Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is a macular carotenoid often studied with lutein for eye and visual-performance outcomes.
Overview
What is zeaxanthin?
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid found in the eye. Dietary sources include leafy greens and pistachios.
Dosage
A typical dose of zeaxanthin is 2-10 mg per day.
Effect graph
Effect heatmap
SupplementDEX Database
31 conditions for , and rated at least stars. All purchase bands. No minimum star filter.
Database Snapshot
Most zeaxanthin research is concentrated in a handful of conditions.
- Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) accounts for 17 of 69 studies (25%).
- Age-related cognitive decline accounts for 4 of 69 studies (6%).
- Cataracts accounts for 4 of 69 studies (6%).
- Sparse coverage remains for Child development, Cognitive performance, General eye health.
Dietary Sources
Top dietary sources
Food sources
Top dietary sources of zeaxanthin include:
Sources include Asparagus, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Carrots, Green Peas, Pistachios, Pumpkin, Romain Lettuce, Spinach, and Summer Squash.
Safety
Zeaxanthin supplements are likely safe at doses of up to 2 mg per day. Higher doses of up to 10 mg per day have also been safely used in clinical studies.
Frequently Asked Questions
References
Sources65 references
SupplementDEX uses only high-quality sources to determine supplement effectiveness.
1.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 282022
In 10-year AREDS2 follow-up of 3,882 participants, lutein/zeaxanthin replacing beta-carotene did not increase lung cancer risk and may benefit AMD long term.
2.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2021
A meta-analysis (3,189 participants) found lutein/zeaxanthin intake dose-dependently increased macular pigment optical density in healthy eyes.
3.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Association between Dietary Xanthophyll (Lutein and Zeaxanthin) Intake and Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study2017
In 8,257 Caucasian ARIC participants, dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake was not associated with prevalent early age-related macular degeneration overall, though exploratory analyses suggested possible effect modification by CFH genotype and HDL status.
4.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — The Impact of Supplemental Antioxidants on Visual Function in Nonadvanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Head-to-Head Randomized Clinical Trial2017
In 121 patients with nonadvanced AMD, AREDS2-based antioxidant supplements with or without added 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin both improved contrast sensitivity and macular pigment over time, with no significant difference between groups.
5.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and ω-3 on Macular Pigment: A Randomized Clinical Trial2017
In 86 adults at risk of AMD, 6 months of lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 supplementation increased macular pigment optical density versus placebo.
6.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density2016
A meta-analysis (826 participants) found lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation increased macular pigment optical density in AMD and healthy subjects.
7.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Intakes of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Other Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration During 2 Decades of Prospective Follow-up2015
A prospective cohort of 102,046 US adults over 2 decades found no consistent association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and AMD risk.
8.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration2015
A 2-year RCT in 112 early AMD patients found 10–20 mg/day lutein with or without zeaxanthin raised serum lutein, macular pigment optical density, and contrast sensitivity, with 10 mg/day lutein an advisable long-term dose.
9.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration2014
A meta-analysis found lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation did not consistently improve visual acuity in AMD patients across RCTs.
10.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial2013
AREDS2 in 4,203 participants (ages 50–85) at risk of advanced AMD found that adding 10 mg lutein plus 2 mg zeaxanthin to the AREDS formula for a median 5 years did not significantly reduce progression to advanced AMD versus placebo.
11.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Lutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis2012
A meta-analysis found higher dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake associated with lower AMD risk in observational studies.
12.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Improvement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial2012
In 108 early AMD patients, 10–20 mg/day lutein with or without zeaxanthin for 48 weeks improved retinal function on mfERG versus placebo.
13.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration2012
In 108 early AMD patients aged 50–79, lutein and zeaxanthin for 48 weeks improved macular pigment and some visual function measures versus placebo.
14.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study2012
In 145 AMD patients in the CARMIS trial, 2 years of lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, and antioxidants improved visual acuity versus baseline.
15.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 9732011
In 60 early atrophic AMD patients, zeaxanthin-focused supplementation for 1 year increased macular pigment in lower-risk patients versus placebo.
16.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Carotenoids and antioxidants in age-related maculopathy italian study: multifocal electroretinogram modifications after 1 year2008
In 15 nonadvanced AMD patients over 12 months, supplements including lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin improved central retinal electroretinogram responses versus untreated AMD eyes.
17.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — Xanthophyll accumulation in the human retina during supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin - the LUXEA (LUtein Xanthophyll Eye Accumulation) study2007
Supplementation with 10–20 mg/day lutein, zeaxanthin, or both for 6–12 months raised plasma xanthophylls up to 27-fold and increased macular pigment optical density by about 14–15% in the LUXEA study.
