 96 weeks, serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels were reduced with vitamin E and with pioglitazone, as compared with placebo (P<0.001 for both comparisons), and both agents were associated with reductions in hepatic steatosis (P=0.005 for vitamin E and P<0.001 for pioglitazone)...
23.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Effect of γ-tocopherol supplementation on premenstrual symptoms and natriuresis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2023
In an RCT in women, 180 mg γ-tocopherol, 2×/day, for 7 days, furthermore, compared with placebo intake, γ-Toc intake significantly reduced the thigh circumference.
24.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — Efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome1987
In an RCT of 46 participants, 400 IU/day, in a preliminary study, alpha-tocopherol supplementation was effective in reducing specific symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
25.SupplementDEX Database: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) — The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study1983
In an RCT of 75 participants, 600 IU/day, these findings suggest that vitamin E supplementation may be of value in women with severe PMS symptoms.
SupplementDEX Database · Primary dysmenorrhea
5 references26.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — The effects of vitamin E on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022
In a meta-analysis of 8 participants, the results of meta-analysis revealed that vitamin E consumption significantly reduced PD mean intensity in the first month (n = 7 records; SDM = -1.16; 95%CI: -2.16 to -0.17; I 2 = 31.9%; P = 0.02) and the second month (n = 8 records; SDM = -1.83; 95%CI: -2.90 to -0.77; I 2 = 76.3.9%; P < 0.0001)...
27.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — The Effect of Combined Vitamin C and Vitamin E Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Endometriosis: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial2021
In an RCT of 30 participants, 1000 mg/day, for 8 weeks, there was no significant decline in total antioxidant capacity after treatment.
28.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — Vitamin E and fish oil, separately or in combination, on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial2018
In 100 university students with primary dysmenorrhea, daily omega-3 (180 mg EPA + 120 mg DHA), vitamin E 200 IU, or combined therapy all reduced menstrual pain versus placebo, with the combination most effective.
29.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea2005
In an RCT, vitamin E relieves the pain of primary dysmenorrhoea and reduces blood loss.
30.SupplementDEX Database: Primary dysmenorrhea — A randomised placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin E in treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea2001
In an RCT in women, both placebo and vitamin E are effective in relieving symptoms due to primary dysmenorrhoea, but the effects of vitamin E are more marked.
SupplementDEX Database · Tardive dyskinesia
8 references31.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Vitamin E for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia2018
In a meta-analysis of 264 participants, there was no evidence of a difference in the incidence of any adverse effects (9 RCTs, N = 205, RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.35 to 4.15, very low-quality evidence), extrapyramidal adverse effects (1 RCT, N = 104, MD 1.10, 95% CI -1.02 to 3.22, very low-quality evidence), or acceptability of treatment...
32.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — The effect of vitamin E addition to acute neuroleptic treatment on the emergence of extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenic patients: an open label study1999
In an RCT of 20 participants, 600 IU/day, the addition of vitamin E to neuroleptic agents was associated with a trend (p = 0.08) towards prevention of the emergence of NIP compared to neuroleptic treatment alone.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a statistical meta-analysis1998
In a meta-analysis of 223 participants, 1600 IU/day, vitamin E is a safe, well-tolerated compound that may provide some beneficial effects in patients suffering from neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
34.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Long-term treatment effects of vitamin E for tardive dyskinesia1998
In an RCT of 40 participants, 1600 IU/day, for 36 weeks, these findings are in direct contrast to those of VA Cooperative Study #394, a much larger, long-term, multi-site study, conducted by many of the same investigators, in which Vitamin E was not superior to placebo.
35.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a preliminary study over 7 months at different doses1998
In an RCT of 20 participants, 1600 mg/day, for 7 months, in addition, there may be a dose related therapeutic effect of Vitamin E in tardive dyskinesia.
36.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — A double-blind placebo-controlled study of vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia1996
In an RCT of 35 participants, 800 IU/day, for 5 years, vitamin E appears to be effective in reducing the severity of TD, especially in patients who have had TD for 5 years or less.
37.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Effectiveness of vitamin E for treatment of long-term tardive dyskinesia1994
In an RCT of 11 participants, for 12 weeks, patients receiving vitamin E showed a significant reduction in their AIMS scale score, but patients receiving placebo showed no significant change.
38.SupplementDEX Database: Tardive dyskinesia — Vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study1992
In an RCT of 27 participants, for 6 weeks, vitamin E showed no differences from placebo in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
39.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Long-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 352013
AREDS long-term follow-up of 4,757 participants confirmed antioxidant plus zinc supplementation continued to slow AMD progression over many years.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration2012
A Cochrane review found antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements (including vitamin E) did not prevent age-related macular degeneration in 62,520 participants.
41.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration2012
A Cochrane review of 6,150 AMD patients found antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation slowed AMD progression in some trials but overall evidence was inconsistent.
