Osteoporosis
Supplements studied for osteoporosis.
Overview
Calcium (WA 68; medium effect size, very high evidence, medium trust), Vitamin D (WA 68; medium effect size, very high evidence, medium trust), and Vitamin K (WA 68; medium effect size, very high evidence, medium trust) have medium-strength evidence supporting bone health in osteoporosis. Calcium with adequate vitamin D may slow age-related bone loss; vitamin D with calcium may reduce hip and other fractures in adults over 50, though effects vary by population. Vitamin K may modestly reduce fractures and spine bone loss when combined with other nutrients, with mixed hip outcomes.
Nattokinase (WA 68; medium effect size, very high evidence, medium trust) is listed for soy isoflavone research suggesting possible bone-density benefits post-menopause. Black Tea (WA 68; medium effect size, high evidence, high trust) regular intake may be linked to stronger bones and lower hip fracture risk in long-term drinkers. The heatmap and evidence reviews below compare evidence.
Effect graph
Relevant supplements
Relevant supplements sorted by DEX Score.
| Vitamin K | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Magnesium | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Calcium | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Black Tea | ★★★★★ | Medium |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Horny Goat Weed | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Kefir | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Yerba Mate | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Eleuthero | ★★★★★ | Low |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Vitamin B12 | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Flaxseed | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Vitamin B6 | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Melatonin | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★ | Very Low / None |
Studies
Find individual evidence reviews for supplements sorted by DEX Score.
18 supplements for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Black TeaView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that regularly drinking black tea may help support stronger bones.
- The benefits appear to be especially noticeable in women aged 65–76 who have been tea drinkers for more than 10 years.
- Drinking black tea is also linked to a lower risk of hip fractures in people over 50.
Browse 5 studies·1 meta-analysis
Systematic reviewCoffee and tea consumption on the risk of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis2025n=562,838
A 2025 meta-analysis of 14 observational studies (562,838 participants) found high-frequency coffee and tea consumption each associated with lower osteoporosis risk (coffee OR 0.79; tea high-frequency OR 0.82).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 562,838
Epidemiological evidence of increased bone mineral density in habitual tea drinkers2002n=497
In 1,037 Taiwanese adults, habitual tea drinking >10 years was associated with 5% higher lumbar spine, hip neck, and Ward triangle BMD; duration of tea consumption was the only independent BMD determinant.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 497
- Ages
- 6–10
ObservationalTea drinking and bone mineral density in older women2000
In 1,256 British women aged 65–76, tea drinkers had ~5% higher BMD at lumbar spine, greater trochanter, and Ward's triangle versus non-tea drinkers, independent of milk, smoking, and HRT use.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Women
- Ages
- 65–76
Risk factors for hip fracture in men from southern Europe: the MEDOS study. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study1999n=730
In the MEDOS study of 730 European men with hip fracture, low BMI, low physical activity, and low sunlight exposure were major reversible risk factors; tea and alcohol consumption contributed modestly to attributable risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 730
- Avg age
- ~50
Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: the MEDOS Study. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study1995
In the MEDOS study of women with hip fracture, low BMI, low milk and calcium intake, and low physical activity and sunlight exposure accounted for ~56% of hip fracture risk; tea consumption was among modifiable factors.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Population
- Women
- Avg age
- ~50
CalciumView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Getting enough calcium, either from food or supplements, is important for building and keeping strong bones, and it plays a key role in preventing osteoporosis.
- Experts recommend meeting the daily calcium needs for your age, along with enough vitamin D, especially for adults over 50.
- If you don’t get enough calcium from your diet, supplements can help fill the gap.
- Calcium on its own can slow down the loss of bone strength that naturally happens with age, though it doesn’t always prevent broken bones.
- The biggest benefits seem to happen in the first year or two of taking supplements, and the protection mostly disappears if you stop.
- After menopause, bone loss happens more quickly because of lower estrogen levels, and extra calcium makes only a small difference unless combined with other treatments.
- In older people, especially those living in nursing homes, taking calcium together with vitamin D has been shown to help lower the chance of fractures.
- But in healthier older adults living at home, big studies have found little or no benefit for preventing fractures.
- Calcium works best when combined with other treatments like vitamin D, hormone therapy, or prescription bone medicines.
- For men, the evidence is weaker, but some studies suggest that supplements can slightly improve bone strength when taken regularly.
- Overall, while calcium alone is not enough to stop osteoporosis, it is considered a necessary part of bone health, and other treatments for weak bones work best when daily calcium intake is adequate.
Browse 35 studies·6 meta-analyses
The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis2022
A clinician guide reviews osteoporosis prevention with adequate calcium, vitamin D, exercise, and antifracture medications; it is not an interventional trial.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Avg age
- ~50
MetaEffect of Calcium Fortified Foods on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021n=20
A meta-analysis of 20 calcium-fortification trials found fortified foods can raise calcium intake and bone outcomes in women and children, with heterogeneous quality.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 96–1200 mg
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 20
GuideVitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2018
The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that vitamin D with or without calcium prevents fractures in community-dwelling adults without known bone metabolism disorders.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTDietary calcium intake and rate of bone loss in men2017n=99
In 99 men over 2 years, neither baseline nor change in calcium intake predicted BMD loss at hip, spine, or total body despite inverse association with PTH.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 1500 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 99
- Avg age
- ~57
MetaVitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men2014n=91,791
A Cochrane review of vitamin D trials in older adults found supplementation with calcium reduced hip fractures; vitamin D alone showed inconsistent fracture effects.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 91,791
- Ages
- 18–65
MetaEfficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in preventing fractures in elderly women: a meta-analysis2010n=658
A meta-analysis in postmenopausal women found 800 IU/day vitamin D3 with calcium reduced nonvertebral fractures (OR 0.77) and improved BMD vs control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 658
MetaEfficacy of ossein-hydroxyapatite complex compared with calcium carbonate to prevent bone loss: a meta-analysis2009
A meta-analysis of 6 trials found ossein-hydroxyapatite complex preserved trabecular BMD better than calcium carbonate over treatment periods.