18.SupplementDEX Database: Acute respiratory infection — Plasma carotenoid concentrations in relation to acute respiratory infections in elderly people2004
In 652 elderly adults, those in the highest beta-carotene quartile had 29% lower acute respiratory infection incidence (IRR 0.71) versus the lowest quartile; lutein/zeaxanthin showed no association.
19.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — The Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Adults With Self-Reported Mild Cognitive Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study2022
In 90 adults aged 40–75 with self-reported cognitive complaints, 6 months of 10 mg lutein plus 2 mg zeaxanthin daily did not significantly improve cognitive function versus placebo.
20.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with working memory in an older population2020
An observational study in older US adults found higher dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake associated with better working memory on word-recall tests.
21.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Effects of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplementation on the Cognitive Function of Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial2017
In 62 older adults, 12 mg/day lutein plus zeaxanthin for 6 months did not significantly improve cognitive function versus placebo.
22.SupplementDEX Database: Age-related cognitive decline — Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial2015
The AREDS2 RCT found omega-3 or lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation for ~5 years did not slow cognitive decline in older adults at risk of AMD.
SupplementDEX Database · Alzheimer's disease
1 reference23.SupplementDEX Database: Alzheimer's disease — Supplementation With Carotenoids, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E Has a Positive Effect on the Symptoms and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease2022
In 50 mild-moderate Alzheimer's patients, 12 months of fish oil, carotenoids (10 mg lutein, 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin, 2 mg zeaxanthin), and vitamin E improved behavior and function versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Asthma
1 reference24.SupplementDEX Database: Asthma — Association between dietary carotenoid intakes and the risk of asthma in adults: a cross-sectional study of NHANES, 2007-20122022
An NHANES cross-section of 13,039 adults found higher total carotenoid intake associated with lower asthma prevalence.
Breast cancer
1 reference25.Relationship of serum α-tocopherol, carotenoids and retinol with the risk of breast cancer. See external sourceExternal source
26.SupplementDEX Database: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia — Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation in preterm very low-birth-weight neonates in neonatal intensive care units: a multicenter randomized controlled trial2013
In a multicenter RCT in preterm infants, lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation did not significantly reduce retinopathy of prematurity, NEC, or BPD versus placebo.
27.SupplementDEX Database: Cardiovascular disease — Effect of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and lutein + zeaxanthin supplements on cardiovascular outcomes: results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial2014
The AREDS2 cardiovascular ancillary study (4,203 participants) found adding lutein/zeaxanthin or omega-3 to AREDS did not reduce cardiovascular events over ~5 years.
SupplementDEX Database · Cataracts
4 references28.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Association between lutein and zeaxanthin status and the risk of cataract: a meta-analysis2014
A meta-analysis found higher blood lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations were associated with reduced nuclear cataract risk (pooled RR 0.73 and 0.63), with weaker associations for cortical and subcapsular cataract.
29.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract2014
A dose-response meta-analysis of 6 cohorts (4,416 cataract cases) found higher dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake reduced nuclear cataract risk (RR 0.75); each 300 µg/day increment lowered nuclear cataract risk by 3%.
30.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Association of blood antioxidants and vitamins with risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis of observational studies2013
A meta-analysis of 13 observational studies (18,999 participants) found higher blood lutein (OR 0.75) and zeaxanthin (OR 0.70) were inversely associated with age-related cataract risk.
31.SupplementDEX Database: Cataracts — Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 42013
In 3,159 AREDS2 participants, daily lutein/zeaxanthin 10/2 mg did not significantly reduce overall cataract surgery risk (HR 0.96), though HR was 0.68 in the lowest dietary intake quintile.
SupplementDEX Database · Child development
2 references32.SupplementDEX Database: Child development — Early Childhood Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intake Is Positively Associated with Early Childhood Receptive Vocabulary and Mid-Childhood Executive Function But No Other Cognitive or Behavioral Outcomes in Project Viva2022
In 1,378 children (Project Viva), higher early-childhood lutein/zeaxanthin intake was associated with better receptive vocabulary and mid-childhood executive function, but not other cognitive or behavioral outcomes.
33.SupplementDEX Database: Child development — Maternal Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin during Pregnancy Is Positively Associated with Offspring Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Regulation in Mid-Childhood in the Project Viva Cohort2021
In 1,580 mother-child pairs, higher maternal lutein/zeaxanthin intake during pregnancy was associated with higher mid-childhood verbal intelligence and better behavior regulation.