42.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 112003
An AREDS analysis projected that widespread antioxidant plus zinc supplementation could substantially reduce future advanced AMD cases in the U.S. over 5 years.
43.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 82001
The AREDS trial of 1,063 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc significantly reduced progression to advanced AMD.
44.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 92001
AREDS Report No. 9 in 4,757 participants (ages 55–80) found high-dose antioxidant supplementation did not significantly prevent cataract progression or reduce cataract-related vision loss.
45.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Six-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy1998
The ATBC study in 941 Finnish male smokers found neither alpha-tocopherol 50 mg/day nor beta carotene reduced age-related maculopathy incidence versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · All-cause mortality
4 references46.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Dietary Antioxidant Micronutrients and All-Cause Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk2018
A cohort of 35,539 Japanese adults found higher dietary vitamin C and E intake associated with lower all-cause mortality over long follow-up.
47.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases2012
A meta-analysis of 78 antioxidant trials (296,707 participants) found no overall mortality effect (RR 1.02), but low-bias trials showed increased mortality with beta-carotene (RR 1.05) and vitamin E (RR 1.03).
48.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Vitamin E and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis2011
A meta-analysis found high-dose vitamin E supplementation (≥400 IU/day) associated with increased all-cause mortality versus control.
49.SupplementDEX Database: All-cause mortality — Bayesian model averaging in meta-analysis: vitamin E supplementation and mortality2009
A Bayesian meta-analysis found vitamin E supplementation effects on mortality sensitive to statistical model choice, with high-dose trials showing increased mortality.
50.SupplementDEX Database: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — Vitamin E serum levels and controlled supplementation and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis2013
An analysis of 29,127 Finnish male smokers in the ATBC study found higher baseline vitamin E associated with lower ALS risk; supplementation did not significantly reduce ALS incidence.
51.SupplementDEX Database: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS Riluzole-Tocopherol Study Group2001
A 12-month double-blind RCT in 89 ALS patients found alpha-tocopherol 500 mg twice daily did not slow disease progression versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Angina
6 references52.SupplementDEX Database: Angina — Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients2000
The HOPE trial in 9,541 high-risk patients found vitamin E 400 IU/day did not reduce cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke over ~4.5 years versus placebo.
53.SupplementDEX Database: Angina — Effects of vitamin E on chronic and acute endothelial dysfunction in smokers2000
A study in 22 smokers found vitamin E 600 IU/day for 8 weeks restored flow-mediated vasodilation impaired by acute and chronic smoking versus baseline.
54.SupplementDEX Database: Angina — Cholesterol standardized plasma vitamin E levels are reduced in patients with severe angina pectoris2000
A study in 128 angina patients found cholesterol-standardized plasma vitamin E levels reduced in severe angina (grade III–IV) versus mild-moderate angina.
55.SupplementDEX Database: Angina — Vitamin E and coronary artery disease1999
A review found mixed evidence on vitamin E (up to 800 IU/day) for coronary artery disease prevention, with observational data more promising than trial results.
56.SupplementDEX Database: Angina — Effects of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene supplements on symptoms, progression, and prognosis of angina pectoris1998
The ATBC study in 1,795 Finnish male smokers with angina found neither alpha-tocopherol 50 mg/day nor beta carotene reduced angina recurrence or major coronary events.
57.SupplementDEX Database: Angina — Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina1998
A study in 60 patients with coronary spastic angina found oral vitamin E 300 mg/day improved impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation versus baseline.
SupplementDEX Database · Atherosclerosis
3 references58.SupplementDEX Database: Atherosclerosis — Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the SECURE trial2001
The SECURE substudy of 732 patients found ramipril slowed carotid atherosclerosis progression; vitamin E 400 IU/day did not add significant benefit versus ramipril alone.
59.SupplementDEX Database: Atherosclerosis — Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study2000
The ASAP trial in 520 adults found combined vitamin E and slow-release vitamin C for 3 years slowed carotid intima-media thickening, especially in men (74% less progression).
60.SupplementDEX Database: Atherosclerosis — Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)1996
In the CHAOS trial of 2,002 patients with coronary atherosclerosis, vitamin E (800/400 IU/day) over a median 510 days reduced nonfatal MI (14 vs 41; RR 0.23) but did not lower cardiovascular or all-cause mortality.
61.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia — Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants2003
A Cochrane review of 26 trials found vitamin E in preterm infants reduced intraventricular hemorrhage but increased sepsis risk (RR 1.52); evidence does not support routine high-dose use.
62.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia — Failure of vitamin E supplementation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants <1,500 g1991
In an RCT of 268 infants <1,500 g, oral vitamin E 25 units/day did not reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia, death, necrotizing enterocolitis, or sepsis versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Cancer
5 references63.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2022
A USPSTF evidence review found insufficient evidence that multivitamin or mineral supplementation prevents cardiovascular disease or cancer in healthy adults.
