Fractures
Supplements studied for fractures.
Overview
Vitamin D plus calcium (WA 56; low effect size, very high evidence, medium trust; 19 studies)) may lower hip and non-spine fracture risk by about 20–25% in older adults when combined (~800 IU vitamin D with calcium), though vitamin D alone usually does not prevent fractures without osteoporosis.
Calcium supplements alone (WA 56, 17 studies) did not reliably reduce fracture risk in large long-term trials such as the Women's Health Initiative, despite slight bone strength changes. Vitex agnus-castus, Green Tea, and Lutein show little or only observational fracture data. See the heatmap and evidence reviews below.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Calcium | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Cissus Quadrangularis | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Zeaxanthin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Lutein | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Vitex agnus-castus | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Algal Oil | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
8 supplements for and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
CalciumView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that taking calcium supplements, even in fairly high daily amounts (500 to 1600 mg for several years), does not lower the risk of fractures such as hip, spine, or other bone breaks in older adults who do not have osteoporosis.
- A very large study of women aged 50 to 79 years (the Women’s Health Initiative) found that calcium 1000 mg plus vitamin D 400 IU each day for 7 years slightly improved bone strength but did not reliably prevent fractures.
- However, women who took their supplements consistently (at least 80 percent of the time) did see about a 29 percent lower risk of hip fractures.
- Other studies showed no benefit for preventing height loss after menopause, and overall, large reviews of many studies confirm that calcium supplements do not protect against fractures.
- Some research has suggested that calcium plus vitamin D may help, but those results may be affected by other factors like whether women were also using hormone therapy or already had different risks for fractures.
- There may also be differences based on genetics.
- For example, women with a lower inherited risk of weak bones seemed to benefit more from calcium and vitamin D, while those at higher genetic risk did not appear to gain much protection.
- The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has stated there is not enough proof that calcium plus vitamin D supplements are safe and effective for preventing fractures in adults who do not have osteoporosis or vitamin D deficiency.
- They have specifically recommend against taking low-dose calcium (1000 mg or less) with vitamin D (400 IU or less) for preventing fractures in postmenopausal women living in the community.
Browse 17 studies·8 meta-analyses
MetaRole of calcium &/or vitamin D supplementation in preventing osteoporotic fracture in the elderly: A systematic review & meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 18 elderly RCTs found neither calcium nor vitamin D alone significantly reduced hip fractures; combined supplementation also lacked clear fracture benefit.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
MetaVitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2019n=500
A 2018 meta-analysis of large RCTs found vitamin D or calcium supplementation did not meaningfully reduce total, hip, or vertebral fractures in community adults.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 500
GuideVitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2018
The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that vitamin D with or without calcium prevents fractures in community-dwelling adults without known bone metabolism disorders.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaAssociation Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2017n=145
A meta-analysis of community adults ≥50 years found calcium, vitamin D, or combined supplementation was not associated with lower fracture incidence vs control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 145
- Ages
- 50+
RCTThe influence of genetic susceptibility and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on fracture risk2017
In 5,823 WHI participants, genetic fracture risk scores did not significantly modify the null effect of 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D on fracture risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTCalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and height loss: findings from the Women's Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D clinical trial2016n=36,282
Post hoc WHI analysis of 36,282 women found 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D did not slow height loss or reduce clinical height-loss risk over ~6 years.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 36,282
RCTCalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative2013n=36
In WHI (36,282 postmenopausal women), 7 years of 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D did not reduce hip fracture, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, CVD, or mortality; post-intervention follow-up was similar.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 600 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 36
MetaCalcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials2007n=5,666
A meta-analysis found no association between dietary calcium and hip fracture in women; calcium trials showed no nonvertebral fracture benefit but suggested higher hip fracture risk (RR 1.64).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 800–1600 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 5,666
MetaFracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: considering the inconsistent results2007
An extended meta-analysis including newer trials found high-dose vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures in earlier work, but recent large RCTs did not confirm the effect.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 700 IU/day
RCTCalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures2006n=36,282
In WHI (36,282 women, 7 years), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D raised hip BMD 1.06% but did not significantly reduce hip, spine, or total fractures; renal calculi increased.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 36,282
- Ages
- 50–79
MetaFracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2005n=9,820
A meta-analysis of vitamin D RCTs in older adults found high-dose vitamin D (700–800 IU/day) reduced hip and nonvertebral fractures; lower doses were ineffective.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 9,820
RCTVitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study2004n=5,063
A pragmatic cluster RCT in 9,605 Danish adults ≥66 years found offering 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D reduced osteoporotic fracture hospitalizations in a vitamin D–deficient region.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 5,063
- Ages
- 66+
RCTCombined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study2002n=199
In 583 institutionalized women (~85 years), 1200 mg calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D reduced parathyroid hormone and hip fractures over 2 years in the Decalyos II trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 199
- Avg age
- ~85
MetaMeta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis2002n=1,806
A meta-analysis of 15 postmenopausal calcium trials (1,806 women) found calcium slowed bone loss at spine, hip, forearm, and total body after ≥2 years vs usual intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 1,806
MetaMeta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women2002n=3,169
A meta-analysis of 25 vitamin D trials found hydroxylated vitamin D reduced vertebral fractures (RR 0.63) and standard vitamin D trended toward fewer nonvertebral fractures.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 3,169
RCTEffect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older1997n=37
In 389 adults ≥65 years over 3 years, 500 mg calcium plus 700 IU vitamin D increased femoral neck, spine, and total-body BMD vs placebo and lowered nonvertebral fracture incidence.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 700 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 37
- Avg age
- 15.8
Controlled trialVitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women1992n=142
In 3,270 elderly women over 18 months, 1.2 g calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D reduced hip fractures 43% and nonvertebral fractures 32% vs double placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 18 months
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 142
- Avg age
- 84±6
Cissus QuadrangularisView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Cissus quadrangularis, a traditional herbal remedy, might help bone fractures heal faster and reduce pain and swelling in people with jaw fractures.
Browse 6 studies·1 meta-analysis
Open-labelComparison of Teriparatide and Combination of Cissus Quadrangularis and Dalbergia Sissoo on Bone Healing Against the Control Group in Maxillofacial Fractures: A Randomized Open-label Control Trial2023n=24
In 24 maxillofacial fracture patients over 4 weeks, teriparatide and a Cissus quadrangularis plus Dalbergia sissoo combination both improved bite force versus control, with stronger osteogenic markers on teriparatide.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Population
- Adults with maxillofacial fractures
- Participants
- 24
MetaEfficacy and Safety of Cissus quadrangularis L. in Clinical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2017n=1,108
A meta-analysis of 9 Cissus quadrangularis trials (1,108 patients) found benefit for bone fracture pain but not hemorrhoids; combination products reduced weight and lipids in obesity trials.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 1,108
RCTClinical evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis as osteogenic agent in maxillofacial fracture: A pilot study2015n=5
In a pilot of 9 maxillofacial fracture patients, Cissus quadrangularis 500 mg three times daily for 6 weeks reduced pain and swelling versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 500 mg
- Population
- Adults with maxillofacial fractures
- Participants
- 5
- Ages
- 20–63
Clinical trialOsteogenic potential of Cissus quadrangularis assessed with osteopontin expression2013n=60
In 60 mandible fracture patients aged 20–35 years, Cissus quadrangularis accelerated clinical and radiographic healing and increased osteopontin expression versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 60
- Ages
- 20–35
RCTManagement of Colle's Fracture by Asthishrankhala (Cissus quadrangularis Linn): A Clinical Study2012
A clinical study of Colle's fracture patients found Asthishrankhala (Cissus quadrangularis) accelerated radiographic and clinical bone healing versus control.
RCTClinical evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis and Moringa oleifera and Osteoseal as osteogenic agents in mandibular fracture2011n=44
In 44 mandibular fracture patients, Cissus quadrangularis, Moringa oleifera, and Osteoseal all improved pain and swelling, with Osteoseal showing the greatest benefit.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults with mandibular fractures
- Participants
- 44
ZeaxanthinView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if taking zeaxanthin helps prevent bone fractures.
- Studies show that eating more zeaxanthin and lutein does not lower the risk of hip fractures.