SupplementDEX Database · Cognitive performance
2 references34.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Dietary lutein plus zeaxanthin and choline intake is interactively associated with cognitive flexibility in middle-adulthood in adults with overweight and obesity2022
In 80 middle-aged adults with overweight/obesity, higher combined intake of lutein/zeaxanthin and choline was interactively associated with faster cognitive flexibility reaction times.
35.SupplementDEX Database: Cognitive performance — Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults2017
In 51 younger healthy adults, 12 months of lutein 10 mg plus zeaxanthin 2 mg/day increased macular pigment and improved multiple CNS Vital Signs cognitive domains versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Colorectal cancer
3 references36.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Dietary carotenoids and risk of colorectal cancer in a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies2007
A pooled analysis of 11 cohorts (702,647 participants) found no consistent association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk.
37.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers2002
In 26,951 male smokers, dietary and serum carotenoids including lutein/zeaxanthin were not significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk over 8 years of follow-up.
38.SupplementDEX Database: Colorectal cancer — Carotenoids and colon cancer2000
In 4,343 colorectal cancer cases and controls, higher dietary lutein intake was inversely associated with colon cancer risk (OR 0.83), especially in younger patients and proximal colon tumors.
SupplementDEX Database · Diabetes
4 references39.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetes — Associations of Serum Carotenoids With Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: Results From NHANES2022
In 3,107 adults with type 2 diabetes, higher serum beta-carotene was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.47 top vs bottom quartile); lutein/zeaxanthin showed no significant association.
40.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetes — The effects of lutein on cardiometabolic health across the life course: a systematic review and meta-analysis2016
A systematic review and meta-analysis found lutein intake inversely associated with some cardiometabolic outcomes but evidence varied by life stage and endpoint.
41.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetes — Diabetes mellitus and serum carotenoids: findings of a population-based study in Queensland, Australia2005
In 1,597 Australian adults, serum lutein/zeaxanthin and other carotenoids except lycopene were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose metabolism.
42.SupplementDEX Database: Diabetes — Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes2004
In 4,304 Finnish adults followed 23 years, higher beta-cryptoxanthin intake was associated with reduced type 2 diabetes risk (RR 0.58); vitamin E showed the strongest antioxidant association.
SupplementDEX Database · Dry eye
3 references43.SupplementDEX Database: Dry eye — Multicomponent Dietary Supplementation: Impact on Tear Secretion and Ocular Surface Inflammation in Dry Eye Syndrome Patients2025
In 52 dry eye patients, a 12-week supplement with 1.8 mg/day zeaxanthin plus fish oil and lutein increased tear secretion and reduced OSDI scores and tear IL-6 and IL-8 versus control.
44.SupplementDEX Database: Dry eye — The effects of lutein/ zeaxanthin (Lute-gen®) on eye health, eye strain, sleep quality, and attention in high electronic screen users: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study2025
In 70 high screen users, 6 months of lutein 10 mg plus zeaxanthin 2 mg/day improved Schirmer test, photo-stress recovery, and tear break-up time versus placebo but not self-report symptoms or contrast sensitivity.
45.SupplementDEX Database: Dry eye — Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Elderberries on Dry Eye Disease (DED) and Immunity: A Randomized Controlled Trial2024
In 110 adults over 20 days, lutein (6 mg), zeaxanthin (1 mg), and elderberry (100 mg) significantly improved Ocular Surface Disease Index scores (26.7% improvement) versus placebo; immune questionnaire changes were not significant.
SupplementDEX Database · Esophageal cancer
1 reference46.SupplementDEX Database: Esophageal cancer — Carotenoid intake and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis2013
A meta-analysis found higher intake of lutein/zeaxanthin and other carotenoids was associated with lower esophageal cancer risk (pooled OR 0.71 for lutein/zeaxanthin).
47.SupplementDEX Database: Eye strain (Asthenopia) — The effect of lutein supplementation on visual fatigue: a psychophysiological analysis2009
In a crossover trial of 13 participants, lutein/zeaxanthin/blackcurrant supplementation reduced visual fatigue on psychophysiological testing during prolonged proofreading versus placebo.
SupplementDEX Database · Fractures
1 reference48.SupplementDEX Database: Fractures — Carotenoids and risk of fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies2017
A meta-analysis found higher dietary total carotenoid and beta-carotene intake were associated with modestly lower hip fracture risk; circulating carotenoids showed no significant association.
SupplementDEX Database · General eye health
1 reference49.SupplementDEX Database: General eye health — Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Macular Pigment Optical Density and Visual Functions: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials2024
A network meta-analysis of 38 RCTs found antioxidant supplements increased macular pigment optical density; lutein plus zeaxanthin with fatty acids ranked highest for MPOD (SUCRA 99.3%).