64.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial2014
Post-trial follow-up of Physicians' Health Study II found neither 500 mg/day vitamin C nor 400 IU vitamin E every other day affected cancer mortality.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial2009
In Physicians' Health Study II (14,641 men, 8 years), 400 IU vitamin E every other day did not reduce prostate cancer (HR 0.97) or total cancer versus placebo.
66.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — The role of vitamin E in the prevention of cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2007
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (167,025 participants) found vitamin E did not reduce total mortality or overall cancer but lowered prostate cancer incidence (RR 0.85).
67.SupplementDEX Database: Cancer — The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals2004
In 13,017 French adults followed 7.5 years, daily antioxidant vitamins plus 100 mcg selenium did not reduce total cancer or ischemic cardiovascular disease versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Bladder cancer
3 references68.SupplementDEX Database: Bladder cancer — Selenium and Vitamin E for Prevention of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Progression: A Randomized Clinical Trial2023
In 270 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, selenium 200 mcg/day and/or vitamin E did not prevent recurrence versus placebo in this factorial RCT.
69.SupplementDEX Database: Bladder cancer — Vitamin E consumption and the risk of bladder cancer2019
A meta-analysis of 11 prospective studies (575,601 participants) found highest vs lowest vitamin E intake associated with 11% lower bladder cancer risk (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.78–1.00).
70.SupplementDEX Database: Bladder cancer — Vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use and bladder cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men and women2002
In CPS-II (991,522 US adults), vitamin E supplement use for 10+ years was linked to 40% lower bladder cancer mortality (RR 0.60); shorter use showed no benefit.
SupplementDEX Database · Breast cancer
8 references71.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Consumption and supplementation of vitamin E in breast cancer risk, treatment, and outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis2023
A systematic review/meta-analysis of 22 studies found no significant link between dietary or supplemental vitamin E and breast cancer risk; intake was inversely associated with recurrence only.
72.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial2009
In WACS (8,171 women), 600 IU vitamin E every other day for 9.4 years did not reduce total cancer incidence (RR 0.93) or cancer mortality versus placebo.
73.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial2005
In HOPE-TOO (9,541 patients, ~7 years), 400 IU/day vitamin E did not prevent cancer or major cardiovascular events and increased heart failure risk (RR 1.13).
74.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study2005
In the Women's Health Study (39,876 women, 600 IU EOD for 10.1 years), vitamin E did not reduce major cardiovascular events or total cancer but lowered cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.76).
76.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Prospective evaluation of vitamin E for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors1998
In an RCT of 120 breast cancer survivors, 800 IU/day vitamin E for 4 weeks reduced hot flashes by about one per day versus placebo—a statistically significant but clinically marginal effect.
77.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C, E, and A and the risk of breast cancer1993
In a prospective cohort of 89,494 women, higher vitamin E intake was not associated with lower breast cancer risk (RR 0.99 for highest vs lowest quintile).
78.SupplementDEX Database: Breast cancer — Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study1993
In a cohort of 56,837 Canadian women, vitamin E intake was not associated with altered breast cancer risk after adjustment for other dietary factors.
75.Relationship of serum alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids and retinol with the risk of breast cancer. See external sourceExternal source
SupplementDEX Database · Colorectal cancer
10 references79.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial2013
In 330 post-polypectomy patients over median 4 years, an antioxidant mix including 200 mcg selenium reduced adenoma recurrence risk by 39% versus placebo.
80.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Do antioxidants prevent colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis2013
In a meta-analysis of 17,914 participants, this meta-analysis found no evidence in favor of a protective effect of the studied antioxidant supplements in the prevention of colorectal cancer or cancer related mortality.
81.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis2011
In a meta-analysis of 148 participants, effectiveness did not seem to differ between healthy populations, participants with cardiovascular risk factors or populations exposed to smoking or asbestos.
82.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis2004
A meta-analysis of 14 gastrointestinal cancer prevention trials found antioxidant supplements including selenium did not reduce GI cancer incidence and beta-carotene increased mortality in high-quality trials.
83.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on colorectal adenomas in middle-aged male smokers1999
In an RCT of 146 participants, 50 mg/day, alpha-tocopherol supplementation increased the risk for adenomas (relative risk, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.32), whereas beta-carotene supplementation had no effect on the risk (relative risk, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.35).
84.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Relationship between vitamin and calcium supplement use and colon cancer1997
A Seattle case-control study of 444 adults found daily vitamin D (≥200 IU) and multivitamin use associated with roughly halved colon cancer risk over 10 years.
85.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group1994
In an RCT of 864 participants, 25 mg/day, there was no evidence that either beta carotene or vitamins C and E reduced the incidence of adenomas; the relative risk for beta carotene was 1.01 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.20); for vitamins C and E, it was 1.08 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.29).