- The benefits of taking zeaxanthin supplements for fracture prevention are unknown.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaCarotenoids and risk of fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies2017n=140,265
A meta-analysis found higher dietary total carotenoid and beta-carotene intake were associated with modestly lower hip fracture risk; circulating carotenoids showed no significant association.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 140,265
Vitamin DView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin D alone does not usually prevent broken bones in people without osteoporosis.
- But taking vitamin D together with calcium (about 800 IU vitamin D daily plus calcium) may lower the risk of broken hips and other non-spine fractures by about 20-25% in older adults.
- The type of calcium used might affect how well this works.
- Some studies in older women show no bone protection despite taking vitamin D and calcium, possibly because of other treatments or unclear bone health.
- Taking vitamin D with omega-3 fats doesn’t prevent fractures.
- Big studies show that taking vitamin D (2000 IU daily) alone or with omega-3 and exercise does not reduce fracture risk.
Browse 19 studies·6 meta-analyses
RCTVitamin D supplementation and adverse skeletal and non-skeletal outcomes in individuals at increased cardiovascular risk: Results from the International Polycap Study (TIPS)-3 randomized controlled trial2023n=5,670
In TIPS-3 (5,670 adults at cardiovascular risk given 60,000 IU/month vitamin D), supplementation did not reduce fractures or composite CV events but was associated with higher mortality.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 60000 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 5,670
- Avg age
- ~64
RCTVitamin D-A Risk Factor for Bone Fractures in Children: A Population-Based Prospective Case-Control Randomized Cross-Sectional Study2023n=889
A prospective study of 688 children found lower serum vitamin D was associated with higher forearm fracture risk; 6 months of vitamin D and calcium supplementation improved bony callus formation.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Population
- Children/adolescents
- Participants
- 889
- Ages
- 2–17
MetaWhat is the impact of daily oral supplementation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plus calcium on the incidence of hip fracture in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis2023n=483
A meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (12,620 participants) found daily 800 IU vitamin D3 plus 1,200 mg calcium reduced hip fracture (OR 0.69) and non-vertebral fracture (OR 0.80) in adults over 65.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 65 years
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 483
- Ages
- 65+
RCTSupplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults2022n=25,871
In the VITAL ancillary study of 25,871 midlife and older adults, 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 for 5.3 years did not reduce total, nonvertebral, or hip fractures versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 25,871
- Ages
- 50+
RCTEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial2020n=275
The DO-HEALTH RCT in 2157 adults aged 70+ found 3 years of omega-3 (1 g/day), vitamin D, or exercise did not significantly improve blood pressure, cognition, fractures, or infection rates versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 275
- Avg age
- ~70
MetaVitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2019n=500
A 2018 meta-analysis of large RCTs found vitamin D or calcium supplementation did not meaningfully reduce total, hip, or vertebral fractures in community adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 500
GuideVitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2018
The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that vitamin D with or without calcium prevents fractures in community-dwelling adults without known bone metabolism disorders.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaAssociation Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis2017n=145
A meta-analysis of community adults ≥50 years found calcium, vitamin D, or combined supplementation was not associated with lower fracture incidence vs control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 145
- Ages
- 50+
MetaThe effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis2014n=3,853
Trial sequential meta-analysis concluded vitamin D supplementation is unlikely to reduce skeletal or non-skeletal outcomes by >15% in community-dwelling adults.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 3,853
MetaA pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention2012
A pooled analysis of 11 RCTs (31,022 adults aged 65+) found vitamin D at actual intake ≥800 IU/day reduced hip fractures by 30% and any nonvertebral fractures by 14%.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Ages
- 76+
RCTPatient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe2010n=1,000
An individual patient data analysis of 68,517 participants from 7 trials found vitamin D with calcium reduced total fractures (HR 0.92) and hip fractures (HR 0.74 at 10 mcg/day with calcium), but vitamin D alone did not.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 10 mcg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 1,000
- Ages
- 47–107
MetaPrevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2009n=42
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (42,279 adults ≥65) found vitamin D >400 IU/day reduced nonvertebral fractures (RR 0.80) and hip fractures (RR 0.82) in older adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 42
- Avg age
- ~65
Systematic reviewSystematic review of the benefits and harms of calcitriol and alfacalcidol for fractures and falls2008n=2,139