- Effect
- Benefit
RCTThe effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in 32 controlled trials in postmenopausal women2009n=3,169
A review of 32 postmenopausal calcium trials (3,169 women) found calcium slowed bone loss from ~1.07% to ~0.27% per year, with effect weakening after 4 years.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 3,169
MetaFracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: considering the inconsistent results2007
An extended meta-analysis including newer trials found high-dose vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures in earlier work, but recent large RCTs did not confirm the effect.
- Dose
- 700 IU/day
MetaInterventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients2007n=1,299
A Cochrane review in kidney transplant recipients found bisphosphonates and vitamin D analogues improve BMD but no intervention clearly reduced fractures.
- Population
- Kidney transplant recipients
- Participants
- 1,299
MetaUse of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis2007n=63
A meta-analysis of 29 trials (63,897 adults ≥50) found calcium with or without vitamin D reduced all fractures 12% and slowed hip/spine bone loss.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 63
- Avg age
- ~50
MetaInterventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials2005n=1,209
In 23 kidney transplant trials (1,209 patients), bisphosphonates, vitamin D analogues, and calcitonin improved lumbar BMD but no treatment reduced fracture risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Kidney transplant recipients
- Participants
- 1,209
RCTOral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial2005n=5,292
In 5,292 elderly fracture patients, 800 IU vitamin D3 with or without 1000 mg calcium did not reduce new low-trauma fractures over up to 62 months.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 24–62 months
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 5,292
- Avg age
- ~70
RCTRandomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care2005n=3,314
In 3,314 women ≥70 years with fracture risk, 1000 mg calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D for ~25 months did not significantly lower clinical fracture rates vs leaflet-only control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 18–42 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 3,314
- Ages
- 70+
The Canadian health claim for calcium, vitamin D and osteoporosis2004
A Canadian evidence review supporting a health claim concluded adequate calcium and vitamin D with exercise may reduce osteoporosis risk based on available trial data.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
RCTVitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study2004n=5,063
A pragmatic cluster RCT in 9,605 Danish adults ≥66 years found offering 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D reduced osteoporotic fracture hospitalizations in a vitamin D–deficient region.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 5,063
- Ages
- 66+
RCTEffects of calcitriol or calcium on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and fractures in men with primary osteoporosis: a two-year randomized, double blind, double placebo study2001n=41
In 41 men with primary osteoporosis over 2 years, calcitriol or calcium 500 mg twice daily did not clearly reduce new fragility fractures vs each other.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 500 mg 2×/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 41
ObservationalCalcium, dairy products and osteoporosis2000
A review of 139 calcium-bone studies concluded high calcium intakes generally support bone health, with strongest trial evidence from supplements and dairy sources.
- Population
- Older adults
Can calcium and vitamin D supplementation adequately treat most patients with osteoporosis?2000
A clinical review asks whether calcium and vitamin D alone adequately treat osteoporosis; it provides expert commentary rather than new trial data.
- Population
- Osteoporosis patients
RCTEffect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium carbonate on bone loss associated with long-term renal transplantation2000n=16
In 30 kidney transplant recipients over 1 year, calcitriol plus 500 mg/day calcium increased lumbar and femoral neck BMD similarly to control, without between-group differences.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Kidney transplant recipients
- Participants
- 16
RCTEffect of withdrawal of calcium and vitamin D supplements on bone mass in elderly men and women2000n=167
In 295 elderly adults after 3 years of calcium/vitamin D, stopping supplements reversed most BMD gains within 2 years, with limited residual total-body benefit in men.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 167
- Ages
- ≥68
Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Strategies for preventing bone loss, avoiding fracture2000
A clinical review summarizes lifestyle and pharmacologic osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women; it does not report original trial outcomes.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTA prospective study of bone loss and turnover after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: effect of calcium supplementation with or without calcitonin1999n=22
In 69 BMT recipients, 12 months of calcium with or without calcitonin did not clearly prevent post-transplant bone loss vs no added treatment.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 22
RCTEfficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women1999
A review article on calcium supplements and postmenopausal bone mass is cited without an available abstract detailing specific trial outcomes.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTPreventing postmenopausal bone loss with ossein-hydroxyapatite compounds. Results of a two-year, prospective trial1999n=21
In 60 postmenopausal women over 24 months, ossein-hydroxyapatite prevented bone loss whereas 2.5 g/day calcium carbonate lost ~3.7% BMD in year 2.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 24 months
- Dose
- 2.5 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 21
The new dietary reference intakes for calcium: implications for osteoporosis1999
A policy review explains new DRIs setting adult calcium at 1000–1200 mg/day to optimize retention and reduce fracture susceptibility.
- Dose
- 1200 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
The use of calcium in the management of osteoporosis1999
A narrative review on calcium in osteoporosis management provides clinical guidance without reporting quantified trial results in the available abstract.
RCTCalcium and vitamin D supplementation increases spinal BMD in healthy, postmenopausal women1998n=240
In 240 postmenopausal women over 2 years, calcium plus vitamin D raised lumbar spine BMD 1.6% vs no change on placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 240
- Ages
- 58–67
MetaCalcium potentiates the effect of estrogen and calcitonin on bone mass: review and analysis1998n=7
A review of estrogen and calcitonin trials found adding ~1183 mg/day calcium roughly doubled lumbar and femoral neck BMD gains vs hormone therapy alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1183 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 7
MetaCalcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women1997
A systematic review of calcium fracture trials found RCTs suggested 25–70% fracture risk reduction, but observational dietary calcium data on hip fracture were inconsistent.