86.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Antioxidant vitamins or lactulose for the prevention of the recurrence of colorectal adenomas1993
In an RCT of 46 participants, 000 IU/day, in conclusion, either antioxidant vitamins or, to a lesser extent, lactulose lower the recurrence rate of adenomas of the large bowel and can be proposed as chemopreventive agents, at least in high-risk individuals.
87.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Effect of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation on rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal adenomas1992
In an RCT of 20 participants, for 6 months, before larger trials on chemoprevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence are conducted, additional studies are needed (a) to validate that cell kinetics is an intermediate biomarker, (b) to determine active agents, optimal dosage, and the relative efficacy of agents given alone and in...
88.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — A randomized trial of vitamins C and E in the prevention of recurrence of colorectal polyps1988
In an RCT of 15 participants, 400 mg ascorbic acid + 400 mg alpha-tocopherol/day, inclusion of the three polyps found in these eight examinations led to an estimate of relative risk of 0.86 (95% confidence limits, 0.51 to 1.43).
SupplementDEX Database · Head and neck cancer (May increase risk)
1 reference89.SupplementDEX Database: Head and neck cancer (May increase risk) — A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients2005
In an RCT of 540 participants, 400 IU/day, for 3 years, cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
SupplementDEX Database · Pancreatic cancer
1 reference90.SupplementDEX Database: Pancreatic cancer — The effects of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of the pancreas in a randomized, controlled trial1999
In an RCT of 51 participants, 50 mg/day, supplementation with alpha-tocopherol (n = 51) increased the rate of incidence by 34% (95% CI, -12% to 105%) compared with the rate for those who did not receive alpha-tocopherol.
SupplementDEX Database · Pharyngeal cancer
1 reference91.SupplementDEX Database: Pharyngeal cancer — Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy2015
In a meta-analysis of 22,129 participants, women supplemented with vitamin E in combination with other supplements compared with placebo were at decreased risk of having a placental abruption (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.93, seven trials, 14,922 participants, I² = 0%; high quality evidence).
SupplementDEX Database · Prostate cancer (May increase risk)
11 references92.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Vitamin E Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis2022
In a meta-analysis, a random-effects model was used to perform a meta-analysis and estimate relative risks (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of prostate cancer risk according to vitamin E intake.
93.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Baseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on prostate cancer risk2014
In an observational study of 35,533 participants, proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for effects of supplementation within quintiles of baseline toenail selenium.
94.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)2011
A major RCT (SELECT) evaluating vitamin E (400 IU/day), selenium, or their combination. Vitamin E alone was associated with a **significant increase in prostate cancer risk** during follow-up. This trial strongly influenced clinical recommendations against high-dose vitamin E supplementation.
95.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)2009
In an RCT of 416 participants, 400 IU/day, there were no significant differences (all P>.15) in any other prespecified cancer end points.
96.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study2007
In an observational study of 10,241 participants, these results suggest that regular multivitamin use is not associated with the risk of early or localized prostate cancer.
97.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk2006
In a study of 361 participants, 400 IU/day, cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
98.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the SU.VI.MAX trial2005
In an RCT of 5,141 participants, for 8 years, in men with elevated PSA at baseline, the supplementation was associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer of borderline statistical significance (hazard ratio = 1.54; 95% CI = 0.87-2.72).
99.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Diet, anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk: a review of prospective cohort and intervention studies2004
A meta-analysis found that 2000 mg/day prospective studies are consistent with a protective role for selenium, and possibly vitamin E, pulses and tomatoes/lycopene, in the aetiology of prostate cancer.
100.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Vitamin E supplements and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men2004
In an observational study of 72,704 participants, regular vitamin E supplement use (>/=4 times per week) was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced prostate cancer at diagnosis.
101.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up2003
In a study of 1,037 participants, 50 mg, overall posttrial relative risk (RR) for lung cancer incidence (n = 1037) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-1.20) among recipients of beta-carotene compared with nonrecipients.
102.SupplementDEX Database: Prostate cancer (May increase risk) — Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial1998
In an RCT of 14,573 participants, 50 mg, other controlled trials are required to confirm the findings.
103.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — Protective Effects of Vitamin E on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2021
In a meta-analysis of 488 participants, 600 mg/day, moreover, vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased patients' sural amplitude after 3 rounds of chemotherapy (RR -2.66; 95% CI -5.09 to -0.24; p = 0.03) in contrast with that of placebo supplementation, while no significant difference was observed when patients were treated...
104.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — Vitamin E does not decrease the incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis2016
In an RCT of 353 participants, the results showed that vitamin E supplementation did not appear to significantly decrease the incidence of CIPN (relative risk (RR), 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.29 to 1.05; p = 0.07), with significant heterogeneity (I(2) = 77%).