SupplementDEX Database · Glaucoma
1 reference50.SupplementDEX Database: Glaucoma — Macular Pigment Response to Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation in Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Randomized Controlled Trial2021
In 62 open-angle glaucoma patients, 18 months of 10 mg lutein, 2 mg zeaxanthin, and 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin significantly increased macular pigment volume versus placebo, with mesopic contrast sensitivity gains at 18 months.
SupplementDEX Database · Lung cancer
3 references51.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — Lung cancer mortality and serum levels of carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and folic acid in men and women: a case-control study nested in the JACC Study2005
In 39,242 Japanese adults, higher serum alpha- and beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower lung cancer mortality in men; zeaxanthin/lutein showed a nonsignificant inverse trend in women.
52.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — The association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients: results and lessons learned from beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial2003
In CARET nested case-control data, higher serum lutein and zeaxanthin were inversely associated with lung cancer risk in women (OR 0.31 for top vs bottom quartile lutein).
53.SupplementDEX Database: Lung cancer — Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study2003
In 147 Japanese lung cancer deaths versus 311 controls, highest-quartile serum alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and canthaxanthin were associated with significantly lower lung cancer mortality.
SupplementDEX Database · Metabolic syndrome
1 reference54.SupplementDEX Database: Metabolic syndrome — Association between Dietary Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake and Metabolic Syndrome among US Females: An Analysis of National Health and Examination Surveys 2015-20182021
In 630 US women aged 20–50, highest-quartile dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake was associated with 54% lower metabolic syndrome odds (OR 0.46) versus the lowest quartile.
55.SupplementDEX Database: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma — Carotenoid intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies2017
A meta-analysis found higher intakes of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were associated with 13–20% lower non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk.
SupplementDEX Database · Pancreatic cancer
1 reference56.SupplementDEX Database: Pancreatic cancer — Association between intake of antioxidants and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis2016
A meta-analysis found higher dietary selenium, vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower pancreatic cancer risk; lutein/zeaxanthin showed no significant association.
SupplementDEX Database · Parkinson's disease
1 reference57.SupplementDEX Database: Parkinson's disease — Vitamin A and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis2014
A meta-analysis of 13 epidemiologic studies found no significant overall association between lutein intake or blood levels and Parkinson's disease risk, though case-control data suggested a possible inverse lutein association.
SupplementDEX Database · Preeclampsia
1 reference58.SupplementDEX Database: Preeclampsia — Dietary carotenoid intake and risk of developing preeclampsia: a hospital-based case-control study2022
In 440 preeclampsia cases and 440 matched controls in China, higher dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake was associated with lower preeclampsia odds (OR 0.32 highest vs lowest quartile).
59.SupplementDEX Database: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) — Lutein supplementation and retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis2022
A meta-analysis of 3 preterm infant RCTs (406 participants) found lutein/zeaxanthin did not significantly reduce ROP, NEC, BPD, or mortality versus placebo.
60.SupplementDEX Database: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) — Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation in preterm infants to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized controlled study2012
In preterm infants, oral lutein/zeaxanthin 0.146 mg/day did not significantly reduce retinopathy of prematurity incidence versus placebo.
61.SupplementDEX Database: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) — A prospective, randomized, double blind study comparing lutein to placebo for reducing occurrence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity2011
In 63 preterm neonates, lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation did not significantly differ from placebo in ROP occurrence or severity.
SupplementDEX Database · Stomach cancer
1 reference62.SupplementDEX Database: Stomach cancer — Association of carotenoids with risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis2016
A meta-analysis of 96,691 participants found case-control studies linked beta-carotene and alpha-carotene to lower gastric cancer risk, but cohort data were inconsistent for lutein and other carotenoids.
SupplementDEX Database · Ulcerative colitis
1 reference63.SupplementDEX Database: Ulcerative colitis — Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin as a Possible Factor Influencing Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Caucasian Individuals with Ulcerative Colitis in Remission Phase2019
In 56 ulcerative colitis patients in remission, higher lutein/zeaxanthin intake was associated with lower constipation incidence (p = 0.013) but not other GI symptoms.
SupplementDEX Database · Visual development
2 references64.SupplementDEX Database: Visual development — Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intake during Pregnancy and Visual Function in Offspring at 11-12 Years of Age2022
In 431 mother-child pairs (INMA cohort), maternal lutein/zeaxanthin intake during pregnancy was not significantly associated with offspring contrast sensitivity or visual acuity at age 11–12.
65.SupplementDEX Database: Visual development — Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study2020
In 471 mother-child pairs (GUSTO), higher maternal zeaxanthin at delivery was associated with 38% lower odds of poor visual acuity in 3-year-olds.