- Dose
- 300 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTEffect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older1997n=37
In 389 adults ≥65 years over 3 years, 500 mg calcium plus 700 IU vitamin D increased femoral neck, spine, and total-body BMD vs placebo and lowered nonvertebral fracture incidence.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 700 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 37
- Avg age
- 15.8
RCTFirst- and second-year effects in trials of calcium supplementation on the loss of bone density in postmenopausal women1997
A meta-analysis of postmenopausal calcium trials found bone-protective effects were significant only in the first year after starting supplementation, not the second.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTThe effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning1997
In lactating women, 1 g/day calcium did not prevent lumbar spine loss during breastfeeding but enhanced bone gain after weaning vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 1 g/day
- Population
- Women
Controlled trialVitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women1992n=142
In 3,270 elderly women over 18 months, 1.2 g calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D reduced hip fractures 43% and nonvertebral fractures 32% vs double placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 18 months
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 142
- Avg age
- 84±6
MetaCalcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence1990
A quantitative review of 49 calcium-bone studies found supplements consistently slowed postmenopausal bone loss, with stronger effects at low baseline calcium intake.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MagnesiumView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- For postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, eating more magnesium-rich foods or taking magnesium supplements may help strengthen bones and slow bone loss.
- Early research shows that taking magnesium hydroxide or magnesium citrate supplements in certain doses might reduce bone breakdown and improve bone density.
- Studies generally suggest magnesium helps bone health, but some have not found a clear benefit.
Browse 5 studies·1 meta-analysis
MetaDietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis2016
A meta-analysis of 12 observational studies found higher magnesium intake not associated with lower hip or total fracture risk, though a marginally significant correlation with higher femoral neck BMD (r=0.14) was observed.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Women
RCTShort-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women2010n=10
A 30-day study of 20 postmenopausal osteoporotic women found 1.83 g/day magnesium citrate suppressed bone turnover markers, lowering iPTH and urinary deoxypyridinoline vs no treatment.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 30 days
- Dose
- 1.83 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 10
ObservationalPotassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women1999
A Framingham cohort analysis found higher dietary potassium, magnesium, and fruit/vegetable intake associated with greater BMD at hip and forearm sites and less BMD decline over 4 years in elderly men.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 4 years
- Population
- Adults
ObservationalCalcium, phosphorus and magnesium intakes correlate with bone mineral content in postmenopausal women1994
A study of 194 postmenopausal women (70 osteoporotic) found lower dietary calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake in osteoporotic vs control women, with intake correlating with bone mineral content.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Ages
- 5–7
Open-labelTrabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis1993
A two-year controlled clinical trial reporting that oral magnesium supplementation helped improve trabecular bone density in individuals with osteoporosis. An open-label study of postmenopausal women (mean age +/- SD 57.6 +/- 10.6 years) found that 250 to 750 mg/day magnesium hydroxide (Magnesium Magma USP, Mazor) for 6 months and then 250 mg/day magnesium hydroxide for another 18 months led to a 1-8% increase in bone density in 71% of those receiving magnesium, whilst bone density fell significantly in untreated women.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 750 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Avg age
- 57.6±10.6
NattokinaseView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Soy foods and supplements containing isoflavones might help keep bones stronger and reduce bone loss, especially in women after menopause.
- Studies show that soy may slow down bone thinning and improve bone density.
- Benefits are more likely if you are past menopause and may depend on your body’s ability to process soy compounds.
- Combining soy with exercise could further support muscle and bone health.
- Soy is one option among many to help protect your bones as you age.
Browse 18 studies·1 meta-analysis
RCTImpact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial2015
In 24 postmenopausal women, soy isoflavone supplements (52–220 mg/day) for 50 days increased bone calcium retention by 3.4–7.6% vs baseline in a crossover trial.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 50 days
- Dose
- 52–220 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTEffect of soy isolate protein and resistance exercises on muscle performance and bone health of osteopenic/osteoporotic post-menopausal women2013
In osteopenic postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of soy protein plus resistance exercise improved muscle performance and bone ultrasound parameters more than soy or exercise alone.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Avg age
- ~55
MetaSystematic review of soy isoflavone supplements on osteoporosis in women2012
A meta-analysis found soy isoflavones increased bone mineral density by 54% relative measure and reduced urinary DPD by 23%, with stronger effects above 75 mg/day in postmenopausal women.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 75 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
RCTThe effect of soy isoflavone on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women with bone loss: a 2-year randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study2012n=217
In 217 postmenopausal women, 300 mg/day isoflavones for 2 years with calcium and vitamin D did not prevent lumbar spine or hip BMD decline vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Dose
- 300 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 217
- Ages
- 45–65
ObservationalProspective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women2005n=24,403
In 24,403 postmenopausal Chinese women followed 4.5 years, higher soy protein intake was associated with lower fracture risk across quintiles (HR 0.63 in highest vs lowest).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 24,403
- Ages
- 40–70
RCTBeneficial effect of soy isoflavones on bone mineral content was modified by years since menopause, body weight, and calcium intake: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial2004n=68
In 203 postmenopausal Chinese women, 40–80 mg/day isoflavones with calcium for 1 year improved bone mineral content at some sites, modified by years since menopause, weight, and calcium intake.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 40–80 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 68
- Ages
- 48–62
RCTEffect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial2004n=175
A 12-month double-blind RCT in 202 postmenopausal women found soy protein with isoflavones did not significantly improve cognition, bone density, or lipids versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 175
- Ages
- 60–75
RCTShort-term effects of high soy supplementation on sex hormones, bone markers, and lipid parameters in young female adults2004
In young women across one menstrual cycle, 52 mg/day isoflavones from soy cookies did not affect sex hormones but slightly raised the bone resorption-to-formation marker ratio midluteally.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 1 menstrual cycle
- Dose
- 52 mg/day
- Population
- Women
RCTThe effect of soy protein isolate on bone metabolism2004n=65
In 65 early postmenopausal women, 9 months of soy protein with 52 or 96 mg/day isoflavones did not improve spine or femoral neck BMD vs isoflavone-free soy.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 9 months
- Dose