105.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers: ASCO clinical practice guideline2014
In an RCT in adults, further research on these agents is warranted.
106.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — Protective effects of vitamin E on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2013
In a meta-analysis of 319 participants, 600 mg/day, the relative risk (RR) of CIPN with vitamin E supplementation, compared with placebo, was assessed with the Bayesian random effect model and expressed as RR with a 95 % credible-interval (CrI).
107.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — The use of vitamin E for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: results of a randomized phase III clinical trial2011
In an RCT of 100 participants, 400 mg, there were no significant differences between treatment arms for time to onset of neuropathy (P = 0.58), for chemotherapy dose reductions due to neuropathy (P = 0.21), or for secondary endpoints derived from patient-reported neuropathy symptom assessments.
108.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation for protection against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: final results2006
In an RCT of 16 participants, 600 mg/day, the relative risk (RR) of developing neurotoxicity was significantly higher in case of controls, RR=2.51, 95% C.I.=1.16-5.47.
109.SupplementDEX Database: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy — Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy2003
In an RCT of 47 participants, 300 mg/day, for 3 months, supplementation of patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy with vitamin E decreases the incidence and severity of peripheral neurotoxicity.
SupplementDEX Database · Diabetic neuropathy
3 references110.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic neuropathy — Efficacy of Oral Mixed Tocotrienols in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial2018
A study in 300 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy found that mixed tocotrienol vitamin E (200 mg twice per day) did not improve overall neuropathic symptoms after 1 year. Those taking vitamin E experienced an increased rate of infections (6.7% vs. 0.7%, P=0.04). A single patient in the tocotrienols group died of hospital-acquired sepsis complicated with renal failure and severe metabolic acidosis after 11 months of vitamin E supplementation.
111.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic neuropathy — Assessment of antioxidant supplementation on the neuropathic pain score and quality of life in diabetic neuropathy patients - a randomized controlled study2014
In an RCT of 46 participants, for 12 weeks, the future studies may be directed towards extended duration of action.
112.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetic neuropathy — Reversal of defective nerve conduction with vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a preliminary study1998
In an RCT of 21 participants, 900 mg vitamin E/day, for 6 months, glycemic indexes did not show any significant changes during the study, whereas nerve conduction improved significantly in 2 of the 12 studied electrophysiological parameters after 6 months in patients on vitamin E supplementation.
SupplementDEX Database · Eczema
2 references113.SupplementDEX Database: Eczema — Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis2011
In an RCT of 12 participants, 1600 IU/day, for 60 days, this study supports the contributing and beneficial effects of vitamins D and E in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
114.SupplementDEX Database: Eczema — The effect on atopic dermatitis of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E1989
In an RCT of 60 participants, 600 IU/day, for 12 weeks, there was no significant difference between the three Groups in the severity of the eczema or the concentration of selenium either before or after the 12 weeks of supplementation.
SupplementDEX Database · Liver disease
2 references115.SupplementDEX Database: Liver disease — Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in the ATBC study2014
In an RCT of 237 participants, 50 mg α-tocopherol + 20 mg β-carotene/day, supplemental α-tocopherol, β-carotene, or both, relative to placebo, did not reduce the risk of liver cancer or CLD, either overall, during the intervention or during the post-intervention period.
116.SupplementDEX Database: Liver disease — Antioxidant supplements for liver diseases2011
In a meta-analysis of 1,225 participants, overall, the assessed antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60 to 1.19, I(2) = 0%), or liver-related mortality (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.05, I(2) = 37%).
117.SupplementDEX Database: Mouth sores (Oral leukoplakia) — Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers1998
In an RCT in cancer patients, 50 mg/day, the present study on oral health does not support the hypothesis that alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene supplementation plays an essential role in preventing oral mucosal changes in smokers.
118.SupplementDEX Database: Mouth sores (Oral leukoplakia) — Regression of oral leukoplakia with alpha-tocopherol: a community clinical oncology program chemoprevention study1993
In a clinical trial of 43 participants, 400 IU/day, for 24 weeks, the efficacy of alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination with other chemopreventive agents for carcinogenesis in the upper aerodigestive tract should be explored in future trials.
SupplementDEX Database · Osteoarthritis
3 references119.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoarthritis — Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the loss of cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis: a 2 year double blind randomized placebo controlled study2002
In an RCT of 136 participants, 500 IU/day, for 2 years, there were no significant differences between the vitamin E and placebo treated groups in improvement of symptoms from baseline.
120.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoarthritis — Vitamin E is ineffective for symptomatic relief of knee osteoarthritis: a six month double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study2001
In an RCT of 77 participants, 500 IU/day, radiological score, exercise score, age, or antioxidant intake at baseline or six months did not differ between the groups.
121.SupplementDEX Database: Osteoarthritis — Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?1996
In an observational study of 40 participants, odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, weight change, knee injury, physical activity, energy intake, and health status.