A systematic review of 23 RCTs (2,139 participants) found calcitriol and alfacalcidol reduced nonvertebral fractures and falls but increased hypercalcemia risk; vertebral fracture benefit varied by analogue.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 2,139
RCTCalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures2006n=36,282
In WHI (36,282 women, 7 years), 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D raised hip BMD 1.06% but did not significantly reduce hip, spine, or total fractures; renal calculi increased.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 36,282
- Ages
- 50–79
RCTA randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women2005
A 3-year RCT of 208 African American postmenopausal women found 800–2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 with calcium did not prevent bone loss or change bone turnover markers.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Ages
- 50–75
MetaFracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2005n=9,820
A meta-analysis of vitamin D RCTs in older adults found high-dose vitamin D (700–800 IU/day) reduced hip and nonvertebral fractures; lower doses were ineffective.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 9,820
RCTOral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial2005n=5,292
In 5,292 elderly fracture patients, 800 IU vitamin D3 with or without 1000 mg calcium did not reduce new low-trauma fractures over up to 62 months.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 24–62 months
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 5,292
- Avg age
- ~70
RCTRandomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care2005n=3,314
In 3,314 women ≥70 years with fracture risk, 1000 mg calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D for ~25 months did not significantly lower clinical fracture rates vs leaflet-only control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 18–42 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 3,314
- Ages
- 70+
RCTCan vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial2002n=575
In a 2-year RCT of 1,144 nursing home residents, 10 mcg/day vitamin D3 in cod liver oil did not reduce hip or nonvertebral fractures versus vitamin D-depleted oil.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 10 mcg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 575
Green TeaView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It’s not clear yet whether drinking green tea can actually prevent fractures.
- Some large population studies suggest that people who drink green tea may have about a 12% lower risk of any type of fracture and around a 20% lower risk of hip fracture compared with people who don’t drink tea.
- However, these studies only show a connection, not definite proof that green tea itself prevents fractures.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalHabitual Tea Consumption and Risk of Fracture in 0.5 Million Chinese Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study2018n=453,625
In 453,625 Chinese adults (ages 35–74) followed in the China Kadoorie Biobank, habitual tea consumption was not associated with higher hospitalized fracture risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 453,625
- Ages
- 35–74
LuteinView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that eating more lutein or zeaxanthin does not significantly lower the risk of hip fractures.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaCarotenoids and risk of fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies2017n=140,265
A meta-analysis found higher dietary total carotenoid and beta-carotene intake were associated with modestly lower hip fracture risk; circulating carotenoids showed no significant association.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Participants
- 140,265
Algal OilView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking omega-3 supplements from algae, at a dose of 1 gram daily, does not seem to lower the risk of bone fractures in people over 70.
- Whether taken alone or together with vitamin D or exercise, these supplements have not been shown to prevent bone fractures in older adults.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial2020n=275
The DO-HEALTH RCT in 2157 adults aged 70+ found 3 years of omega-3 (1 g/day), vitamin D, or exercise did not significantly improve blood pressure, cognition, fractures, or infection rates versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 275
- Ages
- 70+
Vitex agnus-castusView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is little evidence that vitex agnus-castus helps bone fractures heal faster.
- A study found that taking a vitex extract for 8 weeks, with or without magnesium, did not improve healing of long bone fractures compared to placebo.
Browse 1 study
RCTEffects of "vitex agnus castus" extract and magnesium supplementation, alone and in combination, on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and fracture healing in women with long bone fracture2014n=15
In an RCT of 15 participants, 250 mg, for 8 weeks, there were no significant differences in the characteristic aspects of concern between the four groups at baseline.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- 250 mg
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 15
- Ages
- 20–45
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★44% | 19 | 6 | 40% |
| Calcium | ★★★★★56% | 17 | 8 | 36% |
| Cissus Quadrangularis | ★★★★★52% | 6 | 1 | 13% |
| Algal Oil | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | 2% |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | 2% |
| Lutein | ★★★★★36% | 1 | 1 | 2% |
| Vitex agnus-castus | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | 2% |
| Zeaxanthin | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | 2% |