- 96 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 65
- Avg age
- ~55
RCTA randomized controlled trial of phytoestrogen supplementation, growth and bone turnover in adolescent males2003n=69
In 69 adolescent boys, 6 weeks of 50 mg/day isoflavones did not change bone turnover markers, height, or weight vs placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 50 mg/day
- Population
- Children/adolescents
- Participants
- 69
- Avg age
- ~17
RCTSoy isoflavones have a favorable effect on bone loss in Chinese postmenopausal women with lower bone mass: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial2003n=68
In 203 postmenopausal Chinese women, 80 mg/day soy isoflavones for 1 year improved hip BMC change rates vs placebo, especially in those with lower baseline BMD.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 1 year
- Dose
- 80 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 68
- Ages
- 48–62
RCTSoy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion2003n=22
In 42 postmenopausal women, 40 g/day soy protein for 3 months reduced urinary bone resorption marker DPD and prevented the urinary calcium rise seen with milk protein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 22
Controlled trialSoy isoflavones: no effects on bone mineral content and bone mineral density in healthy, menstruating young adult women after one year2002n=15
In 28 young women (21–25 years), 12 months of isoflavone-enriched soy protein (~90 mg/day) did not increase bone mineral content or density vs isoflavone-deficient soy control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 90 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 15
- Ages
- 21–25
Clinical trialHigh dietary phytoestrogen intake is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women2001n=357
In 650 Chinese women, highest vs lowest isoflavone intake was associated with higher lumbar spine BMD and lower PTH in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 357
- Ages
- 19–86
Clinical trialSoy intake and the maintenance of peak bone mass in Hong Kong Chinese women2001n=132
In 116 premenopausal Hong Kong women followed ~3 years, soy isoflavone intake was not significantly associated with maintenance of peak spinal bone mineral density.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 132
- Ages
- 30–40
ObservationalSoy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women2001n=478
In 478 postmenopausal Japanese women, higher isoflavone intake (~54 mg/day mean) was associated with higher lumbar BMD after adjusting for weight and years since menopause.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 54.3 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 478
RCTIsoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women2000n=24
In 69 perimenopausal women, 24 weeks of isoflavone-rich soy protein (80.4 mg/day) attenuated lumbar spine BMD loss vs whey control, with positive regression effect on BMD change.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 80.4 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 24
RCTSoy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women1998
In 66 hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, 40 g/day soy protein with moderate or high isoflavones for 6 months reduced non-HDL cholesterol and increased HDL vs casein.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
Vitamin DView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking enough vitamin D with calcium helps keep bones strong and may prevent osteoporosis, especially in adults 50 years and older.
- Experts suggest adults take 800 to 1000 IU of vitamin D daily with calcium for bone health.
- Taking vitamin D3 with calcium can slow bone loss, improve bone density, and lower the risk of broken hips and other bones.
- However, vitamin D alone might not help without enough calcium, and the effect on certain spine fractures is unclear.
- Some groups, like Black women after menopause, might not get the same benefits from supplements.
- Research shows vitamin D might not prevent new fractures in people who already have osteoporosis.
- In special cases, a form of vitamin D called alfacalcidol may help maintain bone density.
Browse 24 studies·10 meta-analyses
Systematic reviewEfficacy of combination therapy of vitamin D and bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis2024
A meta-analysis of postmenopausal osteoporosis RCTs found combined vitamin D and bisphosphonates improved bone turnover markers and BMD-related measures more than monotherapy.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaNutritional therapy of older osteoporotic people with supplemental calcium and vitamin D: side effects, fracture rates, and survival - an internationalised meta-analysis2024n=69,234
A meta-analysis of 19 RCTs (69,234 older adults) found calcium plus vitamin D did not reduce mortality but lowered fracture incidence and raised bone density and 25(OH)D, with more GI adverse events.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 69,234
MetaRole of calcium &/or vitamin D supplementation in preventing osteoporotic fracture in the elderly: A systematic review & meta-analysis2023
A meta-analysis of 18 elderly RCTs found neither calcium nor vitamin D alone significantly reduced hip fractures; combined supplementation also lacked clear fracture benefit.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
MetaEffect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Risk of Fractures and Falls According to Dosage and Interval: A Meta-Analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 32 RCTs found daily vitamin D 800–1,000 IU reduced osteoporotic fracture (RR 0.87) and fall risk (RR 0.91), while 1,000 mg/day dosing and intermittent regimens did not.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Adults
The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis2022
This clinician guide on osteoporosis prevention and treatment discusses vitamin D as part of bone health management but does not report a single trial outcome.
GuideVitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement2018
The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that vitamin D with or without calcium prevents fractures in community-dwelling adults without known bone metabolism disorders.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaA pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention2012
A pooled analysis of 11 RCTs (31,022 adults aged 65+) found vitamin D at actual intake ≥800 IU/day reduced hip fractures by 30% and any nonvertebral fractures by 14%.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Ages
- 76+
MetaEfficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in preventing fractures in elderly women: a meta-analysis2010n=658
A meta-analysis in postmenopausal women found 800 IU/day vitamin D3 with calcium reduced nonvertebral fractures (OR 0.77) and improved BMD vs control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 658
MetaHip fracture risk in relation to vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies2010n=100
Meta-analyses found RCT vitamin D supplementation did not prevent hip fractures (RR 1.13), while case-control studies showed 33% lower 25(OH)D in hip fracture cases versus controls.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Participants
- 100
RCTPatient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe2010n=1,000
An individual patient data analysis of 68,517 participants from 7 trials found vitamin D with calcium reduced total fractures (HR 0.92) and hip fractures (HR 0.74 at 10 mcg/day with calcium), but vitamin D alone did not.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 10 mcg/day
- Population
- Men
- Participants
- 1,000
- Ages
- 47–107
MetaPrevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2009n=42
A meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (42,279 adults ≥65) found vitamin D >400 IU/day reduced nonvertebral fractures (RR 0.80) and hip fractures (RR 0.82) in older adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 42
- Avg age
- ~65
MetaVitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis2009n=47,042
A Cochrane review of 45 trials found vitamin D alone did not prevent hip, vertebral, or any fractures, but vitamin D with calcium reduced hip fractures (RR 0.84) in older adults.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 47,042
GuideFood labeling: health claims; calcium and osteoporosis, and calcium, vitamin D, and osteoporosis. Final rule2008
The FDA amended calcium osteoporosis health claim regulations to allow combined calcium and vitamin D claims and revised labeling requirements for bone health statements.
Systematic reviewSystematic review of the benefits and harms of calcitriol and alfacalcidol for fractures and falls2008n=2,139
A systematic review of 23 RCTs (2,139 participants) found calcitriol and alfacalcidol reduced nonvertebral fractures and falls but increased hypercalcemia risk; vertebral fracture benefit varied by analogue.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Participants
- 2,139
RCTA randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women2005
A 3-year RCT of 208 African American postmenopausal women found 800–2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 with calcium did not prevent bone loss or change bone turnover markers.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2000 IU/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Ages
- 50–75
Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club2005
This Belgian Bone Club consensus document provides evidence-based postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment guidelines including vitamin D recommendations.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaFracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2005n=9,820
A meta-analysis of vitamin D RCTs in older adults found high-dose vitamin D (700–800 IU/day) reduced hip and nonvertebral fractures; lower doses were ineffective.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 9,820
RCTOral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial2005n=5,292
In 5,292 elderly fracture patients, 800 IU vitamin D3 with or without 1000 mg calcium did not reduce new low-trauma fractures over up to 62 months.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 24–62 months
- Dose
- 800 IU/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 5,292
- Avg age
- ~70
RCTRandomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care2005n=3,314
In 3,314 women ≥70 years with fracture risk, 1000 mg calcium plus 800 IU vitamin D for ~25 months did not significantly lower clinical fracture rates vs leaflet-only control.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 18–42 months
- Dose
- 1000 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 3,314
- Ages
- 70+
MetaVitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis2005
A meta-analysis of 33 trials found vitamin D analogues (alfacalcidol, calcitriol) prevented bone loss and fractures more effectively than native vitamin D in non-glucocorticoid osteoporosis.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
Vitamin D and fractures: quo vadis?2005
This editorial review discusses unresolved questions about vitamin D and fracture prevention; it does not report original trial outcome data.
RCTVitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study2004n=5,063
A pragmatic cluster RCT in 9,605 Danish adults ≥66 years found offering 1000 mg calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D reduced osteoporotic fracture hospitalizations in a vitamin D–deficient region.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 5,063
- Ages
- 66+
MetaMeta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women2002n=3,169
A meta-analysis of 25 vitamin D trials found hydroxylated vitamin D reduced vertebral fractures (RR 0.63) and standard vitamin D trended toward fewer nonvertebral fractures.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 3,169
Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy2001
A 2000 NIH consensus conference reviewed osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy including vitamin D's role in bone health across populations at risk.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
Vitamin KView supplement →
Consider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin K by mouth might help lower the risk of fractures and bone loss in people who already have osteoporosis, but it may not help those who are just at risk of osteoporosis.
- Studies have shown mixed results.
- Some research suggests that vitamin K supplements can slightly reduce fractures, especially in the spine, and improve bone strength in the lower back when taken with vitamin D, calcium, or other medicines.
- However, vitamin K does not seem to help bone strength in the hip, thigh, or forearm.
- Some studies found no overall fracture reduction, but when the largest study with mild osteoporosis was excluded, vitamin K2 lowered fractures by about half in people with osteoporosis and improved bone strength.
- Vitamin K1 also showed mixed effects, sometimes reducing fractures but not improving bone density.
- Taking vitamin K1 or K2 with other osteoporosis medications did not add extra benefit to bone strength.
Browse 22 studies·5 meta-analyses
Systematic reviewEffects of vitamin K supplementation on bone mineral density at different sites and bone metabolism in the middle-aged and elderly population2024
In a systematic review in older adults, accordingly, the ratio of cOC to ucOC (p = 0.002) significantly increased, while the ratio of ucOC to tOC decreased (p = 0.043).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Older adults
RCTThe additive effect of vitamin K supplementation and bisphosphonate on fracture risk in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a randomised placebo controlled trial2023n=105
In an RCT of 105 participants, 1 mg/day, for 18 months, changes in BMD at the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine and BTMs; CTX and P1NP did not differ significantly following either K 1 or MK-4 supplementation compared to placebo.
- Duration
- 18 months
- Dose
- 1 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 105
- Ages
- postmenopausal
RCTEffect of Vitamin K on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022n=7,092
In an RCT of 7,092 participants, VK decreases general fracture risk, and it can be an option to counter bone loss disorders.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 7,092
- Ages
- 19+
MetaEfficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2022n=6,425
In a meta-analysis of 6,425 participants, in conclusion, VK2 can indirectly promote bone mineralization and increase bone strength.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 6,425
RCTThe effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial2021
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 38 μg/day, for 3 years, however, treatment of postmenopausal women with osteopenia for 3 years did not affect biochemical markers of bone turnover, bone mineral density, or bone microarchitecture.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 38 μg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
MetaEffect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials2019
In a meta-analysis in adults, for post-menopausal or osteoporotic patients, there is no evidence that vitamin K affects bone mineral density or vertebral fractures; it may reduce clinical fractures; however, the evidence is insufficient to confirm this.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
MetaDoes vitamin K2 play a role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis for postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2015n=6,759
In a meta-analysis of 6,759 participants, as for the incidence of fractures, pooled analysis of the seven related studies demonstrated no significant difference in the incidence of fractures favoring vitamin K2 (RR = 0.63, p = 0.08).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 2 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 6,759
RCTEffect of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) supplementation for 12 months on the indices of vitamin K status and bone health in adult patients with Crohn's disease2014
In an RCT in healthy adults, 500 mg/day, for 12 months, despite near maximal suppression of serum %ucOC, supplementation with 1000 μg of phylloquinone daily (with Ca and vitamin D3) had no effect on the indices of bone health in adult CD patients with likely vitamin K insufficiency.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 500 mg/day
- Population
- Healthy adults
MetaEffect of vitamin K on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials2012
In a meta-analysis in adults, further studies are required to address factors relating to the observed effects of vitamin K on BMD.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
RCTDietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantation2010
In an RCT, 180 µg menaquinone-7/day, vitamin D status should receive more attention.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 180 µg menaquinone-7/day
RCTRandomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (OF study): a phase IV clinical study of 15-mg menatetrenone capsules2009n=2,193
In an RCT of 2,193 participants, for 36 months, in conclusion, menatetrenone therapy was not effective for preventing vertebral fractures in the full analysis set of this study, but the results suggested that it may prevent vertebral fractures in patients with more advanced osteoporosis.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 36 months
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 2,193
- Avg age
- ~50
RCTEffect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss in elderly men and women2008n=401
In an RCT of 401 participants, 400 IU/day, for 6–12 months, the group that received the phylloquinone supplement had significantly higher phylloquinone and significantly lower percent undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations compared with the group that did not receive phylloquinone.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6–12 months
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 401
RCTVitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): a randomized controlled trial2008
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 5 mg vitamin K1/day, there were no significant differences in adverse effects or health-related quality of life between the two groups.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 5 mg vitamin K1/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
ObservationalVitamin K1 intake is associated with higher bone mineral density and reduced bone resorption in early postmenopausal Scottish women: no evidence of gene-nutrient interaction with apolipoprotein E polymorphisms2008n=3,199
In an observational study of 3,199 participants, after adjustment for confounders, the P value for BMD loss (0.03 for LS and 0.04 for FN) did not reach the level of significance required for multiple testing (P = 0.012).
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 3,199
- Ages
- 49–54
ObservationalNo effect of vitamin K1 intake on bone mineral density and fracture risk in perimenopausal women2006n=360
In an observational study of 360 participants, in a group of perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, vitamin K(1) intake was not associated with effects on BMD or fracture risk.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 360
RCTVitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia2006n=33
In an RCT of 33 participants, 45 mg/day, for 48 weeks, treatment with 45 mg vitamin K2 with 1500 mg calcium per day for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis for 48 weeks resulted in a significant increase in lumbar BMD and a significant decrease in undercarboxylated OC levels.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 45 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 33
RCTVitamin K2 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss partly by preventing the reduction of osteoprotegerin (OPG)2005n=20
In an RCT of 20 participants, 15 mg/day, bMD of the lumbar spine was significantly reduced after 6 months (P < 0.01), and 12 months (P < 0.001) of treatment in group A, whereas there was no remarkable change in group B.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 15 mg/day
- Population
- Osteoporosis patients
- Participants
- 20
ObservationalVitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men2003n=1,112
In an observational study of 1,112 participants, no significant association was found between dietary vitamin K intake and BMD in men.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Dose
- 0.010 g/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 1,112
- Ages
- 29–86
RCTVitamin K1 supplementation retards bone loss in postmenopausal women between 50 and 60 years of age2003
In an RCT in postmenopausal women, 1 mg/day, for 3 years, no significant differences were observed among the three groups with respect to change of BMD at the site of the lumbar spine.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 3 years
- Dose
- 1 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Ages
- 50–60
Clinical trialTime-dependent effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women2002
In a clinical trial in postmenopausal women, 45 mg/day, for 48 weeks, these results indicate that menatetrenone treatment of postmenopausal women constantly elevates bone formation markers as well as converts Glu-OC to Gla-OC.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 48 weeks
- Dose
- 45 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Ages
- 48–82
RCTEffect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women2000n=172
In an RCT of 172 participants, for 2 years, furthermore, the increase in coagulation function observed during this therapy was within the physiological range, and no adverse reactions were observed.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 2 years
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 172
RCTVitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis2000n=120
In an RCT of 120 participants, 45 mg/day, for 6 months, there was no significant change in urinary DPD excretion in the treated group.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 45 mg/day
- Population
- Osteoporosis patients
- Participants
- 120
Horny Goat WeedView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough good evidence to know whether horny goat weed helps with osteoporosis.
- Some studies suggest Epimedium-based products may help reduce bone loss, but more research is needed before the benefit can be considered reliable.
Browse 2 studies·1 meta-analysis
Systematic reviewEpimedium for Osteoporosis Based on Western and Eastern Medicine: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2022n=1,017
An updated systematic review and meta-analysis (1,017 participants) found Epimedium supplementation improved bone mineral density in osteoporosis across included RCTs.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Patients with osteoporosis
- Participants
- 1,017
RCTEpimedium-derived phytoestrogen flavonoids exert beneficial effect on preventing bone loss in late postmenopausal women: a 24-month randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial2007n=50
In 50 late postmenopausal women over 24 months, Epimedium-derived phytoestrogen flavonoids (60 mg/day) prevented bone loss without endometrial hyperplasia versus placebo.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 24 months
- Dose
- 60 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 50
MultivitaminView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It’s unclear if taking multivitamins helps prevent broken bones from osteoporosis.
- Some observational studies found people who took multivitamins had about half the risk of hip fractures compared to those who didn’t, but the studies varied a lot so we don't know for sure.
Browse 1 study·1 meta-analysis
MetaMultivitamins and risk of fragility hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis2021n=80,148
A meta-analysis of 80,148 adults found multivitamin use was not associated with lower fragility hip fracture risk.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 80,148
- Avg age
- ~69
KefirView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- A small study in people with osteoporosis found that taking kefir (1600 mg) together with calcium (1500 mg daily) for 6 months did not improve bone density compared with calcium alone.
Browse 1 study
RCTShort-Term Effects of Kefir-Fermented Milk Consumption on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Osteoporotic Patients2015n=40
In 40 postmenopausal women, kefir 1,600 mg/day for 6 months improved bone mineral density at lumbar spine and femoral neck versus control.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 600 mg/day
- Population
- Osteoporosis patients
- Participants
- 40
- Avg age
- 67.94±8.37
EleutheroView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Eleuthero has only been tested together with other herbs and not on its own, so its effects are unknown.
- In a small study of postmenopausal women, taking a supplement twice daily for 12 months that included low-dose calcium, vitamin D3, and a 250 mg mix of rehmannia root and eleuthero extract helped slow bone loss in the spine and hip compared with placebo or high-dose calcium and vitamin D. It is not known whether this benefit came from eleuthero, rehmannia, or both together.
Browse 1 study
Effects of R. Glutinosa and E. Senticosus on Postmenopausal Osteoporosis2007
A 2007 clinical study evaluated Rehmannia glutinosa and Eleutherococcus senticosus for postmenopausal osteoporosis; detailed outcome data were not available in the indexed abstract.
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
Yerba MateView supplement →
Reconsider purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- It is not clear if drinking yerba mate helps people with osteoporosis.
- One study found that people who drank at least 1 liter daily for 4 years had higher bone density in the spine and hip.
- Another smaller study found no link between yerba mate and bone health markers in postmenopausal adults.
- Neither study showed an effect on bone fractures, and more research is needed.
Browse 2 studies
ObservationalThe yerba mate intake has a neutral effect on bone: A case-control study in postmenopausal women2018n=46
In an observational study of 46 participants, in conclusion, the yerba mate intake is not associated with fracture, and it appears to have a neutral effect on the bone metabolism.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 46
ObservationalYerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women2012n=146
In an observational study of 146 participants, ≥1 L yerba mate tea/day, from a program for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, postmenopausal women who drank at least 1 L of Yerba Mate tea daily during 4 or more years (n=146) were identified, and matched by age and time since menopause with an equal number of women who did not...
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- ≥4 years
- Dose
- ≥1 L yerba mate tea/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 146
FlaxseedView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Research shows that taking ground flaxseed (40 grams per day) for up to one year does not improve bone strength or bone density in healthy postmenopausal women.
- Likewise, a flaxseed extract supplement (550 mg three times daily for 6 months) did not improve bone density compared with a placebo in older adults.
Browse 3 studies
RCTA randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults2009n=100
In a 6-month double-blind RCT of 100 older adults on a walking program, 543 mg/day flaxseed lignan complex did not significantly improve metabolic syndrome composite score or bone mineral density versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 5–6 days
- Dose
- 543 mg/day
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 100
RCTThe effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial2004n=101
In a 12-month RCT of 199 menopausal women, 40 g/day flaxseed reduced total and HDL cholesterol versus wheat germ placebo but did not significantly change bone mineral density or menopausal symptoms.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 101
RCTFlaxseed improves lipid profile without altering biomarkers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women2002
In a 3-month double-blind RCT of postmenopausal women, 40 g/day ground flaxseed lowered total and LDL cholesterol versus wheat control without altering bone metabolism biomarkers.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 40 g/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
Green TeaView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Drinking green tea daily for many years may help increase bone density.
- People who drink less than one cup daily are more likely to have osteoporosis compared to those drinking 1 to 3 cups daily.
- Other research shows that taking decaffeinated green tea extract with a high amount of green tea compounds does not improve bone density or bone health scores in older women.
Browse 3 studies
ObservationalRelationship between Regular Green Tea Intake and Osteoporosis in Korean Postmenopausal Women: A Nationwide Study2021n=37,753
In 37,753 Korean postmenopausal women, regular green tea intake was examined for associations with bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in a nationwide study.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 37,753
- Ages
- 50+
RCTLong-Term Supplementation of Green Tea Extract Does Not Modify Adiposity or Bone Mineral Density in a Randomized Trial of Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women2016n=61
In 61 overweight postmenopausal women over 12 months, decaffeinated green tea extract (843 mg/day) did not significantly change adiposity or bone mineral density versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- 843 mg/day
- Population
- Postmenopausal women
- Participants
- 61
- Ages
- 50–70
Epidemiological evidence of increased bone mineral density in habitual tea drinkers2002n=497
In 1,037 Taiwanese adults, habitual tea drinking >10 years was associated with 5% higher lumbar spine, hip neck, and Ward triangle BMD; duration of tea consumption was the only independent BMD determinant.
- Effect
- Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 497
- Ages
- 6–10
Vitamin B12View supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin B12 with folic acid and sometimes vitamin B6 daily for several years does not lower the chance of bone fractures due to osteoporosis in older adults or people who have had strokes.
- Research shows no benefit from these vitamins in preventing fractures.
Browse 3 studies
RCTLong-term effects of folic acid and vitamin-B12 supplementation on fracture risk and cardiovascular disease: Extended follow-up of the B-PROOF trial2021n=662
A randomized trial of 662 older adults found that 400 μg for 5–7 years no effect was observed of the intervention on osteoporotic fracture or any fracture risk after a follow-up (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.62-1.59 and HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.50-1.19, respectively), nor on cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease risk (OR: 1.05; 95%CI: 0.80-1.44 and OR:.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 μg
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 662
- Ages
- 5–7
RCTEffect of daily vitamin B-12 and folic acid supplementation on fracture incidence in elderly individuals with an elevated plasma homocysteine concentration: B-PROOF, a randomized controlled trial2014n=2,919
A randomized trial of 2919 adults found that 600 IU/day osteoporotic fracture risk was not significantly different between groups in the intention-to-treat analyses (HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.58, 1.21) or per-protocol analyses (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.21).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 600 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,919
- Ages
- 65+
RCTThe effect of homocysteine-lowering with B-vitamins on osteoporotic fractures in patients with cerebrovascular disease: substudy of VITATOPS, a randomised placebo-controlled trial2013n=8,164
A randomized trial of 8164 patients with cerebrovascular disease found that 2 mg folic acid + 25 mg vitamin B6 + 500 µg vitamin B12/day for 2.8 years participants had a mean age of 62.6 years (SD 12.5 years) and 64% were male, 42% of Western European descent and 75% were functionally independent (Oxford Handicap Scale of two or less).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2.8 years
- Dose
- 2 mg folic acid + 25 mg vitamin B6 + 500 µg vitamin B12/day
- Population
- Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease
- Participants
- 8,164
- Avg age
- ~63
Vitamin B9 (Folate)View supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Studies in older adults and people with a history of stroke show that taking vitamin B12 and folic acid supplements daily for 2 to 3 years does not lower the risk of bone fractures.
- Longer follow-ups up to 7 years also found no benefits from these vitamins for preventing fractures.
- This means that taking these vitamin supplements may not help protect bone health or prevent broken bones in these groups.
Browse 3 studies
RCTLong-term effects of folic acid and vitamin-B12 supplementation on fracture risk and cardiovascular disease: Extended follow-up of the B-PROOF trial2020n=662
A randomized trial of 662 older adults found that 400 μg for 5–7 years no effect was observed of the intervention on osteoporotic fracture or any fracture risk after a follow-up (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.62-1.59 and HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.50-1.19, respectively), nor on cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease risk (OR: 1.05; 95%CI: 0.80-1.44 and OR:.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 400 μg
- Population
- Older adults
- Participants
- 662
- Ages
- 5–7
RCTEffect of daily vitamin B-12 and folic acid supplementation on fracture incidence in elderly individuals with an elevated plasma homocysteine concentration: B-PROOF, a randomized controlled trial2014n=2,919
A randomized trial of 2919 adults found that 600 IU/day osteoporotic fracture risk was not significantly different between groups in the intention-to-treat analyses (HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.58, 1.21) or per-protocol analyses (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.21).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 600 IU/day
- Population
- Adults
- Participants
- 2,919
- Ages
- 65+
RCTThe effect of homocysteine-lowering with B-vitamins on osteoporotic fractures in patients with cerebrovascular disease: substudy of VITATOPS, a randomised placebo-controlled trial2013n=8,164
A randomized trial of 8164 patients with cerebrovascular disease found that 2 mg folic acid + 25 mg vitamin B6 + 500 µg vitamin B12/day for 2.8 years participants had a mean age of 62.6 years (SD 12.5 years) and 64% were male, 42% of Western European descent and 75% were functionally independent (Oxford Handicap Scale of two or less).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2.8 years
- Dose
- 2 mg folic acid + 25 mg vitamin B6 + 500 µg vitamin B12/day
- Population
- Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease
- Participants
- 8,164
- Avg age
- ~63
MelatoninView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- There is not enough evidence to determine if melatonin has any benefit for osteoporosis.
Browse 1 study
RCTMelatonin osteoporosis prevention study (MOPS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examining the effects of melatonin on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women2012n=5
In 18 perimenopausal women, melatonin 3 mg nightly for 6 months did not significantly change bone density or menopause-specific quality-of-life scores versus placebo.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- 3 mg/day
- Population
- Women
- Participants
- 5
- Ages
- 45–54
Vitamin B6View supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- Taking vitamin B6 by mouth does not seem to prevent bone fractures.
- In people with cerebrovascular disease, using a combination of folic acid (2 mg), vitamin B6 (25 mg), and vitamin B12 (500 mcg) every day for up to about 10 years did not lower the chance of bone fractures.
- Another analysis found that taking vitamin B6 (40 mg) along with folic acid and vitamin B12 for 1 to 3 years was linked to a 42% higher risk of hip fracture after 11 years.
- However, these studies were not designed to test bone health directly.
Browse 2 studies
ObservationalB Vitamins and Hip Fracture: Secondary Analyses and Extended Follow-Up of Two Large Randomized Controlled Trials2017
An observational study found that 40 mg no statistically significant association was found between folic acid plus vitamin B 12 treatment and the risk of hip fracture, neither during the trial (median 3.3 years; hazard ratio [HR] 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 1.59) nor during the extended follow-up.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Dose
- 40 mg
- Population
- Adults
RCTThe effect of homocysteine-lowering with B-vitamins on osteoporotic fractures in patients with cerebrovascular disease: substudy of VITATOPS, a randomised placebo-controlled trial2013n=8,164
A randomized trial of 8164 patients with cerebrovascular disease found that 2 mg folic acid + 25 mg vitamin B6 + 500 µg vitamin B12/day for 2.8 years participants had a mean age of 62.6 years (SD 12.5 years) and 64% were male, 42% of Western European descent and 75% were functionally independent (Oxford Handicap Scale of two or less).
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Duration
- 2.8 years
- Dose
- 2 mg folic acid + 25 mg vitamin B6 + 500 µg vitamin B12/day
- Population
- Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease
- Participants
- 8,164
- Avg age
- ~63
LycopeneView supplement →
Do not purchase·★★★★★
How we scored this▸
- In adults over 50, eating more lycopene-rich foods does not appear to make a difference in bone strength or the risk of osteoporosis.
Browse 1 study
ObservationalDietary carotenoid intake and osteoporosis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-20182021
A cross-sectional NHANES analysis of adults aged ≥50 found higher beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin intake associated with lower osteoporosis odds (OR 0.33 and 0.61, highest vs lowest quintile), but lycopene intake showed no significant association.
- Effect
- No Benefit
- Population
- Adults
- Ages
- 50+
Evidence visualised
Same ratings as above, aggregated so you can see coverage and imbalance.
| Supplement | DEX | Studies | Meta-analyses | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | ★★★★★68% | 35 | 6 | 27% |
| Vitamin D | ★★★★★68% | 24 | 10 | 18% |
| Vitamin K | ★★★★★68% | 22 | 5 | 17% |
| Nattokinase | ★★★★★68% | 18 | 1 | 14% |
| Black Tea | ★★★★★68% | 5 | 1 | 4% |
| Magnesium | ★★★★★68% | 5 | 1 | 4% |
| Flaxseed | ★★★★★36% | 3 | 0 | 2% |
| Green Tea | ★★★★★36% | 3 | 0 | 2% |
| Vitamin B12 | ★★★★★36% | 3 | 0 | 2% |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | ★★★★★36% | 3 | 0 | 2% |
| Horny Goat Weed | ★★★★★48% | 2 | 1 | 2% |
| Vitamin B6 | ★★★★★32% | 2 | 0 | 2% |
| Yerba Mate | ★★★★★40% | 2 | 0 | 2% |
| Eleuthero | ★★★★★40% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Kefir | ★★★★★44% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Lycopene | ★★★★★28% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Melatonin | ★★★★★32% | 1 | 0 | <1% |
| Multivitamin | ★★★★★48% | 1 | 1 | <1% |