SupplementDEX Database · Parkinson's disease
6 references122.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Effect of dietary vitamins C and E on the risk of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis2021
In a meta-analysis in parkinson's disease patients, we included studies that reported (1) intake of vitamins C and E using validated methods; (2) assessment of odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), or hazard ratio (HR); and (3) patients with PD identified by a neurologist, hospital records, or death certificates.
123.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Mortality in DATATOP: a multicenter trial in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group1998
In an RCT of 800 participants, the deprenyl-related delay in disability that we reported previously was not associated with a deprenyl-related reduction in mortality.
124.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Dietary antioxidants and Parkinson disease. The Rotterdam Study1997
In an observational study of 31 participants, the odds ratio for PD was 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-0.9) per 10-mg daily dietary vitamin E intake, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.3-1.3) per 1-mg beta carotene intake, 0.9 (95% CI, 0.4-1.9) per 100-mg vitamin C intake, and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.7-1.2) per 10-mg flavonoids intake, all adjusted for...
125.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson's disease in DATATOP patients requiring levodopa. Parkinson Study Group1996
In an RCT in women, 2,000 mg tocopherol/day, we conclude that prior treatment with deprenyl or tocopherol did not reduce the occurrence of subsequent levodopa-associated adverse effects in this population.
126.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — The effect of deprenyl and tocopherol on cognitive performance in early untreated Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group1994
In an RCT of 800 participants, 2000 IU/day, there was no significant effect of either deprenyl or tocopherol on cognitive test performance.
127.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease1993
A core DATATOP randomized trial showing that tocopherol (vitamin E) alone did not slow progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. A study of 800 patients assigned either 10 mg/day deprenyl, 2000 IU/day tocopherol, tocopherol + deprenyl, or placebo, found that deprenyl significantly delayed the onset of disability requiring levodopa therapy (Risk Ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.62, P < 0.001). Most benefits occurred in the first 12 months of treatment, with a difference in the estimated median time to the end point of around nine months. Vitamin E alone did not reduce the risk of reaching the end point (Risk Ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.22, P = 0.57). There was no interaction between deprenyl and tocopherol (P = 0.97). Tocopherol plus deprenyl did not reduce the probability of reaching the end point (Risk Ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.12, P = 0.35) throughout the 24 month follow-up period. The projected median lengths of time to the end point were 719 days for deprenyl and 454 days for subjects not assigned to deprenlyl.
128.SupplementDEX Database: Respiratory tract infection — Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial2004
A randomized controlled trial testing whether 200 IU/day vitamin E reduces respiratory infections in elderly nursing home residents. Vitamin E **did not reduce overall incidence of respiratory tract infections**, but modestly reduced the risk of **upper respiratory infections** in some subgroup analyses; effects were inconsistent and not clinically strong.
129.SupplementDEX Database: Respiratory tract infection — Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial2002
A placebo-controlled trial evaluating vitamin E (200 IU/day) plus a multivitamin-mineral supplement in older adults. Supplementation **did not reduce the rate or severity** of acute respiratory infections. Some trends suggested fewer self-reported colds in vitamin E users, but results were not statistically significant.
SupplementDEX Database · Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss)
6 references130.SupplementDEX Database: Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss) — A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa1993
A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E in retinitis pigmentosa; published abstract details on outcomes were not available.
131.SupplementDEX Database: Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss) — A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa1993
A randomized trial of 601 adults found that 15000 IU/day for 4–6 years while not statistically significant, similar trends were observed for rates of decline of visual field area.
132.SupplementDEX Database: Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss) — A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa1993
A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E in retinitis pigmentosa; published abstract details on outcomes were not available.
133.SupplementDEX Database: Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss) — A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa1993
A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E in retinitis pigmentosa; published abstract details on outcomes were not available.
134.SupplementDEX Database: Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss) — A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa1993
A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E in retinitis pigmentosa; published abstract details on outcomes were not available.
135.SupplementDEX Database: Retinitis pigmentosa (Possibly increases the rate of progression of vision loss) — A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa1993
A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E in retinitis pigmentosa; published abstract details on outcomes were not available.
SupplementDEX Database · Stomach cancer
7 references136.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Association between dietary antioxidant vitamins intake/blood level and risk of gastric cancer2014
In a meta-analysis, 100 mg/day, in conclusion, dietary intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and α-carotene was inversely associated with gastric cancer risk while no such association was observed for blood levels of these antioxidant vitamins, thus the results should be interpreted cautiously.
137.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Fifteen-year effects of Helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality2012
At 14.7-year follow-up of the Shandong trial, H. pylori treatment reduced gastric cancer incidence; garlic and vitamin supplementation did not significantly reduce gastric cancer versus placebo.
138.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions2006
In 3,365 adults in Linqu County, China, 2-week H. pylori treatment reduced precancerous gastric lesions; 7 years of garlic or vitamin supplements did not significantly reduce lesion prevalence.
139.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Dietary and familial determinants of 10-year survival among patients with gastric carcinoma2000
In an observational study of 382 participants, overall, a high intake of alcohol was associated with an increased risk of dying (P = 0.02).
140.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Gastric cancer and premalignant lesions in atrophic gastritis: a controlled trial on the effect of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. The Helsinki Gastritis Study Group1998
In an RCT of 1,344 participants, 50 mg α-tocopherol + 20 mg β-carotene/day, for 5 years, neither alpha-tocopherol (relative risk, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.69) nor beta-carotene (relative risk, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-1.95) supplementation had any association with end-of-trial prevalence of gastric neoplasias...
141.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Decrease of ornithine decarboxylase activity in premalignant gastric mucosa and regression of small intestinal metaplasia in patients supplemented with high doses of vitamin E1997
In an RCT of 14 participants, histological analysis of multiple biopsies, taken from the gastric antrum of patients supplemented with Vit.E, revealed that in 8 of 14 patients (57%) after 6 months and in 10 of 14 patients (71%) after 12 months, no signs of SIM were observed; gastroscopic dye procedure confirmed the regression of SIM in...
142.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Effects of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the prevalence of histological dysplasia and early cancer of the esophagus and stomach: results from the General Population Trial in Linxian, China1994
In 391 Linxian adults, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium reduced total and stomach cancer mortality during intervention but did not lower esophageal/gastric dysplasia prevalence at endoscopy.
SupplementDEX Database · Surgical scars
2 references143.SupplementDEX Database: Surgical scars — The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars1999
In an RCT of 15 participants, for 4 weeks, therefore we conclude that use of topical vitamin E on surgical wounds should be discouraged.
144.SupplementDEX Database: Surgical scars — Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery1986
In an RCT, it is concluded that neither topical steroid nor topical vitamin E is effective in reducing scar formation after grafting procedures for reconstruction for postburn contractures.
145.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — USPSTF recommends against beta carotene or vitamin E supplements for preventing CVD or cancer in adults2022
The USPSTF recommends against beta-carotene or vitamin E supplementation for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer in adults.
146.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Consumption of Nuts and Seeds and Health Outcomes Including Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: An Umbrella Review. See external source2021
An umbrella review found daily nut consumption (~28 g) associated with lower cardiovascular, diabetes, and cancer risk; this reflects dietary vitamin E from nuts, not supplements.
View source2021147.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis2017
A meta-analysis of 49 primary-prevention trials found vitamin E reduced cardiovascular mortality, folic acid reduced CVD risk, and most other supplements including selenium showed no clear mortality benefit.
148.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review & meta-analysis2013
A meta-analysis of 294478 participants found that in a fixed effect meta-analysis of the 50 trials, supplementation with vitamins and antioxidants was not associated with reductions in the risk of major cardiovascular events (relative risk 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.02; I(2)=42%).
149.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Concordance of randomized and nonrandomized studies re: nutrient–disease associations2012
A citation network analysis of vitamin E and n-3 PUFA trials found no network characteristics predicting concordance between observational and randomized study results.
150.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Antioxidants for chronic kidney disease2012
A meta-analysis of 10 trials (1,979 CKD patients) found antioxidant therapy did not reduce overall cardiovascular mortality, though dialysis subgroup analyses showed benefit (RR 0.57).
151.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Haptoglobin genotype, cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes, and vitamin E treatment2012
A meta-analysis found diabetic patients with haptoglobin 2-2 genotype had higher cardiovascular event risk (OR 2.03) and vitamin E reduced combined endpoints (OR 0.66) in that subgroup only.
152.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2010
A meta-analysis of 9 trials (118,765 participants) found vitamin E increased hemorrhagic stroke risk 22% while reducing ischemic stroke 10%; total stroke risk was unchanged.
153.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Vitamin E reduces cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes and the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype2010
Meta-analysis of HOPE and ICARE found vitamin E reduced composite cardiovascular events in diabetic patients with haptoglobin 2-2 genotype (OR 0.58, p=0.006).
154.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease2004
A review of 7 large vitamin E RCTs found no significant effect on myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death (pooled OR 0.98 for any cardiovascular event).
155.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease2004
A systematic review of 84 trials found vitamin E supplementation had no statistically significant effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, or nonfatal MI.
156.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts2004
A pooled analysis of 9 cohorts (293,172 subjects) found no strong association between antioxidant vitamin or carotenoid intake and coronary heart disease risk.
157.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular outcomes in people with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency: results of the HOPE study2004
In HOPE subgroup analysis of 993 patients with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency, 400 IU/day vitamin E for 4.5 years had no effect on cardiovascular outcomes.
158.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Is all-rac-alpha-tocopherol different from RRR-alpha-tocopherol regarding cardiovascular efficacy? A meta-analysis of clinical trials2004
A meta-analysis of 14 trials (83,800 subjects) found no significant cardiovascular differences between RRR- and all-rac-alpha-tocopherol formulations.
159.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease2004
A narrative review concluded that antioxidant vitamin supplements, including vitamin E, show little evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease.
160.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease2001
A randomized trial of 160 patients with coronary disease found that the average stenosis progressed by 3.9 percent with placebos, 1.8 percent with antioxidants (P=0.16 for the comparison with the placebo group), and 0.7 percent with simvastatin-niacin plus antioxidants (P=0.004) and regressed by 0.4 percent with simvastatin-niacin alone.
161.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: Primary Prevention Project trial2001
In the Primary Prevention Project (4,495 adults at cardiovascular risk), 300 mg/day vitamin E for 3.6 years showed no effect on prespecified cardiovascular endpoints; aspirin reduced events.
162.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Secondary prevention with antioxidants in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomized placebo-controlled trial2000
In the SPACE trial (196 dialysis patients with prior CVD), 800 IU/day vitamin E for ~519 days reduced composite cardiovascular events (16% vs 33%; RR 0.46) and MI.
163.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease1998
In ATBC (27,271 Finnish male smokers), 50 mg/day vitamin E for 6.1 years had only a marginal 8% reduction in fatal CHD and no effect on nonfatal MI.
164.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events1997
In ATBC secondary prevention (1,862 male smokers with prior MI), vitamin E did not reduce major coronary events; beta-carotene increased fatal CHD deaths (RR 1.75).
SupplementDEX Database · Cataracts
11 references165.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses2022
An umbrella review found smoking and dietary factors including carotenoids have varying evidence strength for cataract, glaucoma, AMD, and diabetic retinopathy.
166.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Age-related cataract in men in the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial eye endpoints study: a randomized clinical trial2015
In 11,267 SELECT participants, 5–6 years of selenium 200 mcg/day or vitamin E did not reduce age-related cataract incidence versus placebo.
167.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract2012
A Cochrane review of 9 trials (117,272 adults) found no evidence that antioxidant vitamins including vitamin E prevent or slow age-related cataract progression.
168.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Age-related cataract in a randomized trial of vitamins E and C in men. See external source2010
In Physicians' Health Study II, 400 IU synthetic vitamin E every other day for 8 years did not reduce cataract risk in 11,415 US male physicians.
View source2010169.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Vitamin supplement use and incident cataracts in a population-based study2000
In 3,089 Beaver Dam Eye Study participants, multivitamin or vitamin C/E supplement use >10 years lowered 5-year nuclear and cortical cataract risk ~40–60%.
170.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities: the longitudinal study of cataract1998
In a longitudinal study of 764 adults, regular vitamin E supplement use and higher plasma vitamin E were associated with roughly 50% lower risk of worsening nuclear lens opacities.
171.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Incidence of cataract operations in Finnish male smokers unaffected by alpha tocopherol or beta carotene supplements1998
In ATBC (28,934 Finnish male smokers), 50 mg/day alpha-tocopherol for 5.7 years did not affect cataract extraction incidence (RR 0.91 vs placebo).
172.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Food and nutrient intake and risk of cataract1996
A case-control study in northern Italy found higher dietary vitamin E intake associated with lower cataract extraction risk (OR 0.5 for highest vs lowest quintile).
173.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and severity of nuclear and cortical opacities1995
In 400 adults aged 50–84, higher serum carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol were not consistently associated with less severe nuclear or cortical lens opacities overall.
174.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians1994
In Physicians' Health Study (17,744 men), multivitamin use was associated with lower cataract risk (RR 0.73); vitamin C and/or E alone showed no significant benefit.
175.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study1992
In 50,828 US women, higher dietary carotene and vitamin A intake was associated with 39% lower cataract extraction risk; long-term vitamin C supplement use also showed protection.
SupplementDEX Database · Lung cancer
3 references176.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — Association between Dietary and Supplemental Antioxidants Intake and Lung Cancer Risk: Evidence from a Cancer Screening Trial2023
In 98,451 PLCO participants, higher food-based antioxidant intake including lutein/zeaxanthin was associated with lower lung cancer risk (HR Q4 vs Q1 0.64); supplemental antioxidants showed no benefit.
177.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people2012
In a meta-analysis of 7,627 participants, there is no evidence for recommending supplements of vitamins A, C, E, selenium, either alone or in different combinations, for the prevention of lung cancer and lung cancer mortality in healthy people.
178.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers1994
In an RCT of 29,133 participants, 50 mg/day, total mortality was 8 percent higher (95 percent confidence interval, 1 to 16 percent) among the participants who received beta carotene than among those who did not, primarily because there were more deaths from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease.